Richard 'Sans-Peur' I

• Preferred Name: Richard 'Sans-Peur' I^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Burial: BET 20 AND 23 NOV 996 in Abbaye de la Trinité de Fécamp Fecamp, -Normandie, France at LATI: N9.06 LONG: E0.11
  
• Royal House: with note: Description: Normandy
  
• FSID: 9HTX-2CD
  
• Richard+was+brought+up+by+King+Louis+IV+of+Outremer: with note: "Richard was brought up by King Louis IV of Outremer, who kept the 10-year-old child prisoner in his palace at Laon. ... Thanks to a plan by his tutor, Osmond, [Richard] managed to escape." "Under the protection of Hugh the Great, Duke of Neustria, Richard found himself ruler of Normandy, which he governed for more than 50 years." --Luc De Boever, from his book "The Montgommerys from the Vikings to Our Present Day"
  
• Title (Nobility): from 17 December 942 with note: Description: Count of Rouen
  
• Birth: 28 AUG 933 in Fécamp, Haute-Normandie, France at LATI: N9.7591 LONG: E0.3735
  
• Christening: 17 DEC 933 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Normandie, France at LATI: N9.7591 LONG: E0.3735
  
• Fact: 17 DEC 942 with note: Description: SUCCEEDED HIS FATHER AT THE AGE OF 10: When William Longsword died in 942, 10 year old Richard, William's only son, succeed him as Count of Rouen and Ruler of Normandy.
  
• Death: 20 NOV 996 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France at LATI: N9.7591 LONG: E0.3735
  
• Residence: in Abbey de la Sainte-Trinité, Fécamp, Normandie, Kingdom of France at LATI: N9.7591 LONG: E0.3735
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Richard I (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French: Richard Sans-Peur; Old Norse: Jarl Rikard), was the count of Rouen from 942 to 996.[1] Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the "De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum" (Latin, "On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy"), called him a dux. However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility.[2][3] Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.[4]
  
  Birth
  Richard was born to William Longsword, princeps (chieftain or ruler)[5] of Normandy, and Sprota,[1] a Breton concubine captured in war and bound to William by a more danico marriage.[6] He was also the grandson of the famous Rollo. William was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other Viking rebels, but his existence was kept secret until a few years later when William Longsword first met his son Richard. After kissing the boy and declaring him his heir, William sent Richard to be raised in Bayeux.[7] Richard was about ten years old when his father was killed on 17 December 942.[1] After William was killed, Sprota became the wife of Esperleng, a wealthy miller. Rodulf of Ivry was their son and Richard's half-brother.[8]
  
  Life
  Coin of Richard I
  With the death of Richard's father in 942, King Louis IV of France installed the boy, Richard, in his father's office. Under the influence of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, the king took him into Frankish territory[9]: 32–4 and placing him in the custody of the count of Ponthieu before the king reneged and seized the lands of the Duchy of Normandy.[10] He then split up the duchy, giving its lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. Louis IV thereafter kept Richard in close confinement at Lâon,[11] Upon hearing that Richard was being held in captivity, the boy's foster Osmond de Centville alongside Bernard the Dane had formed a mob of knights and peasants across town and marched to the King's palace where they threatened the king to return him.[12] Louis had protested that he had kept Richard in his domain to train him in courtliness.[12] He subsequently addresses the mob by holding Richard up in his arms into the crowd's view and returning him.[13] Bernard de Senlis and Ivo de Bellèsme also assisted in Richard's release, along with pagan Norse forces led by Harald of Bayeux.[14][15]
  
  In 946, at the age of 14, Richard allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders in France and with men sent by King Harold of Denmark. A battle was fought after which Louis IV was captured. Hostages were taken and held until King Louis recognised Richard as Duke, returning Normandy to him.[9]: 37–41 Richard agreed to "commend" himself to Hugh, the Count of Paris, Hugh resolved to form a permanent alliance with Richard and promised his daughter Emma, who was little more than a girl, as a bride; the marriage would take place in 960.[9]: 41–2
  
  Louis, working with Arnulf, persuaded Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor to attack Richard and Hugh. The combined armies of Otto, Arnulf, and Louis were driven from the gates of Rouen, fleeing to Amiens and being decisively defeated in 947.[9]: 41–2 [16] A period of peace ensued, Louis dying in 954, 13 year old Lothair becoming king. The middle-aged Hugh appointed Richard as guardian of his 15-year-old son, Hugh Capet in 955.[9]: 44
  
  In 962, Theobald I, Count of Blois, attempted a renewed invasion of Rouen, Richard's stronghold, but his troops were summarily routed by Normans under Richard's command, and forced to retreat before ever having crossed the Seine river.[17][18] Lothair, the king of the West Franks, was fearful that Richard's retaliation could destabilize a large part of West Francia so he stepped in to prevent any further war between the two.[19] In 987, Hugh Capet became King of the Franks.
  
  For the last 30 years until his death in 996 in Fécamp, Richard concentrated on Normandy itself, and participated less in Frankish politics and its petty wars. In lieu of building up the Norman Empire by expansion, he stabilized the realm and reunited the Normans, forging the reclaimed Duchy of his father and grandfather into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable principality.[20]
  
  Richard's grave
  Richard died of natural causes in Fecamp, France, on 20 November 996.[21]
  
  It was reported that the remains in his grave were not his.[22]
  
  Relationships with France, England and the Church
  Richard used marriage to build strong alliances. His marriage to Emma of Paris connected him directly to the House of Capet. His second wife, Gunnor, from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin, formed an alliance to that group, while her sisters formed the core group that were to provide loyal followers to him and his successors.[23]
  
  His daughters forged valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts as well as to the king of England.[23] Emma married firstly Æthelred the Unready and after his death in 1016, the invader, Cnut the Great. Her children included Edward the Confessor, Alfred Aetheling and with Cnut, Harthacnut, so completing a major link between the Duke of Normandy and the Crown of England that would add validity to the claim by William the Conqueror to the throne of England.
  
  Richard also built on his relationship with the church, undertaking acts of piety,[24]: lv restoring their lands and ensuring the great monasteries flourished in Normandy. His further reign was marked by an extended period of peace and tranquility.[23][25]
  
  Marriages and issue
  Family tree
  
  Richard and his children, from a 13th-century genealogical tree
  Richard's first marriage in 960 was to Emma, daughter of Hugh the Great,[1][26] and Hedwige of Saxony.[26] They were betrothed when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, with no issue.[1]
  
  According to Robert of Torigni, not long after Emma's death, Duke Richard went out hunting and stopped at the house of a local forester. He became enamored with the forester's wife, Seinfreda, but she was a virtuous woman and suggested he court her unmarried sister, Gunnor, instead. Gunnor became his mistress and her family rose to prominence. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, may have been involved in a controversial heresy trial. Gunnor was, like Richard, of Viking descent, being part Danish by blood. Richard finally married her to legitimize their children:[a]
  
  Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy[1]
  Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Evreux[1] [27]
  Mauger, Count of Corbeil[1]
  another son[27]
  Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England, mother of two kings of England, and step-mother of another two kings of England[1]
  Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II of Blois, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres[1]
  Hawise of Normandy m. Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany[1]
  
  Illegitimate children
  Richard was known to have had several other mistresses and had children with many of them. Known children are:
  Geoffrey, Count of Eu[1][28]
  William, Count of Eu (ca. 972 – 26 January 1057 or 58),[28] m. Lasceline de Turqueville (d. 26 January 1057 or 1058).Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montivilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne[1] (d.1030 (divorced)
  
  Possible children
  Muriella, married Tancred de Hauteville[1][29][30]
  Fressenda or Fredesenda (ca. 995-ca. 1057), second wife of Tancred de Hauteville.[1][30][31]
  Guimara (Wimarc(a)) (b. ca. 986), died Montivilliers Abbey, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, wife of Ansfred (Ansfroi) II "le Dane" le Goz, vicomte of Exmes and Falaise, mother of Robert FitzWimarc[32]Papia
  
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy
  
  === Fathers Name ===
  [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 960, MGH SS 3: 405, van Houts (2000), 51]
  
  === Marriage Fact 2 Gunnor ===
  m. (2) [GND iv, 18 (vol. 1, pp. 128-9): not long after Emma's death], Gunnor [Dudo iv, 125 (p. 163)], d. 4 or 8 January 1031 [Chron. Rothomag. RHF 10: 324 (year only); Ex Obituario Gemmeticensi, RHF 23, 417 (4 Jan.); Notæ Monasterii Montis Sancti Micaelis, RHF 23, 576 (8 Jan.)]. Robert de Torigny, in his additions to GND, stated that she was first Richard's mistress, and that the marriage occurred after the birth of the children. [GND (Rob. Tor.) viii, 36 (vol. 2, pp. 266-9)]
  
  === En Francais ===
  
  wikipedia.org - Fonctions : Duc de Normandie. 943 – 996. (53 ans). Prédécesseur : Guillaume Ier. Successeur : Richard II. Dynastie : Maison de Normandie. Les Rollonides sont les descendants du premier prince normand, Rollon. La dynastie est aussi appelée Maison de Normandie. Parmi ceux-ci, les descendants de son petit-fils Richard Ier de Normandie sont également appelés les Richardides. La dynastie s'éteint en ligne légitime en 1167 avec Mathilde l'Emperesse. C'est la maison Plantagenêt qui lui succède sur le trône d'Angleterre.
  Naissance
  
  https://stringfixer.com/fr/Richard_the_Fearless Richard I (28 août 932 - 20 novembre 996), également connu sous le nom de Richard l'Intrépide (français: Richard Sans-Peur ; vieux norrois : Jarl Rikard ), était le comte de Rouen de 942 à 996. [Dudo de Saint- Quentin, à qui Richard a chargé d'écrire le « De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum » (en latin, « Sur les coutumes et les actes des premiers ducs de Normandie »), le qualifie de dux . Cependant, cette utilisation du mot peut avoir été dans le contexte du leadership renommé de Richard dans la guerre, et non comme une référence à un titre de noblesse. Richard a introduit la féodalité en Normandie ou l'a considérablement élargie. À la fin de son règne, les plus importants propriétaires fonciers normands détenaient leurs terres en régime féodal. Richard est né de William Longsword , princeps (chef ou souverain) de Normandie et Sprota une concubine bretonne capturée à la guerre et liée à William par un mariage plus danico. Il était aussi le petit-fils du célèbre Rollo. William a été informé de la naissance d'un fils après la bataille avec Riouf et d'autres rebelles vikings , mais son existence a été gardée secrète jusqu'à quelques années plus tard, lorsque William Longsword a rencontré son fils Richard pour la première fois. Après avoir embrassé le garçon et l'avoir déclaré son héritier, William envoya Richard être élevé à Bayeux. Richard avait environ dix ans quand son père a été tué le 17 décembre 942. Après que William ait été tué, Sprota est devenu l'épouse d'Esperleng, un meunier riche. Rodulf d'Ivry était leur fils et le demi-frère de Richard.
  
  http://www.normandie-heritage.com/spip.php?article122 Richard, héritier du duché de Normandie n’a que 10 ans lorsque son père Guillaume Longue-Epée est assassiné en décembre 942 à Piquigny. Un conseil de régence est alors désigné mais Louis IV d’Outremer, sous couvert de protection, fait transporter le jeune duc à sa cour de Laon et met en place des hommes à sa solde sur tout le territoire normand. Louis IV d’Outremer s’associe à Hugues le Grand pour dépecer le jeune duché de Normandie. Le roi s’attaque à l’Evrecin pendant que Hugues le Grand s’empare de Gacé, d’Evreux et assiège Bayeux. Bernard le Danois parvenant à convaincre Hugues le Grand de se lancer en campagne contre le roi des Francs et appelant Harald à la Dent Bleue, roi du Danemark, à la rescousse attire Louis IV et son armée dans un guet-apens. En 945, Harald à la Dent Bleue débarque à l’embouchure de la Dives. Avec l’aide des troupes normandes, il met en déroute l’armée franque à Varaville. Louis IV d’Outremer, fait prisonnier au cours de la bataille, tombe aux mains de Hugues le Grand et voit ses fils retenus en otages à Rouen. Entre temps, avec la complicité d’ Osmond de Conteville, d’Yves de Bellême et de Bernard de Senlis, Richard, devenu adolescent, parvient à s’évader de la cours de Laon. De retour à Rouen, Richard s’empresse de chasser les suppôts de Louis IV et fait reconnaître l’indépendance du duché par les Grands du royaume carolingien. Louis IV d’Outremer n’en a pas pour autant dit son dernier mot. Libéré en juillet 946, il récidive et s’attaque de nouveau à la Normandie. Ce qui, à l’origine, ne devait être qu’une simple formalité se transforme en massacre. Les forces coalisées composées de l’armée franque, des armées du duc de Bourgogne, d’Arnoul I, comte de Flandre, et du duc de Bretagne Alain Barbetorte, sont mise en déroute et défaites au combat de la Rougemare près de Rouen. Le souvenir de Rougemare n’est pas encore effacé quand, en 957, Richard fait l’objet d’une tentative d’assassinat de la part de Lothaire, nouvellement sacré roi des Francs. Le complot déjoué, Richard part en campagne contre Lothaire et ses alliés bretons, promptement ramenés à la raison. Quatre ans plus tard, ce dernier tend de nouveau un piège aux Normands qui, cette fois, écrasent l’armée royale. En 965, le traité de Gisors met fin aux hostilités. Lothaire renonce à toute suzeraineté sur la Normandie. Après un début de règne difficile et une période troublée, la paix règne enfin à nouveau sur la Normandie. En 960, Richard épouse Emma, fille de Hugues le Grand, duc de France , et se voit confier la tutelle du futur roi Hugues Capet. Richard et Emma n’ayant pas eu d’enfants, c’est d’un mariage « more danico » avec Gunnor de Crépon que naîtront Richard, son successeur, et Emma de Normandie, future reine d’Angleterre et mère d’Edouard le Confesseur. Sous le règne de Richard 1, le pouvoir ducal se renforce et s’appuie sur l’Eglise qu’il protège et contrôle. Les liens avec la Scandinavie sont encore bien visibles comme en témoigne l’intervention de Harald à la Dent Bleue en 945. La Normandie reste une terre d’accueil et d’intégration pour de nombreux Vikings en quête de patrie. La Normandie retrouve la paix et la prospérité. Richard fait reconstruire et embellir la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen. Il enrichit aussi l’abbaye de Saint-Ouen et fait réformer le Mont Saint-Michel où il installe une communauté Bénédictine et fait édifier une Abbaye - Notre-Dame-Sous-Terre - sur les fondations de l’oratoire fondé jadis par Aubert. Richard 1er meurt au cours de l’année 996. Il est enterré au monastère de la Sainte-Trinité de Fécamp qu’il avait, lui-même, fondé quelques années auparavant.
  
  wikipedia.org - Richard est envoyé dans le Bessin par son père pour apprendre la langue de ses ancêtres auprès de Bothon. L'administration de Richard I : Nous disposons de peu d'informations sur ce sujet et sur les années qui précèdent le début du 11° siècle, c'est-à-dire le début du règne de Richard II. D'ailleurs, nous ne possédons presque aucun acte écrit entre 968 et 989/990. L'historien François Neveux avance pourtant que « le principat de Richard I, de 945 à 996, fut une période d'affermissement et de consolidation qui dura un demi-siècle, soit deux générations. C'est au cours de cette époque que la Normandie se forma véritablement, qu'elle acquit sa personnalité originale et ses caractères spécifiques, se distinguant aussitôt des autres principautés du royaume en voie de formation » Comme son père Guillaume Longue Épée, Richard œuvre pour la restauration de l'Église. En 960, il installe de nouveaux moines à Saint-Wandrille pour relever l'abbaye détruite par ses ancêtres vikings. L'union de la Normandie ? C'est sûrement l'une des thèses les plus intéressantes développées ces dernières années par certains historiens. Elle part de l'idée de Karl Ferdinand Werner selon laquelle nous n'avons pas de certitude sur la domination des comtes normands sur la partie ouest de la Normandie. Malgré les cessions de 924 et 933, les Normands de Rouen ne maîtrisaient probablement pas les nouveaux territoires acquis. Ce n'est pas avant 966, autrement dit sous le règne de Richard Ier, que les historiens trouvent preuve dans les chartes d'une intervention comtale dans ces régions occidentales. Le principat du fils de Guillaume Longue Epée paraît un moment clé.
  
  En 954, le roi Louis IV d'Outremer meurt suivi deux ans plus tard par son principal rival le duc des Francs, Hugues le Grand. Le fils de ce dernier, Hugues Capet, étant mineur, un de ses principaux vassaux, Thibaud I « le Tricheur », comte de Blois, en profite pour s'émanciper. Entre 956 et 960, il s'empare des comtés de Chartres et de Châteaudun. La Normandie se retrouve bordée au sud-est par la nouvelle puissance thibaldienne. Thibaud se partage la suzeraineté sur la Bretagne avec son beau-frère Foulque le Bon, comte d'Anjou. Selon le récit de Dudon de Saint-Quentin, le comte de Blois manigance pour faire tomber Richard. Sous l'influence de Thibaud de Blois, le roi Lothaire rassemble son ost dans le Drouais, et s'empare d'Évreux. Richard de Normandie l'attaque et le bat près de la ville.
  
  Richard semble avoir noué précocement des liens avec les Robertiens, Hugues le Grand puis son fils Hugues Capet. Les événements de 945-946 laissent penser que le duc des Francs était favorable aux Normands. En 960, le duc de Normandie épouse la sœur d'Hugues Capet, Emma. En 968, Hugues Capet épouse une cousine germaine de Richard, Adélaïde, petite-fille de Rollon par sa mère, Adèle.
  Décès
  
  wikipedia.org - Richard décède en 996 la même année qu'Hugues Capet, le premier roi capétien ; la date de sa mort nous est donnée par Dudon de Saint-Quentin, bien renseigné sur les Normands du duché. Il est enterré à Fécamp. « Richard a rétabli la paix et la prospérité dans le territoire, momentanément perturbé par les troubles de sa minorité. Il a dirigé la province d'une main de fer. Malgré sa longévité, Richard ne laissa qu'un jeune héritier, encore incapable d'imposer sa propre autorité »
  
  Notes concernant l'union
  Union avec Gunnor DE CREPON DE DANEMARK
  
  wikipedia.org - Descendance : Huit enfants naquirent de son union avec le duc Richard I, dont : 1. Richard, le futur duc Richard II de Normandie. 2. Robert, qui sera comte d'Évreux et archevêque de Rouen. 3. Mauger, comte de Mortain. 4. Emma, future reine d'Angleterre. 5. Havoise (ou Hedwige), qui gouvernera la Bretagne. 6. Mathilde, qui épousera Eudes, comte de Blois. 7. Béatrice, qui épousera Ebles vicomte de Comborn (auteur de la 2e maison de Turenne). Les hommes composent avec leurs enfants, un groupe aristocratique puissant à la cour ducale : les Richardides.
  
  Richard I de Normandie, dit Richard Sans-Peur (Fécamp v. 930-996) est le fils naturel du duc de Normandie Guillaume
  
  === Birth of Children to Richard and Gunnor ===
  Dudo iv, 125 (p. 164) indicates that there were five sons and three daughters of this union, without listing them. Of the children, Guillaume de Jumièges names Richard, Robert, and Mauger, and all three of the daughters, including their marriages [GND iv, 18 (vol. 1, pp. 128-131)].
  
  === !#Dukes of Normandy (France 5)p63-94; !# ===
  !#Dukes of Normandy (France 5)p63-94; !#2-pt1-p100; !#3-p741; !#44-v1-p69; !#552-v2-t11;
  
  === !Richard I, "the Fearless" wa named his ===
  !Richard I, "the Fearless" wa named his father's heir, 29 May 942. He had a daughter, Emma, who was the second wife of Aethelred the Redeless, King of England, by whom he was father of King Edward "the Confessor". Emma married, 2nd, Canute "the Great", King of England, by whom she had Harthacanute, King of England! See David Douglas," William the Conqueror".
  
  === Richard I "the Fearless" Duke of Normand ===
  Richard I "the Fearless" Duke of Normandy, Leader of the Normans of Rouen, was born in 933 in Fecamp, Normandy, France.
  
  He was the son of William I "Longsword" Duke of Normandy. A minor at the assassination of his father William in 942, it was largely during Richard's long period of rule that what eventually became the duchy of Normandy evolved from what was essentially a pirate principality into a feudal state.
  
  In 960 Richard married Emma of Paris, daughter of Hugh Magnus Count of Paris, Orleans and Vexin, Duke of France for political reasons. He did not love her, and chose not to reside with her. Emma lived a solitary life at Rouen, and died very young in 962.
  
  About 978 Richard married his lifelong love, Gunnor of Crêpon, daughter of Herbastus de Crêpon. It is quite probable that Richard and Gunnor had some of their children prior to Richard's marriage to Emma of Paris. Richard and Gunnor married after Emma's death, thereby legitimizing all the children.
  
  Richard the Fearless rebuilt an ancient ruined abbey at Fecamp, where he had a palace. The church, one of the first of which we have any details, was costly and magnificent for the time. It was adorned by lofty towers, beautifully finished outside and richly ornamented within.
  
  There was one object which excited much speculation. It was a large block of stone placed right across the path which led to the doorway, close enough to be beneath the eaves. Fashioned and located by the order of Richard I, the stone was hollowed out so as to form a huge strong chest, which might be used as a coffin or a sarcophagus. Its initial use, however, was for the living. On each Saturday the chest was filled to the brim with the finest wheat-corn, then a luxury. The poor came to this chest and each filled his measure of grain and also received a dole of money. When Richard died, the purpose of the chest was made clear. His last instructions were that the chest should contain his corpse, lying where the foot should tread and the dew descend, and the waters of heaven should fall.
  
  " He Marked for his own, close to those cloistered steps, a burial-place, that every foot might fall with heavier tread, trampling his vileness."
  
  Richard I "the Fearless" Duke of Normandy died in 996 in Fecamp, Normandy, France, at age 63 years. He was succeeded by his son, Richard II.
  
  === *Richard I "The Fearless" ("Sans Peur") ===
  *Richard I "The Fearless" ("Sans Peur") Duke of Normandy
  born 0933 Fâecamp, Normandie
  died 0996 Fâecamp, Normandie
  
  father:
  *William "Longsword" Duke of Normandy
  born 0876 Normandie, Neustria
  died 0942 France
  
  mother:
  *Espriota de Bretagne
  born about 0910
  
  siblings (possibly by different mother):
  *Raoul Count of Bayeux & Ivry
  
  spouse (1st):
  *Papia concubine of Richard I
  born about 0935 Normandie
  (end of information)
  
  children (from 1st union):
  *Geoffroy Comte d'Eu & Brionne born about 0953 Brionne, Normandie died about 1015
  *Fredistina (Fredesende) de Normandie born about 0960 Normandy
  *Espriota de Normandie
  Muriella De Normandie died 1020
  
  spouse (2nd)
  Emma, daughter of *Hugh Magnus, the Great, Count of Paris
  no issue
  
  spouse (3rd):
  *Gunnora of Denmark Duchess of Normandy
  born 0936
  died 1031
  married 0962
  
  children(from third spouse):
  *Robert d'Evereux Archbishop Rouen born about 0965 Normandie died 1037
  *Richard II Duke of Normandy born about 0963 Normandie
  died 28 August 1027 Fâecamp, Normandie buried Fâecamp, Normandie
  *Mauger of Normandy Count of Corbeil (and Mortain?) born about 0967 Normandie
  *Emma of Normandy born about 0982 Normandie
  died 6 March 1052 Winchester, Hampshire, England
  buried St. Martin's Church, Winchester, Hampshire, England
  *Matilda (Mahaud) de Normandy born about 0974 Normandy, France died before 1017
  *Guillaume Hieme de Brionne Count of Eu (Exemes)
  born about 0965 Normandy, France died 26 January 1057/58
  *Hawise (Hedwig) De Bretagne born about 0977 Normandie
  died 21 February 1034 buried Rennes, Bretagne
  *Beatrice de Normandy born about 980 Normandy, France died 18 January 1034/35
  
  biographical and/or anecdotal:
  
  notes or source:
  ancestry.com &LDS
  children w/o dates are mentioned in one source but not another.
  
  === Dubious daughters ===
  The foundation legend of the Hauteville family traces them from Tancred de Hautville and his two wives, Muriella and Frédésende, both supposedly daughters of Richard I of Normandy. However, the church at the time prohibited remarriage to a former spouse's sibling, and there are no records from Normandy that name either of these women. Most modern scholars have dismissed the connection to the Norman rulers as an invention in order to elevate the otherwise obscure family founder of the dynasty that would later rule in Italy.
  
  However they are dealt with here (showing them as Richard's daughters, or not) they should both be treated the same way, because the existence of both depends on the identical source, making their placement equally strong (or weak).
  
  === Normandie, Richard I "Sans Peur" Of , Du ===
  Normandie, Richard I "Sans Peur" Of , Duke of Normandy 3rd Birth : 28 Aug 933 Fecamp, Normandy Death : 20 Nov 996 Fecamp, Normandy Parents: Father: Normandy (2Nd), Guiaumme I "Longue Epaee" Of , Duke of Normandy 2nd Mother: de Bretagne, Sprote (Adela) "Danish Mother" Family: Marriage: 978 Spouse: De Crepon, Birth : 936 Death : 1031 Parents: Father: De Crepon, , Forester of Arques Children: Evreux, Robert of , Count of Evreux, Archbishop of Rouen Corbeil, Mauger of Earl of Corbeil , Matilda (Mahaud, Maud) Normandy, Hedwig (Havoise, Hawise) Normandy, Emma of Normandy, Beatrix (Baeatrice) of Family: Marriage: Not Married Children: , Godfrey (Geoffroy) of Brionne & Eu , Count Brionne & D'eu Family: Marriage: Not Married Children: de HEIME, Guillaume Birth : Circa 955 Of , , Normandie Death : Before 4 Jan 1039 Family: Marriage: Not Married Children: de Normandy, Muriella Birth : Circa 956 , Normandie Death : 1020 Family: Marriage: 956 in , , , France Spouse: Paris, Emma of Birth : 943 , , , France Death : 968 Parents: Father: Paris, Hugh "Le Grand" of , Count of Paris Children: , Richard II "the Good" of Normandy , Duke of Normandy 4th --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  === Marriage Fact 1 - Emma of France ===
  m. (1) 960 [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 960 (MGH SS 3, 405)], Emma of France, still alive 966 [GND 1: 129, n. 6, citing Fauroux (1961), #3], d.s.p. [Dudo iv, 85 (p. 163); GND iv, 18 (vol. 1, pp. 128-9)], daughter of Hughes le Grand, duke of France. [Flodoard's Annals, s.a. 960 (MGH SS 3: 405); GND iv, 10, 18 (vol. 1, pp. 116-7, 128-9)]
  
  === !"Our Plafs Roots Are True" A Genealogy ===
  !"Our Plafs Roots Are True" A Genealogy of Kochert and Nieb Families, by Ethel Clift Philips, Published 1983. The information in the book is derived from church records of Rumbach and Family records. !Source is from "Neuhart Nobility", by Dennis Allen Kastens -1997. 1. He was the Duke of Normandy. 2. He restored the Abbey of St Ouen at Rouen & Mont-St-Michel-in-Peril-of-the-Sea.
  
  === byname Richard The Fearless, French Rich ===
  byname Richard The Fearless, French Richard Sans Peurduke of Normandy (942–996), son of William I Longsword. Louis IV of France took the boy-duke into his protective custody, apparently intent upon reuniting Normandy to the crown's domains; but in 945 Louis was captured by the Normans, and Richard was returned to his people. Richard withstood further Carolingian attempts to subdue his duchy and, in 987, was instrumental in securing the French crown for his brother-in-law, the Robertian Hugh Capet. From: Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 Deluxe Edition CD-Rom
  
  === Deaths of Children of Richard and Gunnor ===
  Richard - d 23 Aug 1026 became the first Duke of Normandy
  Robert - d 1037 archbishop of Rouen and count of Évreux
  Mauger - d 1033
  Robertus Danus, d. bef. 985×989.
  Emma of Normandy, d. 1052;
  Hawise, d. 1034
  Mathilde, d. bef. 1005, m
  
  === Notes Weis' "Ancestral Roots. . ." (39: ===
  Notes Weis' "Ancestral Roots. . ." (39:22), (119:24), (121E:20), (177:3), (214:22), (235:19), (250:20). "RICHARD I, "the Fearless", Duke of Normandy, b. Fecamp ca. 933, named father's h. 29 May 942, d. 20 Nov. 996; m. (1) (Danish wife) GUNNOR, d. 1027 or 1031, dau. of the forester of Arques, but betrothed ca. 945 & event. m. (2) 960 to Emma, d. ca. 968, dau. HUGH CAPET ..., Count of Paris. After Emma's death, m. (Christian marriage) GUNNOR to legit. their children. " Cokayne's "Complete Peerage" (Appendix D to v.VII, p.711), identifies him as father of ROBERT, COUNT OF EVREUX. Stuart's "Royalty For Commoners" (166:33). From Rosamond McKitterick.s, "The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians 751-987", London & NY (Longman) 1983, pp. 238-239: "When in 942 WILLIAM was murdered at the instigation of COUNT ARNULF OF FLANDERS (RIN 2173), his son Richard, still a minor, succeeded him. LOUIS IV (RIN 1617) and HUGH THE GREAT (RIN 1206) each tried to sieze Normandy, and LOUIS took charge of Richard. He then ensconced himself at Rouen and HUGH took Bayeux, which still had a Scandinavian leader called Sictric. Richard escaped from his custody at Laon, retook Rouen, and called on another Viking leader, Harald of the Bassin, for help. The Normans under Richard were able to re-establish their autonomy and from 947 Richard governed in relative peace. In 965 he swore allegiance to the Carolingian king Lothar [son of LOUIS IV] at Gisors. Richard's official marriage was to Emma, daughter of HUGH THE GREAT; they had no children, but by his common-law wife GUNNOR, a Dane, he had many. RICHARD II, son of GUNNOR and Richard I, succeeded his father in 996, another son Robert was archbishop of Rouen from 989 to 1037 and EMMA their daughter became queen of England on her marriage to AETHELREAD, a position she maintained after his death in 1016 by marrying Knut. GUNNOR's nephews and other relatives furthermore formed the core of the new aristocracy which developed in the course of the elev enth century. Unfortunately we know little about the internal organization and history of Normandy until the reign of RICHARD II." From "Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840-1066" by Eleanor Searle, University of California Press, 1988: "The Acknowledged Children of Richard I: Sons. The most revealing evidence of the prestige and power of Richard and his successor is to be found in the endowments and marriages of their children. The wife whose Norseness and high status made her an acceptable equal in the eyes of his chieftains was a woman whose children commanded paternal recognition, for they would have powerful maternal kinsmen upon whose loyalty they could call. Even so, it is remarkable that Dudo, with GUNNOR at his side, tells the reader only the number of children she bore Richard: five boys and three girls. He does not give their names, and Richard's sons defy full identification. RICHARD II was certainly GUNNOR's son, as was his virtual coruler, Robert, archbishop of Rouen. Charters identify their relationship clearly, but they do not identify any of her husband's other sons as GUNNOR's...." (p. 132, see below for source) "Richard I and his new settler -in-laws of the 960s were the winners who lasted. In becoming so they learned (and taught) two principles of success that marked them off from the Franks. They learned the value of a strong centralizing chieftain who could at least freeze the status quo once his own local chieftains had taken what they wanted. The more successful he was, the more chiefs attached themselves to him for just this: with his warranty, backed by his chieftains, their defeated enemies could not recover by violence what had been taken from them by violence. Thus were the Norman dukes 'settlers of quaarrels.' Fearlessness was the necessary quality in such a corrdinating chieftain, and Richard I, who has no encomiast of his deeds, has at least this sobriquet, "the Fearless" Those who were great fighters and the ruthle ssly, selectively violent, were the great centralizers among the threatened and rapacious Norse." During the minority of his (WILLIAM LONG-SWORD) successor, Duke Richard, KING LOUIS IV, who was making an expedition into Normandy, was captured by the inhabitants of Rouen and handed over to HUGH THE GREAT. From this time onwards the dukes of Normandy began to enter into relations with the dukes of France; and in 958 Duke Richard married HUGH THE GREAT's daughter. He died in 996. (Succeeded by RICHARD II.)

• m. 960

• m. 26 DEC 972 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Normandie, France

1. Geoffrey , b. 953 in Brionne, Eure, Normandy, France     d. 28 AUG 1015 in Brionne, Eure, Normandy, France
2. Papia of Normandy, b. 980 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France     d. 1055 in Saint-Valéry-en-Caux, Seine-Maritime, Upper Normandy, France
3. Guillaume Ier d'Eu, b. BET 2 JAN 975 AND 980 in France     d. 26 JAN 1057 in France
4. Béatrice de Normandie, b. 976 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Normandie, France     d. 18 JAN 1035 in Poitiers, Vienne, France

• m. 962 in Crépon, Calvados, Normandie, France

1. Richard 'Le Bon' de Normandie II, b. 23 AUG 963 in Évreux, Eure, Haute-Normandie, France     d. 23 AUG 1026 in Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France
2. Mathilda de Normandie Comtesse De Blois-Chartres, b. environ 0982 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandie, France     d. 21 FEB 1006 in Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, Bretagne, France
3. Emma Normandy Of England, b. 23 JUN 985 in Normandel, Perche, France     d. 6 MAR 1052 in Winchester, Hampshire, England
4. Mauger de Normandie, Comté de Corbeil, b. 963 in Seine-Inférieure, France     d. 1040 in Corbeil, Marne, Grand Est, France
5. Hawise de Normandie Duchesse de Bretagne, b. 968 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Upper Normandy, France     d. 21 FEB 1034 in Rouen, Seine-Inférieure, France
6. Robert de Normandie comte d'Évreux et archevêque de Rouen, b. ABT 965     d. 16 MAR 1037 in Évreux, Eure, Upper Normandy, France

1. Title: Rollo, Rognvald, William Longsword, Richard I, Richard II in William the Conqueror, The Normand Impact Upon England, pg. 16-17 [See document in the Memories section]
   Author: William the Conqueror, The Normand Impact Upon England, pg. 16-17
   Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/photos/artifacts/133390886;
   Note: Rollo, Rognvald, William Longsword, Richard I, Richard II in William the Conqueror, The Normand Impact Upon England, pg. 16-17 [See document in the Memories section]
   Page: Rollo, Rognvald, William Longsword, Richard I, Richard II in William the Conqueror, The Normand Impact Upon England, pg. 16-17 [See document in the Memories section]
   
2. Title: Richard I of Normandy - Wikipedia
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy;
   
3. Title: Global, Find A Grave Index for Burials at Sea and other Select Burial Locations, 1300s-Current
   Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/60541/records/1125522;
   
4. Title: Richard I of Normandy, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-R3M5 : 13 April 2023), Richard I of Normandy, ; Burial, Fecamp, Departement de la Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France, Abbaye de la Trinité de Fécamp; citing record ID 37360605, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-R3M5;
   Note: Note the parentage of Photo Gunnora are not correct so do not use this profile as a source of her parentage.
   
5. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy- Richard I
   Page: Richard I, Duke of Normandy, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm#RichardIdied996A [See document in the Memories section]
   
6. Title: Family of Gunnora in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
   Publication: Name: http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/normacre.htm#GunnoraMRichardINormandy;
   Page: Family of Gunnora in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/normacre.htm#GunnoraMRichardINormandy [See document in the Memories section]
   
7. Title: Comtes d’Eu Maison de Normandie
   Publication: Name: http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Eu.pdf;
   
8. Title: Copy of Family of Gunnora in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/normacre.htm#GunnoraMRichardINormandy [See document in the Memories section]
   Publication: Name: http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/normacre.htm#GunnoraMRichardINormandy;
   Note: Family of Gunnora in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/normacre.htm#GunnoraMRichardINormandy [See document in the Memories section]
   
9. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Richard I (The Fearless) 3rd, Duke of Normandy - birth: 28 August 0933; Normandie, France
   Author: Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz
   Note: birth: 28 August 0933; Normandie, France AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page death: 20 November 0996; Normandie, France AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page occupation: 3rd Duke of Normandy; AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Lundy, Darryl. the peerage.com Website. URL: http://thepeerage.com . 128 Heke Street, Wellington, New Zealand. darry,lundy@xtra.co.nz AFGS 2 _TMPLT 3 FIELD 4 NAME Page
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3246217044
   
10. Title: Title Burke's "The Royal Families of England, Scotland and Wales"
    Author: Burke's The Royal Families of England, Scotland and Wales, pgs. ii, iii, iv [See document in the Memories section]
    Page: Dukes of Normandy in Burke's The Royal Families of England, Scotland and Wales, pgs. ii, iii, iv [See document in the Memories section]
    
11. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Richard I (The Fearless) 3rd, Duke of Normandy - birth: 28 August 0933; Normandie, France
    Author: Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998.
    Note: birth: 28 August 0933; Normandie, France AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page death: 20 November 0996; Normandie, France AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page occupation: 3rd Duke of Normandy; AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. AFGS 3 _TMPLT 4 FIELD 5 NAME Page AFGS 1 _TMPLT 2 TID 0 2 FIELD 3 NAME Footnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME ShortFootnote 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. 2 FIELD 3 NAME Bibliography 3 VALUE Stuart, Roderick W. Royalty for Commoners. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc. Baltimore, Maryland. Third Edition. 1998. AFGS 2 _TMPLT 3 FIELD 4 NAME Page
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3246217051
    
12. Title: Wikipedia (French) Comté de Rouen
    Author: Le comté de Rouen est la division administrative du comte de Rouen, en Normandie. Rollon le reçut de Charles III le Simple en 911, lors du traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. Guillaume Longue-Épée et Richard Sans-Peur en sont également titulaires. Ce domaine a disparu à la création du duché de Normandie.
    Publication: Name: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Rouen;
    
13. Title: Richard Ier de Normandie
    Publication: Name: https://wikimonde.com/article/Richard_Ier_de_Normandie;
    Page: Traduction française trouvée dans le wikimode
    
14. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy - Richard Sans Peur cont'd
    Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NORMANDY.htm#RichardIdied996B;
    Note: Children of Gunnorn cont'd 6. EMMA ([985]-Winchester 14 Mar 1052, bur Winchester Cathedral). Guillaume de Poitou names “genitrix Emma filia Ricardi primi, genitor Ædelredus rex Anglorum” as parents of “Edwardus ac Alveradus”[120]. Guillaume of Jumièges names “Emma...secunda Hadvis...tertia Mathildis” as the three daughters of Richard and his wife “Gunnor ex nobilissima Danorum prosapia ortam”, adding that Emma married “Edelredo regi Anglorum” by whom she was mother of “rex Edwardum et Alvredum”[121]. The Chronicle of Alberic de Trois-Fontaines names "Emma Anglorum regina" as sister of "dux Normannie Richardus II"[122]. Emma was described by Henry of Huntingdon as "Emma Normanorum gemma"[123], although it is not known whether this was a particular indication of her beauty or mere hyperbole. She was known as ÆLFGIFU in England[124]. Her first husband sent her to her brother's court in Normandy in 1013 after the invasion of Svend King of Denmark[125]. She was living in Normandy in 1017 when King Æthelred's successor King Canute proposed marriage to her. Guillaume of Jumièges records that, after the death of “Edelredus rex”, “Emmam reginam” married “rex...Chunutus...Christiano more”, and names their children “Hardechunutum postmodum regem Danorum et filiam...Gunnildem quæ nupsit Henrico Romanorum Imperatori”[126]. Roger of Wendover records the marriage in Jul 1018 of "Cnuto" and "ducem Ricardum…Emmam sororem suam et regis Ethelredi relictam"[127]. After the death of her second husband, she continued to live at Winchester. After the election of her step-son as regent in early 1036, it was recognised that she would continue to live there to look after the interests of her son Harthacnut who had nominally succeeded his father as King of England and Denmark but was still absent in Denmark. It is likely that she encouraged her sons by her first husband, Edward and Alfred, to join her, Alfred being captured and murdered during the visit. After Harold was recognised as king of England in 1037, Queen Emma was expelled and took refuge at Bruges[128]. She commissioned the Encomium Emmæ Reginæ from a Flemish convent at Saint-Omer, maybe St Bertin's, designed to promote her son Harthacnut's claim to the English throne. Harthacnut joined her in Bruges in early 1040, and after the death of King Harold, they returned together to England. After the accession of Edward "the Confessor", her son by her first husband, Emma appears to have supported the rival claim of Magnus King of Norway[129]. Whatever the truth of this, King Edward did confiscate her property in 1043 according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle[130]. She seems to have spent the last years of her life in retirement in Winchester[131]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death of "Ælfgifu Emma, the mother of king Edward and of king Harthacnut" in 1052[132]. m firstly (betrothed 1000, 1002[133]) as his [second/third] wife, ÆTHELRED II King of England, son of EDGAR "the Peacable" King of England & his second wife Ælfthryth ([966]-London 23 Apr 1016, bur Old St Paul's Cathedral). m secondly (2 or 31 Jul 1017) CANUTE King of England, son of SVEND I "Tveskæg/Forkbeard" King of Denmark & his [second wife Sigrid of Poland] ([995]-Shaftesbury, Dorset 12 Nov 1035, bur Winchester Cathedral). King of Denmark 1018, King of Norway 1028. 7. HAVISE (-21 Feb 1034). Guillaume of Jumièges names “Emma...secunda Hadvis...tertia Mathildis” as the three daughters of Richard and his wife “Gunnor ex nobilissima Danorum prosapia ortam”, adding that Havise married “Goiffredo Britannorum comiti” by whom she had “Alanum et Eudonem duces”[134]. A charter dated 1008 records that, after the death of "Gaufrido comite Britanniæ", "filii eius Alanus et Eudo cum matre eorum Hadeguisia" restored the abbey of Saint-Méen[135]. "…Aduise matre eorum comitum…" signed the charter dated to [1013/22] under which "Alanus et Egio Britannorum monarchi" founded the priory of Livré "in pago Redonensi"[136]. The Chronico Kemperlegiensi records the death "1034 IX Kal Mar" of "Haduisa comitissa Britanniæ, vidua Gauffridi"[137]. m (996) GEOFFROY I Duke of Brittany, son of CONAN I "le Tort" Duke of Brittany & his wife Ermengarde d'Anjou ([980]-20 Nov 1008). 8. MATHILDE (-[1005]). Guillaume of Jumièges names “Emma...secunda Hadvis...tertia Mathildis” as the three daughters of Richard and his wife “Gunnor ex nobilissima Danorum prosapia ortam”, adding that Mathilde married “Odoni comiti” by whom she was childless, a later passage stating that her dowry was “medietatem Dorcasini castri”[138]. The same source recounts that this provided the basis for the dispute between Comte Eudes and Duke Richard which escalated into the construction of the château de Tillières (“castrum Tegulense”) {Verneuil, Eure} and Eudes's defeat while attempting to capture it. m ([1003/04]) as his first wife, EUDES [II] Comte de Blois, son of EUDES [I] Comte de Blois & his wife Berthe de Bourgogne [Welf] ([982/83]-15 Nov 1037).
    
15. Title: en.Wikipedia Richard I of Normandy, Wikipedia
    Author: Richard I Count of Rouen Reign 17 December 942 – 20 November 996 Predecessor William Longsword Successor Richard II Born 28 August 932 Fécamp, Normandy, France Died 20 November 996 (aged 64) Fécamp, Normandy, France Spouses Emma of Paris Gunnor Issue more... Richard II of Normandy Robert II (Archbishop of Rouen) Mauger, Count of Corbeil Robert Danus Emma of Normandy Maud of Normandy Hawise of Normandy Geoffrey, Count of Eu William I, Count of Eu House House of Normandy Father William Longsword Mother Sprota
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy;
    Note: Richard I (28 August 932 – 20 November 996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French: Richard Sans-Peur; Old Norse: Jarl Richart), was the Count of Rouen or Jarl of Rouen from 942 to 996.[1] Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whom Richard commissioned to write the "De moribus et actis primorum Normanniae ducum" (Latin, "On the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of Normandy"), called him a dux. However, this use of the word may have been in the context of Richard's renowned leadership in war, and not as a reference to a title of nobility.[2][3] Richard either introduced feudalism into Normandy or he greatly expanded it. By the end of his reign, the most important Norman landholders held their lands in feudal tenure.[4] Richard was born to William Longsword, princeps (chieftain or ruler)[5] of Normandy, and Sprota,[1] a Breton concubine captured in war and bound to William by a more danico marriage.[6] He was also the grandson of the famous Rollo. William was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other Viking rebels, but his existence was kept secret until a few years later when William Longsword first met his son Richard. After kissing the boy and declaring him his heir, William sent Richard to be raised in Bayeux.[7] Richard was about ten years old when his father was killed on 17 December 942.[1] After William was killed, Sprota became the wife of Esperleng, a wealthy miller. Rodulf of Ivry was their son and Richard's half-brother.[8] With the death of Richard's father in 942, King Louis IV of France installed the boy, Richard, in his father's office. Under the influence of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, the king took him into Frankish territory[9]:32–4 and placing him in the custody of the count of Ponthieu before the king reneged and seized the lands of the Duchy of Normandy.[10] He then split up the duchy, giving its lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. Louis IV thereafter kept Richard in close confinement at Lâon,[11] but the youth escaped from imprisonment[9]:36–7 with assistance of Osmond de Centville, Bernard de Senlis, Ivo de Bellèsme, and Bernard the Dane.[12] In 946, at the age of 14, Richard allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders in France and with men sent by King Harold of Denmark. A battle was fought after which Louis IV was captured. Hostages were taken and held until King Louis recognised Richard as Duke, returning Normandy to him.[9]:37–41 Richard agreed to "commend" himself to Hugh, the Count of Paris, Hugh resolved to form a permanent alliance with Richard and promised his daughter Emma, who was little more than a girl, as a bride; the marriage would take place in 960.[9]:41–2 Louis, working with Arnulf, persuaded Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor to attack Richard and Hugh. The combined armies of Otto, Arnulf, and Louis were driven from the gates of Rouen, fleeing to Amiens and being decisively defeated in 947.[9]:41–2[13] A period of peace ensued, Louis dying in 954, 13 year old Lothair becoming king. The middle-aged Hugh appointed Richard as guardian of his 15-year-old son, Hugh Capet in 955.[9]:44 In 962, Theobald I, Count of Blois, attempted a renewed invasion of Rouen, Richard's stronghold, but his troops were summarily routed by Normans under Richard's command, and forced to retreat before ever having crossed the Seine river.[14][15] Lothair, the king of the West Franks, was fearful that Richard's retaliation could destabilize a large part of West Francia so he stepped in to prevent any further war between the two.[16] In 987, Hugh Capet became King of the Franks. For the last 30 years until his death in 996 in Fécamp, Richard concentrated on Normandy itself, and participated less in Frankish politics and its petty wars. In lieu of building up the Norman Empire by expansion, he stabilized the realm and reunited the Normans, forging the reclaimed Duchy of his father and grandfather into West Francia's most cohesive and formidable principality.[17] Richard died of natural causes in Fecamp, France, on 20 November 996.[18] It was reported that the remains in his grave were not his.[19] Richard used marriage to build strong alliances. His marriage to Emma of Paris connected him directly to the House of Capet. His second wife, Gunnor, from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin, formed an alliance to that group, while her sisters formed the core group that were to provide loyal followers to him and his successors.[20] His daughters forged valuable marriage alliances with powerful neighboring counts as well as to the king of England.[20] Emma married firstly Æthelred the Unready and after his death in 1016, the invader, Cnut the Great. Her children included Edward the Confessor, Alfred Aetheling and with Cnut, Harthacnut, so completing a major link between the Duke of Normandy and the Crown of England that would add validity to the claim by William the Conqueror to the throne of England. Richard also built on his relationship with the church, undertaking acts of piety,[21]:lv restoring their lands and ensuring the great monasteries flourished in Normandy. His further reign was marked by an extended period of peace and tranquility.[20][22] Richard's first marriage in 960 was to Emma, daughter of Hugh the Great,[1][23] and Hedwige of Saxony.[23] They were betrothed when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, with no issue.[1] According to Robert of Torigni, not long after Emma's death, Duke Richard went out hunting and stopped at the house of a local forester. He became enamored with the forester's wife, Seinfreda, but she was a virtuous woman and suggested he court her unmarried sister, Gunnor, instead. Gunnor became his mistress and her family rose to prominence. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, may have been involved in a controversial heresy trial. Gunnor was, like Richard, of Viking descent, being a Dane by blood. Richard finally married her to legitimize their children:[a] Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy[1] Robert, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Evreux[1] Mauger, Count of Corbeil[1] Robert Danus, died between 985 and 989[24] another son[24] Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England[1] Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II of Blois, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres[1] Hawise of Normandy m. Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany[1] Illegitimate children: Richard was known to have had several other mistresses and had children with many of them. Known children are: Geoffrey, Count of Eu[1][25] William, Count of Eu (ca. 972-26 January 1057/58),[25] m. Lasceline de Turqueville (d. 26 January 1057/58). Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montivilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne[1] (d.1030 (divorced) Possible children: Muriella, married Tancred de Hauteville[1][26][27] Fressenda or Fredesenda (ca. 995-ca. 1057), second wife of Tancred de Hauteville.[1][27][28] Guimara (Wimarc(a)) (b. circa 986), died Montivilliers Abbey, Seine-Inferieure, Normandy, wife of Ansfred (Ansfroi) II "le Dane" le Goz, vicomte of Exmes and Falaise, mother of Robert FitzWimarc[29] Papia References Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafel 79 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 125–6 For different meanings of Latin word dux (pl. duces). Emily Zack Tabuteau, 'Ownership and Tenure in Eleventh-Century Normandy', The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 2, (Apr. 1977), p. 99 The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32 The Normans in Europe, ed. & trans. Elisabeth van Houts (Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 47 n. 77 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 95 Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band III Teilband 4 (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1989), Tafel 694A Duncan, Jonathan (1839). The Dukes of Normandy from the time of King Rollo to the expulsion of King John. Joseph Rickerby and Harvey & Darton. Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993) pp. 262–3 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 80 The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges, Orderic Vatalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. I, ed. & trans. Elisabeth M.C. van Houts (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992) pp. 103, 105 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), pp. 85–6 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 86 The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 916–966, ed. & trans. Steven Fanning and Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 66 Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1993), p. 265 Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066 (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 89 François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), p. 74 http://norwaytoday.info/culture/skeletal-shock-norwegian-researchers-viking-hunting A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Elisabeth Van Houts (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007), p. 27 Stapleton, Thomas (1840). Magni rotuli scaccarii Normanniæ sub regibus Angliæ. François Neveux. A Brief History of The Normans (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), pp. 73. 74 Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln and 1 more.
    
16. Title: Dukes of Normandy in Histoire Detaillee de Isles de Jersey et Guernesey, pg. 3-5 [See document in the Memories section]
    Author: Histoire Detaillee de Isles de Jersey et Guernesey, pg. 3-5
    Note: Dukes of Normandy in Histoire Detaillee de Isles de Jersey et Guernesey, pg. 3-5 [See document in the Memories section]
    Page: Dukes of Normandy in Histoire Detaillee de Isles de Jersey et Guernesey, pg. 3-5 [See document in the Memories section]
    
17. Title: Chart - King & Queens of Great Britain
    
18. Title: Richard I of Normandy, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-R3M5 : 13 April 2023), Richard I of Normandy, ; Burial, Fecamp, Departement de la Seine-Maritime, Haute-Normandie, France, Abbaye de la Trinité de Fécamp; citing record ID 37360605, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-R3M5;
    
19. Title: The Ancestry of her Majesty Queen Victoria and of his Royal Highness Prince Albert, pg. 37-38
    Page: William Longsword and Richard I, Duke of Normandy, in The Ancestry of her Majesty Queen Victoria and of his Royal Highness Prince Albert, pg. 37-38 [See document in the Memories section]