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Menia of the Lombards Queen of Thuringia



Family 1: Pitzia ,    b. BET 475 AND 480 in Pannonia, Roman Empire    d. 514 in Mediolano, Italy, Roman Empire
Family 2: Basinus King of the Thuringians II,    b. 454 in Thuringia, Germany    d. 515 in Thuringia, Germany
  1. Baderic of Thuringia Baderic, Baderich, Balderich or Boderic, b. 480 in Europe     d. 529
Sources:
  1. Title: Wikipedia - Bisinus
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisinus;
  2. Title: Tacitus.nu
    Publication: Name: http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/rome.htm;
    Note: Maps showing expansion and contraction of the Roman empire. In 526 the map shows territories of Germanic people who were "foederatis" of Rome living under Roman supremacy.
  3. Title: Count Pitzia
    Author: Bibliography 1 PLRE 2 2 P. Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 1997, 489-554 3 J. Moorhead, Theo…
    Publication: Name: https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/pitzia-e926470;
    Note: Gothic comes AD 505 [1. 886f.]. In a dispute with the Gepidae in 505, he occupied Sirmium and helped the local overlord Mundo [2. 397ff.] against troops of the Eastern Empire, defeating them (Ennod. panegyricus dictus clementissimo regi Theoderico 12; Iord. Get. 300f.) [3. 174f.]. Possibly identical to the Petia murdered in 514 by Theoderic (Theodericus (Theoderic) [3]) (Auctarium Havniense, MGH AA 9,331) [1. 861; 2. 406f.].
  4. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
    Publication: Name: https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/HUNGARY.htm#_Toc482625405;
    Note: [---] . King of the Pissa. (Pitzia) m MENIA ---. The Historia Langobardorum names "mater…Audoin…Menia uxor fuit Pissæ regis"[149]. This wording suggests that "Pissæ regis" was not the father of Audoin, presumably Menia's second husband. It is assumed that "Pissæ" indicates that he was king of a tribe of that name. [Pissa](Pitzia) & his wife had one child: 1. AUDOIN (-in Pannonia 560). The Historia Langobardorum names "Audoin ex genere…Gausus" and his mother "Menia uxor…Pissæ regis"[150]. He was installed as AUDOIN King of the Lombards in Hungary in [547] in succession to King Walthari. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum records that "Auduin" reigned after Walthari, specifying that he brought the Lombards into Pannonia and, in a later passage, stating that they remained in Pannonia for 43 years[151]. Byzantium encouraged the Lombards to consolidate their position in Pannonia by granting them the city of Noricum and other strongholds, although it is reported that they celebrated by raiding Dalmatia and Illyricum[152]. The war with the Gepids, which started in [547], was settled by a peace treaty imposed by Emperor Justinian in 552, under which the Lombards sent troops to Italy to help Narses rout the Ostrogoths[153]. The Historia Langobardorum records that Audoin died in Pannonia[154]. m firstly RODELINDA [Roddenda], daughter of ---. The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Roddenda" as mother of "Albuin filius [Auduini]"[155]. The Historia Langobardorum names "Rodelenda" as mother of Alboin[156]. Paulus Diaconus names "Rodelindam" as wife of Audoin and mother of Alboin[157]. m secondly --- of the Thuringians, daughter of HERMINAFRID King of the Thuringians & his wife Amalaberga the Ostrogoth. Procopius records that "Amalafridus, vir Gotthus, ex filia nepos Amalafridæ sororis Theoderici Gotthorum regis et filius Hermenefridi regis Thoringorum…sororem eius” married "Anduino Langobardorum regi"[158]. The Codex Theodosianus records that the daughter of Amalaberga became the second wife of King Audoin[159]. King Audoin & his first wife had [two] children a) ALBOIN (-murdered 28 Jun 572). The Origo Gentis Langobardorum names "Albuin" as son of "Auduin"[160]. Paulus Diaconus names "Alboin, filius Audoin" when recording his succession[161]. He succeeded in 560 as ALBOIN King of the Lombards in Pannonia. He was crowned ALBOIN King of the Lombards in Italy at Milan in [570]. - KINGS of ITALY. b) [---. m ---.] One child: i) GISULF . Shield-bearer of Alboin King of the Lombards, who installed him as duke in the region of Friuli after the Longobard migration into Italy in [569][162]. Paulus Diaconus records that King Alboin installed "Gisulfum…suum nepotem" as "ducem…[in] Foroiulanæ civitati"[163]. The Chronicle of Andreas Bergomatis records that Alboin conceded Friuli to "nepoti sui Gisolfi"[164]. The precise relationship between Gisulf and King Alboin is unknown and may have been more remote than implied by "nephew" if the word nepos if translated strictly in these passages. - DUKES of FRIULIA.
  5. Title: Wikipedia - Gausian dynasty
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gausian_dynasty#:~:text=The%20Gausi%20or%20Gausian%20dynasty%20was%20a%20prominent,the%20Lombards%20first%20migrated%20into%20the%20Italian%20peninsula.;
    Note: The Gausi or Gausian dynasty was a prominent Lombard ruling clan in the second half of the 6th century (547–572). They were either pagans or perhaps Arian Christians and were frequently at odds with the Roman Catholic Church. Under their rule, the Lombards first migrated into the Italian peninsula. The Gausi traced their lineage back to the Goths and they were a prominent family when, in 539, the tribe came under the rule of a minor, Walthari of the Lethings clan, and a Gausian, Audoin, was elected his regent. In 547, Audoin succeeded Walthari, who died young of natural causes, and assumed the royal mantle by usurpation. Audoin's son and successor, Alboin, led the Lombards into Italy in 569 and died without male heirs in 572 or 573. He had made the Lombard kings into Kings of Italy. His successor was Cleph of the Beleos clan. The noble house of the Gausi continued through the first duke of Friuli, Gisulf I of Friuli, nephew of Alboin and grandson of Audoin. His heirs would eventually go on to secure power in the Duchy of Benevento, leading to the establishment of another Gausian king of Italy, Grimoald of Benevento
  6. Title: Wikipedia - Menia of the Lombards
    Author: Wolfram Brandes, "Das Gold der Menia: Ein Beispiel transkulturellen Wissenstransfers", Millennium 2 (2005): 175–226, esp. 181ff. ^ Philip Grierson, "Election and Inheritance in Early Germanic Kingship", Cambridge Historical Journal 7, 1 (1941): 1–22. ^ Jörg Jarnut, "Thüringer und Langobarden im 6. und beginnenden 7. Jahrhundert", in Helmut Castritius; Dieter Geuenich; Matthias Werner (eds.). Die Frühzeit der Thüringer: Archäologie, Sprache, Geschichte (De Gruyter, 2009), pp. 279–290. ^ Ian Mladjov, "Barbarian Genealogies", in Prokopios; H. B. Dewing (trans.); Anthony Kaldellis (eds.), The Wars of Justinian (Hackett, 2014), pp. 560–566. ^ Martina Hartmann, Die Königin im frühen Mittelalter (Kohlhammer Verlag, 2009), p. 13. ^ Christian Settipani (2015). Les Ancêtres de Charlamagne. 2nd edition (in French). P&G, Occasional Publications 16. pp. 234–35. ISBN 978-1-900934-16-9. ^ Cynthia Stallman-Pacitti, The Life of Saint Pankratios of Taormina: Greek Text, English Translation and Commenta
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menia;
    Note: Menia (fl. c. 500) was the queen of the Thuringians by marriage and the earliest named ancestor of the Gausian dynasty of the Lombards. She became a legendary figure after her death, strongly associated with gold and wealth. Only one other person is know by the name Menia, from a 9th-century polyptych of the Abbey of Saint-Remi. In origin it is probably a Germanic name, signifying collar, ring or necklace, and by extension treasure.[1] Menia and Fenia, from the legendary Icelandic Grottasöngr Menia's marriage is recorded only in the Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani. According to that source, she was the wife of King Pissa, usually identified as Bisinus, king of the Thuringians.[1][2] The same source and the other Lombard chronicles make Bisinus the father of Raicunda, first wife of Wacho, king of the Lombards. She may have been the daughter of Menia. Frankish sources, such as Venantius Fortunatus, make Bisinus the father of the three brothers who ruled Thuringia in the 520s: Hermanafrid, Bertachar (father of Saint Radegund) and Baderic. They are sometimes considered as sons of Menia,[3] or else as sons of Basina, who is called a wife of Bisinus by the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours.[4] Many scholars, however, reject Bisinus' marriage to Basina as ahistorical, leaving Menia as his only known wife.[5] By a relationship with an unnamed man of the Gausian family—a Gausus, perhaps a Geat, according to the Historia Langobardorum—she was the mother of Audoin, king of the Lombards from 546.[1] She also had a daughter from whom the later dukes of Friuli were descended.[6] Audoin was in turn the father of Alboin, who led the Lombards into Italy. As an ancestor of Lombard royalty, Menia seems to have entered the oral tradition and from there various Germanic epic traditions, such as the Icelandic Poetic Edda. She is a gold-grinding giantess in Grottasöngr and in Sigurðarkviða hin skamma her name is part of a kenning (Meni góð, "Menia's goods") meaning gold.[1] She is also featured in the Byzantine tradition. In the Greek Life of Saint Pankratios of Taormina, she is the wife of the Lombard Rhemaldos who kills the mother of Tauros and then marries him. She learns alchemy and turns base metals into gold. The entire legend is used to explain how the city of Taormina (Tauromenia) got its name.[7]
  7. Title: Wikiwand: Menia
    Author: ^ a b c d Wolfram Brandes, "Das Gold der Menia: Ein Beispiel transkulturellen Wissenstransfers", Millennium 2 (2005): 175–226, esp. 181ff. ^ Philip Grierson, "Election and Inheritance in Early Germanic Kingship", Cambridge Historical Journal 7, 1 (1941): 1–22. ^ Jörg Jarnut, "Thüringer und Langobarden im 6. und beginnenden 7. Jahrhundert", in Helmut Castritius; ^ Ian Mladjov, "Barbarian Genealogies", in Prokopios; H. B. Dewing (trans.); Anthony Kaldellis (eds.), The Wars of Justinian (Hackett, 2014), pp. 560–566.
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Menia;
    Note: Menia (fl. c. 500) was the queen of the Thuringians by marriage and the earliest named ancestor of the Gausian dynasty of the Lombards. She became a legendary figure after her death, strongly associated with gold and wealth. The rare name Menia is known from only one other source, a 9th-century polyptych of the Abbey of Saint-Remi. In origin it is probably Germanic, signifying collar, ring or necklace, by extension treasure. Menia's first marriage is recorded only in the "Historia Langobardorum codicis Gothani." According to that source, she was the wife of King Pissa, usually identified as Bisinus, king of the Thuringians. The same source and the other Lombard chronicles make Bisinus the father of Raicunda, first wife of Wacho, king of the Lombards. She may have been the daughter of Menia. Frankish sources, such as Venantius Fortunatus, make Bisinus the father of the three brothers who ruled Thuringia in the 520s: Hermanafrid, Bertachar (father of Saint Radegund) and Baderic. They are sometimes considered as sons of Menia, or else as sons of Basina, who is called a wife of Bisinus by the Frankish historian Gregory of Tours. Many scholars, however, reject Bisinus' marriage to Basina as ahistorical. By a relationship with an unnamed man of the Gausian family—a "Gausus," perhaps a Geat, according to the "Historia Langobardorum"—she was the mother of Audoin, king of the Lombards from 546. She also had a daughter from whom the later dukes of Friuli were descended. Audoin was in turn the father of Alboin, who led the Lombards into Italy. As an ancestor of Lombard royalty, Menia seems to have entered the oral tradition and from there various Germanic epic traditions, such as the Icelandic Poetic Edda. She is a gold-grinding giantess in "Grottasöngr" and in "Sigurðarkviða hin skamma" her name is part of a kenning ("Meni góð," "Menia's goods") meaning gold. She is also featured in the Byzantine tradition. In the Greek "Life of Saint Pankratios of Taormina," she is the wife of the Lombard Rhemaldos who kills the mother of Tauros and then marries him. She learns alchemy and turns base metals into gold. The entire legend is used to explain the how the city of Taormina ("Tauromenia") got its name.
  8. Title: Wikipedia - the Lombards
    Author: Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). Die Sprache der Langobarden, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker, 75. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner. Christie, Neil (1995). The Lombards. Wiley. ISBN 0631182381. Christie, Neil (2018a). "Lomvard Invasion Of Italy". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 919–920. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001. ISBN 9780191744457. Retrieved March 13, 2020. Christie, Neil (2018b). "Lombards". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. pp. 920–922. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001. ISBN 9780191744457. Retrieved March 13, 2020. Daim, Falko (2019). "The Longobards in Pannonia". Prima e dopo Alboino: sulle tracce dei Longobardi. Napoli: Guida. pp. 221–241. Darvill, Timothy (2009). "Lombards". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001. ISB
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards;
    Note: The Lombards (/ˈlɒmbərdz, -bɑːrdz, ˈlʌm-/)[1] or Langobards (Latin: Langobardi) were a Germanic people[2] who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. The medieval Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the History of the Lombards (written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili,[3] who dwelt in southern Scandinavia[4] (Scadanan) before migrating to seek new lands. Roman-era authors however reported them in the 1st century AD, as one of the Suebian peoples, in what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. By the end of the 5th century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and Slovakia north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. In contrast with the Goths and the Vandals, the Lombards left Scandinavia and descended south through Germany, Austria and Slovenia, only leaving Germanic territory a few decades before reaching Italy. The Lombards would have consequently remained a predominantly Germanic tribe by the time they invaded Italy.[5] The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in north and central Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the 8th-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish king Charlemagne and integrated into the Frankish Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans and added to their County of Sicily. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the foreigners by the name Langbarðaland (Land of the Lombards), in the Norse runestones.[6] Their legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of Lombardy in Northern Italy.According to their own traditions, the Lombards initially called themselves the Winnili. After a reported major victory against the Vandals in the 1st century, they changed their name to Lombards.[7] The name Winnili is generally translated as 'the wolves', related to the Proto-Germanic root *wulfaz 'wolf'.[8] The name Lombard was reportedly derived from the distinctively long beards of the Lombards.[9] It is probably a compound of the Proto-Germanic elements *langaz (long) and *bardaz (beard). History Early history Legendary origins Further information: Hundings Wodan (Godan) and Frigg (Frea) looking out of a window in the heavens... ...and spotting the Lombard women with their long hair tied as to appear as beards Paul the Deacon, historian of the Lombards, circa 720-799 According to their own legends the Lombards originated in southern Scandinavia.[10] The Northern European origins of the Lombards is supported by genetic,[11][12] anthropological,[10] archaeological and earlier literary evidence.[10] A legendary account of Lombard origins, history, and practices is the Historia Langobardorum (History of the Lombards) of Paul the Deacon, written in the 8th century. Paul's chief source for Lombard origins, however, is the 7th-century Origo Gentis Langobardorum (Origin of the Lombard People). The Origo Gentis Langobardorum tells the story of a small tribe called the Winnili[3] dwelling in southern Scandinavia[4] (Scadanan) (the Codex Gothanus writes that the Winnili first dwelt near a river called Vindilicus on the extreme boundary of Gaul).[13] The Winnili were split into three groups and one part left their native land to seek foreign fields. The reason for the exodus was probably overpopulation.[14] The departing people were led by the brothers Ybor and Aio and their mother Gambara[15][16] and arrived in the lands of Scoringa, perhaps the Baltic coast[17] or the Bardengau on the banks of the Elbe.[18] Scoringa was ruled by the Vandals and their chieftains, the brothers Ambri and Assi, who granted the Winnili a choice between tribute or war. The Winnili were young and brave and refused to pay tribute, saying "It is better to maintain liberty by arms than to stain it by the payment of tribute."[19] The Vandals prepared for war and consulted Godan (the god Odin[4]), who answered that he would give the victory to those whom he would see first at sunrise.[20] The Winnili were fewer in number[19] and Gambara sought help from Frea (the goddess Frigg[4]), who advised that all Winnili women should tie their hair in front of their faces like beards and march in line with their husbands. At sunrise, Frea turned her husband's bed so that he was facing east, and woke him. So Godan spotted the Winnili first and asked, "Who are these long-beards?," and Frea replied, "My lord, thou hast given them the name, now give them also the victory."[21] From that moment onwards, the Winnili were known as the Longbeards (Latinised as Langobardi, Italianised as Longobardi, and Anglicized as Langobards or Lombards). When Paul the Deacon wrote the Historia between 787 and 796 he was a Catholic monk and devoted Christian. He thought the pagan stories of his people "silly" and "laughable".[20][22] Paul explained that the name "Langobard" came from the length of their beards.[23] A modern theory suggests that the name "Langobard" comes from Langbarðr, a name of Odin.[24] Priester states that when the Winnili changed their name to "Lombards", they also changed their old agricultural fertility cult to a cult of Odin, thus creating a conscious tribal tradition.[25] Fröhlich inverts the order of events in Priester and states that with the Odin cult, the Lombards grew their beards in resemblance of the Odin of tradition and their new name reflected this.[26] Bruckner remarks that the name of the Lombards stands in close relation to the worship of Odin, whose many names include "the Long-bearded" or "the Grey-bearded", and that the Lombard given name Ansegranus ("he with the beard of the gods") shows that the Lombards had this idea of their chief deity.[27] The same Old Norse root Barth or Barði, meaning "beard", is shared with the Heaðobards mentioned in both Beowulf and in Widsith, where they are in conflict with the Danes. They were possibly a branch of the Langobards.[28][29] Alternatively some etymological sources suggest an Old High German root, barta, meaning “axe” (and related to English halberd), while Edward Gibbon puts forth an alternative suggestion which argues that: …Börde (or Börd) still signifies “a fertile plain by the side of a river,” and a district near Magdeburg is still called the lange Börde. According to this view Langobardi would signify “inhabitants of the long bord of the river;” and traces of their name are supposed still to occur in such names as Bardengau and Bardewick in the neighborhood of the Elbe.[30] According to the Gallaecian Christian priest, historian and theologian Paulus Orosius (translated by Daines Barrington), the Lombards or Winnili lived originally in the Vinuiloth (Vinovilith) mentioned by Jordanes, in his masterpiece Getica, to the north of Uppsala, Sweden. Scoringa was near the province of Uppland, so just north of Östergötland. The footnote then explains the etymology of the name Scoringa: The shores of Uppland and Östergötland are covered with small rocks and rocky islands, which are called in German Schæren and in Swedish Skiaeren. Heal signifies a port in the northern languages; consequently Skiæren-Heal is the port of the Skiæren, a name well adapted to the port of Stockholm, in the Upplandske Skiæren, and the country may be justly called Scorung or Skiærunga.[31] The legendary king Sceafa of Scandza was an ancient Lombardic king in Anglo-Saxon legend. The Old English poem Widsith, in a listing of famous kings and their countries, has Sceafa [weold] Longbeardum, so naming Sceafa as ruler of the Lombards.[32] Similarities between Langobardic and Gothic migration traditions have been noted among scholars. These early migration legends suggest that a major shifting of tribes occurred sometime between the 1st and 2nd century BC, which would coincide with the time that the Teutoni and Cimbri left their homelands in Scandinavia and migrated through Germany, eventually invading Roman Italy.
    Page: This article provides a lengthy description of the southern migration from Sweden to Lombardy over several centuries. Source list is extensive including DNA analysis. the above information is an excerpt.
  9. Title: Wikipedia -The History of Pannonia
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia;
    Note: Under Roman rule The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, on the middle Danube river, the imperial provinces of Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior and the 2 legions deployed in each in 125 Map showing Constantine I's conquests of areas of present-day eastern Hungary, western Romania and northern Serbia, in the first decades of the 4th century (pink color). In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, engaged in the so-called Great Illyrian Revolt, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign, which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in AD 9, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube. Some time between the years 102 and 107, between the first and second Dacian wars, Trajan divided the province into Pannonia Superior (western part with the capital Carnuntum), and Pannonia Inferior (eastern part with the capitals in Aquincum and Sirmium[13]). According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona in the north to Servitium in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae). Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius, it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian. Under Diocletian, a fourfold division of the country was made: Pannonia Prima in the northwest, with its capital in Savaria / Sabaria, it included Upper Pannonia and the major part of Central Pannonia between the Raba and Drava, Pannonia Valeria in the northeast, with its capital in Sopianae, it comprised the remainder of Central Pannonia between the Raba, Drava and Danube, Pannonia Savia in the southwest, with its capital in Siscia, Pannonia Secunda in the southeast, with its capital in Sirmium Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and incorporated them in Noricum. In 324 AD, Constantine I enlarged the borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the limes that he created: the Devil's Dykes. In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia. It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as the provinces of Dalmatia, Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense. Post-Roman During the Migrations Period in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia were ceded to the Huns in 433 by Flavius Aetius, the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire.[14] After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor Marcian in the province as foederati. The Eastern Roman Empire controlled southern parts of Pannonia in the 6th century, during the reign of Justinian I. The Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia. Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, and the Slavs, who first may settled c. 480s but became independent only from the 7th century. In 790s, it was invaded by the Franks, who used the name "Pannonia" to designate named newly formed frontier province, the March of Pannonia. The term Pannonia was also used for Slavic polity like Lower Pannonia that was vassal to the Frankish Empire. Between the 5th and the 10th centuries, the romanized population of Pannonia developed the Romance Pannonian language, mainly around Lake Balaton in present-day western Hungary, where there was the keszthely culture. This language and the related culture became extinct with the arrival of the Magyars.
  10. Title: Geni
    Publication: Name: https://www.geni.com/people/Pitzias-the-Lombards/6000000001531398026;
  11. Title: Our royal, title, noble and commoner ancestors
    Publication: Name: https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p562.htm#i16887;
    Note: Menia Last Edited 4 Apr 2020 F, #16887 Menia married Pitzias. Family Pitzias Child Audoin, King of the Lombards+ d. 561
  12. Title: The History Files - composition of tribes included in the Barbarian Kingdoms
    Author: (Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information by Edward Dawson, from Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284, Inge Mennen, from Germania, Tacitus, from Agricola, from The Harleian Miscellany: A Collection of Scarce, Curious and Entertaining Tracts Volume 4, William Oldys & Thomas Park, from First Book of the Annals, Cornelius Tacitus, and from External Link: The Works of Julius Caesar: Gallic Wars.)
    Publication: Name: https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianMarcomanni.htm;
    Note: Controversy exists as to whether particular tribes were German or Gaulish (Celtic), and the Marcomanni are one of those tribes which may straddle both definitions. The subject is discussed in greater detail in the accompanying feature (see link, right). Overall, the Suevi group to which the Marcomanni were ascribed were a confederation of Germanic peoples which included the tribes of the Alemanni, Hermunduri, Langobards, Quadi, Semnones, and the Warini, along with the Suebi themselves. Some elements of the Marcomanni formed part of the Bavarii confederation at the start of the sixth century. The term 'Suevi' seems to have been used almost casually to describe a wide range of German peoples. The Heruli may also have been involved and the Angles in the Cimbric Peninsula certainly were.
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