Onneca Fortúnez of Pamplona

• Preferred Name: Onneca Fortúnez of Pamplona^{[1] [2]}
  
• Gender: F
  
• FSID: LDRJ-Z91
  
• Death: después de 0958 in Pamplona, Navarra, España at LATI: N2.812 LONG: E1.646
  
• Birth: aproximadamente 0848 in Pamplona, Navarra, España at LATI: N2.812 LONG: E1.646
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  ONNECA FORTÚNEZ DE PAMPLONA
  Onneca u Oneca (Íñiga) Fortúnez de Pamplona​ (c. 848 – después de 958) fue una noble vascona del Reino de Pamplona, posteriormente denominado Reino de Navarra. Era hija de Fortún Garcés de Pamplona y su esposa Auria o Oria (Awriya bint Lubb ibn Musa).
  
  Por la época en que nace Onneca la península ibérica se encontraba bajo el dominio de la dinastía musulmana Omeya. Solo los reinos del norte de Asturias y Pamplona y los condados catalanes permanecían cristianos, perpetuando las tradiciones hispanorromanas visigodas. Oneca era miembro de la Casa de los Íñiguez, que hacía honor a su bisabuelo Íñigo Arista, quien había fundado el Reino de Pamplona hacia 824, apenas 25 años antes del nacimiento de Oneca. La información sobre la vida de Oneca es parcial. Datos biográficos sobre ella provienen de dos fuentes principales: el Códice de Roda y los relatos de historiadores musulmanes andalusíes, que hacen referencia a Oneca por el nombre árabe Durr (در), que significa "perla".
  
  Onneca es principalmente conocida por haber contraído matrimonio con un príncipe de la dinastía Omeya. Aunque las uniones matrimoniales entre concubinas esclavas cristianas y gobernantes musulmanes eran frecuentes, el caso de Onneca es uno de los pocos ejemplos en los cuales una princesa cristiana contrae matrimonio con la realeza musulmana.​ Este matrimonio generó lazos familiares entre las familias gobernantes cristianas y musulmanas de la península ibérica, conduciendo inicialmente a una colaboración estrecha entre la casa de Íñiguez y los musulmanes Omeyas. Los efectos políticos del matrimonio de Oneca se hicieron sentir más allá de su muerte, acaecida en fecha incierta.
  
  === Confusion over identity ===
  Oneca Fortunez is known to have married Aznar Sanchez of Larraun and had three children, Sancho, Toda and Sancha (wife of king Jimeno). A primary source, a 10th century genealogy found in the Codice de Roda, says that she later married Emir Abdullah and was mother of his son Muhammad and thus grandmother of Caliph Abd al-Rahman III. The problem is that this is chronologically impossible. Toda could not have been born before Muhammad, else she would have been having children well into her 60s, so there is some sort of error here.
  
  In the 20th century, historians tended to try to 'fix' the error my suggesting that the unions took place in the opposite order, that Oneca was first with Abdallah, and only after her father's release from captivity did she leave him and marry Aznar. This frees up the chronology a little, but it is still problematic, particularly with respect to the ages of her father, grandfather and great-grandfather.
  
  Early in the 21st century, an alternative was suggested, that there was confusion with this woman's aunt, also named Oneca and also married to an Aznar. This is Oneca Garces, wife of Aznar Galindez of Aragon. That woman was daughter of king Garcia, and hence paternal aunt of the other Oneca's father. By Aznar Galindez, she had two children, count Galindo, and a daughter Sancha (wife of Muhammad al-Tawil of Huesca). The suggestion is that it was really this Oneca Garces who was mother of Muhammad, and not her niece Oneca Fortunez.
  
  As a consequence, we still have two different people, Oneca Fortunez, wife of Aznar Sanchez, and Oneca Garces, wife of Aznar Galindez, we just can't be sure which of the two was the woman who became mother of Muhammad ibn Abdallah.
  
  There is no convenient way to show such conflicting conclusions in the FamilySearch software, but what not to do is to merge these two clearly-distinct women together when we know they were different, just not which one of the two was Muhammad's mother.

• m. ABT 863

• m. 888 in Pamplona, Navarra, España

1. Toda Aznárez de Pamplona, b. 2 de enero de 876 in Navarra, España     d. 15 de octubre de 0958 in Pamplona, Navarre, Spain

1. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
   Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/NAVARRE.htm#InigoFortundied905;
   Note: ONECA [Íñiga] Fortúnez ([850]-). The Codex de Roda names "Enneco Furtunionis et Asenari Furtuniones et Belasco Furtuniones et Lope Furtuniones et domna Onneca" as the children of "Furtunio Garseanis" and his wife, recording that Oneca married "Asenari Sanzones de Larron" (a second manuscript specifying that she was "suam congermanam") and afterwards married "regi Abdella" by whom she was mother of "Mahomat Iben Abdella"[100]. However, this is unsustainable chronologically if it is correct that she was the mother of Muhammad and his birth date is correctly estimated to [867/68]. On the assumption that this date is correct, it is assumed that Abd Allah was Oneca's first husband. She married her second husband after returning from Córdoba in [880] with her father who had just been released from captivity[101]. As noted in the document MOORISH SPAIN, Ibn Idhari names "Dorr" as the mother of Emir Abd Allah´s son Muhammad[102]. It would not be impossible for this to be an adopted Muslim name. However, Dorr is also recorded as the mother of the emir´s daughter Fatima, born "despues del califato" which presumably indicates his succession as emir in 888, which would be after Oneca´s supposed return to Pamplona. The conclusion must be that there is some piece of information in the Codex de Roda which is fundamentally incorrect, maybe either the name of Oneca´s Muslim husband or the name of her supposed son. [m firstly ([863, repudiated before 880]) as his --- wife, ABD ALLAH, son of MUHAMMAD Emir of Córdoba & his concubine Baher (-16 Oct 912).] He succeeded his brother in 888 as ABD ALLAH I Emir of Córdoba.] m [secondly] (880) her first cousin, AZNAR Sánchez de Larraún, son of SANCHO García de Pamplona & his wife --- .
   
2. Title: Wikipedia (english): Onneca Fortúnez
   Author: Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1999). Moorish Architecture. Architecture & Design Series. New York: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-7634-3. Cañada Juste, Arturo (2013). "Doña Onneca, una princesa vascona en la corte de los emires cordobeses". Príncipe de Viana (in Spanish). 74 (258): 481–502. ISSN 0032-8472. Faro Carballa, José Antonio; García-Barberena Unzu, María; Unzu Urmeneta, Mercedes (2007). "La presencia islámica en Pamplona" [Islamic presence in Pamplona]. In Sénac, Philippe (ed.). Villes et campagnes de Tarraconaise et d'al-Andalus (VIe–XIe siècles): la transition [Cities and countryside in Tarraconensis and al-Andalus (6th–11th centuries): the transition]. Collection "Méridiennes" (in Spanish). Toulouse: CNRS – Université de Toulouse – Le Mirail. pp. 97–139. ISBN 978-2-912025-23-4. Fletcher, Richard (2006) [First published 1992]. Moorish Spain (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24840-3. Goyhenetche, Manex (1998). Histoire générale du Pays
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onneca_Fort%C3%BAnez;
   Note: Onneca Fortúnez or Iñiga Fortúnez[1][2] (c. 848 – after 890)[3] was a Basque[4] princess from the Kingdom of Pamplona, later known as the Kingdom of Navarre. She was the daughter of Fortún Garcés of Pamplona and his wife Auria. At the time of Onneca's birth, which occurred between 848 and 850, the Iberian Peninsula was largely under the domination of the Muslim Umayyad dynasty. Only the northern kingdoms of Asturias, Pamplona and the Pyrenean threshold remained under control of Christian rulers. Onneca was a member of the Íñiguez dynasty, named after her great-grandfather Íñigo Arista, who founded the Kingdom of Pamplona.[5] Information about Onneca's life is limited. Biographical details about her come from two main sources: the Códice de Roda and the accounts of Muslim Andalusi historians, who refer to the grandmother of Abd al-Rahman III by the Arabic name Durr (در), meaning "pearl". Her marriage created family ties between the Christian and Muslim ruling families of the Iberian peninsula, initially leading to close collaboration between the Christian House of Íñiguez and the Muslim Umayyads.[6] The political effects resulting from Onneca's marriages continued to be felt long after her death, which occurred at an unknown date. Marriage to Emir Abdullah Onneca's father Fortún Garcés, the then heir to the throne of Pamplona, was captured in 860 in the town of Milagro during a punitive expedition led by Muhammad I, the Muslim emir of Córdoba, against the small Kingdom of Pamplona. The expedition resulted in the devastation of the Christian kingdom's territory and the seizure of three castles by the Muslim forces. Fortun Garcés, nicknamed al-Anqar (الأنقر) by the Muslims because he was one-eyed, was taken to Córdoba where he was detained for two decades in gilded captivity.[7] It is not known when or how his daughter Onneca came to Córdoba, whether she was captured with him or sent to join him at the emir's court at a later date, but she there was wedded to Muhammad I's son Abdullah around 862/863. Onneca was presumably still a teenager when she bore Abdullah a son named Muhammad in 864.[3] As Abdullah's wife, Onneca became known as Durr.[8] According to some sources, she converted to Islam.[9][10] In addition to Muhammad, Onneca bore Abdullah two daughters: al-Baha' and Fatima the Younger.[11] Abdullah became emir in 888, and Onneca's son Muhammad was named heir to the throne. However, Muhammad was assassinated by his younger half-brother al-Mutarrif on 28 January 891. There is disagreement among historians as to whether al-Mutarrif acted on his own or at the instigation of his father Abdullah. Al-Mutarrif himself was beheaded in 895 under orders of his father. As a result, Muhammad's son Abd-ar-Rahman, who was born three weeks prior to his father's assassination, was the one who succeeded his grandfather Abdullah as emir of Córdoba. Known in the West as Abd-ar-Rahman III, he later elevated himself to the position of caliph.[12] Onneca was thus the paternal grandmother of Abd-ar-Rahman III, who inherited from her as well as from his mother Muzna hailing from the Pyrenees (probably a Basque) European facial features such as blue eyes and light reddish hair that he attempted to alter (notably through hair coloring) in order to look more typically Arab.[2][4] Problematic chronology of marriage Aznar Sánchez de Laron The Códice de Roda, the sole source for Onneca's Christian marriage, places this union with her cousin Aznar Sánchez de Laron before her marriage, as a widow, to Abdullah of Córdoba. Based on this, French historian Évariste Lévi-Provençal developed a chronology for Onneca's life that placed her birth date around 835. Lévi-Provençal believed that Onneca did not accompany her father when he returned to Pamplona in 882, either because she had already died, or because she had converted to Islam and chose to remain in Abdullah's harem.[10] However, such a chronology is problematic since it implies that Onneca's children by Aznar were born before or only shortly after her father's capture in 860, thus making Onneca's daughter Toda Aznárez a sexagenarian at the time of her son García Sánchez I's birth (which is known to have occurred in either 919 or 922[13]), and nearly a centenarian at the time of her 958 visit to Cordoba. Therefore, most historians addressing the question have concluded that the Códice de Roda was in error with regard to the order of Onneca's two marriages, that she indeed returned to Pamplona with her father and only at that time married Aznar Sánchez. This would allow her birth to have come a decade later, and that of her daughter to be pushed back at least two decades. Following this modified timeline, in about 880, after two decades in Córdoba, Onneca would have abandoned her Muslim family,[14] and returned with her father to Pamplona, to which he would shortly succeed, and shortly after married Aznar Sánchez, having together a son and two daughters probably born between 880 and 890: Sancho, Toda and Sancha. Their son Sancho Aznar is only known from the Códice de Roda genealogy and he may have died young.[3] Their daughters Toda and Sancha would both become queens of Pamplona by marrying into the Jiménez dynasty, which came to power in 905 after displacing Onneca's father Fortún Garcés from the throne. Toda married Sancho I Garcés, thus uniting the royal houses of Íñiguez and Jiménez.[15] Toda's sister Sancha was wedded to Sancho I Garcés' brother and successor Jimeno Garcés, and was later killed in France by her son García Jiménez.[16] In a more substantive departure from the Roda genealogy, historian Alberto Cañada Juste concludes that the chronological challenges are overwhelming. Rather than simply shifting the order of Onneca's marriages, he posits that the identity of the Christian princess who went to Córdoba has been confused by the Roda source. He argues that the Roda genealogist has confused two Pamplona princesses in successive generations married to an Aznar, and that rather than being Onneca Fortúnez, widow of Aznar Sánchez of Laron, the Pamplona woman who went to Córdoba was actually Onneca Garcés, sometime wife of Aznar Galíndez II, Count of Aragon.[17] Legacy Onneca's historical importance stems from the fact that she provided an important genealogical link between the Muslim caliphs of Córdoba and the Christian kings of Pamplona,[6] as well as between the first two royal dynasties of Pamplona.[18][19] Family tree The following family tree shows the relationship between Onneca and her immediate relatives. Solid lines indicate descent, while horizontal dashed lines indicate marriage. The names of the three dynasties to which Onneca was directly related are in big capital letters: the Íñiguez dynasty into which she was born and married, the Umayyad dynasty into which she married, and the Jiménez dynasty into which her two Christian daughters married.[18][19][20]