Ceawlin King of Wessex

• Preferred Name: Ceawlin King of Wessex^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Burial: in Wessex England, Wessex England at LATI: N1.2 LONG: E2 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Nickname:
  
• DEPOSED+BY+NEPHEW+CEOL: 592 in Wessex
  
• MilitaryService: Battle of Woden's Burg592 with note: Ceawlin deposed by Ceol, his nephew
  
• Birth: 12 APR 547 in Wessex
  
• Construction+of+Wansdyke: ABT 577 in between Wiltshire and Bristol at LATI: N1.454 LONG: E2.592 with note: A large defensive earthwork separating conquered lands
  
• MilitaryService: Battle of Wibbandum. Battle between two invading forces; Jutes of Kent and Saxons of Wessex. He defeated rival Aethelbert of Kent.568 in Wibbandum
  
• MilitaryService: Battle of Fretherne/Fethanleag. Unknown who actually won this battle, but a period of unrest ensued in Wessex. His ally Cutha was killed.ABT 584 in Fethanleag, Stoke Lyne, Oxfordshire at LATI: N1.9503 LONG: E1.1776
  
• Affiliation: with note: Description: House of Cerdic, House of Wessex
  
• Death: 25 NOV 592 in Wessex
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of the West Saxons, Bretwalda of southern Britain
  
• Reino: BET 560 AND 592 in Wessex with note: GEDCOM data
  
• MilitaryService: His greatest victory was alongside Cuthwine at the Battle of Deorham, which was followed by Wessex taking Bath, Gloucester and Cirencester.577 in Deorham, England at LATI: N26.9 LONG: E3.5
  
• FSID: 9HVH-9DT
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Ceawlin, son of Cynric and grandson of Cerdic.
  The name of Ceawlin's wife is not known but he was the father of:
  - Cutha (not to be confused with his uncle Cutha, son of Cynric)
  - Cuthwine
  
  Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin, died ca. 593) was a King of Wessex. He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents as the leader of the first group of Saxons to come to the land which later became Wessex. Ceawlin was active during the last years of the Anglo-Saxon expansion, with little of southern England remaining in the control of the native Britons by the time of his death.
  
  The chronology of Ceawlin's life is highly uncertain. The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years.[1] The Chronicle records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight "bretwaldas", a title given in the Chronicle to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, although the extent of Ceawlin's control is not known.
  
  Ceawlin died in 593, having been deposed the year before, possibly by his successor, Ceol. He is recorded in various sources as having two sons, Cutha and Cuthwine, but the genealogies in which this information is found are known to be unreliable.
  
  The annal for the year 592 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads: "Here there was a great slaughter at Woden's Barrow, and Ceawlin was driven out."
  
  Excerpt from Wikipedia-article is extensive; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex
  ---------------
  Ceawlin, (died 593), king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 560 to 592, who drove the Britons from most of southern England and carved out a kingdom in the southern Midlands.
  
  Ceawlin helped his father, King Cynric, defeat the Britons at Beranbyrg (Barbury) in 556. In 568, eight years after he assumed the West Saxon kingship, Ceawlin and his brother Cutha severely defeated King Aethelberht I of Kent. Ceawlin’s victory over the Britons at Deorham (Dyrham) in 577 led to the capture of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. The valley of the lower Severn River was thereby opened to West Saxon colonists, and the Britons of Wales were cut off from their kinsmen on England’s southwestern peninsula.
  
  Nevertheless, a king named Ceol seized at least part of Ceawlin’s lands in 591. After being defeated by Ceol at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg; now Adam’s Grave in Wiltshire) in 592, Ceawlin was driven into exile. He was killed the next year. The 8th-century historian Bede included him in his list of seven successive rulers who were overlords (bretwaldas) of all the lands south of the Humber.
  
  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ceawlin
  
  === Ceawlin KING OF WESSEX Marriage: Unknown ===
  Ceawlin KING OF WESSEX Marriage: Unknown Died: 593 General Notes: Ceawlin, King of Wessex, governed the West Saxons starting in 560 and reigned thirty winters. In 593 there was a great slaughter and he was driven from his kingdom, the year of his death. (C-437) Sources 1 Stevens, Luke, Line of Adam. 2 Albert F. Schmuhl The Royal Line ID#: C-332.
  
  === Reference note ===
  
  About Ceawlin, king of Wessex
  
  Ceawlin (also spelled "Ceaulin" or "Caelin") (died c. 593) was a Brythonic king of Wessex, in what is now southwestern England. He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex, and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, who is recorded in early sources as the leader of the first group of West Saxons to come to England. Ceawlin was active at a time when the Anglo-Saxon invasion of England was being completed; by the time he died, little of southern England remained in the hands of the native Britons.
  
  An early source, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, records several battles of his, from 556 to 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons. The chronology of his life is highly uncertain: his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years, and the historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the Chronicle have been called into question. However, it appears that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, though some was later lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight "bretwaldas": this was a name given in the Chronicle to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, though the actual extent of Ceawlin’s control is not known.
  
  Ceawlin died in 593, having been deposed the year before, possibly by his successor, Ceol. He is recorded in various sources as having two sons, Cutha and Cuthwine, but the genealogies in which this information is found are known to be unreliable.
  
  In the fifth century, raids on Britain by continental peoples had developed into full-scale migrations. The newcomers are known to have included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and there is evidence of other groups as well. These groups captured territory in the east and south of England, but at about the end of the fifth century, a British victory at the battle of Mons Badonicus halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for fifty years.[1][2] Beginning in about 550, however, the British began to lose ground once more, and within 25 years it appears that control of almost all of southern England was in the hands of the invaders.[3]
  
  The peace following the battle of Mons Badonicus is attested partly by Gildas, a monk who in about the middle of the sixth century wrote De Excidio Britanniae, or “On the Ruin of Britain”. This essay is a polemic against corruption, and Gildas provides little in the way of names and dates. However, he does make it clear that peace had lasted from the year of his birth to the time he was writing.[4] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the other main source that bears on this period, in particular in an entry for the year 827 that records a list of the kings who bore the title "bretwalda", or "Britain-ruler". That list shows a gap in the early sixth century that matches Gildas’s version of events.[5]
  
  Ceawlin’s reign belongs to the period of Anglo-Saxon expansion at the end of the sixth century. Though there are many unanswered questions about the chronology and activities of the early West Saxon rulers, it is clear that Ceawlin was one of the key figures in the final Anglo-Saxon conquest of southern Britain.[6]
  
  Early West Saxon sources
  
  The two main written sources for early West Saxon history are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. The Chronicle is a set of annals which were put together in about 890, in the reign of King Alfred the Great of Wessex.[7] They contain earlier material for the older entries, which were assembled from earlier annals that no longer survive, as well as from saga material that was perhaps transmitted orally.[8][9] The Chronicle dates the West Saxon arrival in Britain to 495, when Cerdic and his son, Cynric, land at "Cerdices ora", or Cerdic’s shore. Almost twenty annals describing Cerdic’s campaigns, and those of his descendants, appear interspersed through the next hundred years of entries in the Chronicle.[10][11] Although these annals provide most of what is known about Ceawlin, it should also be noted that the historicity of many of the entries is uncertain.[12]
  
  The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List is a list of kings of Wessex, including the lengths of their reigns. It survives in several forms, including as a preface to the [B] manuscript of the Chronicle.[13] Like the Chronicle, it was composed during the reign of Alfred the Great, and both the List and the Chronicle are influenced by the desire of their writers to trace the lineage of the Kings of Wessex through Cerdic to Gewis, the legendary ancestor of the West Saxons, through a single line of descent. The result served the political purposes of the scribe, but is riddled with contradictions for the historian.[14]
  
  This can be seen clearly by calculating dates by different methods from the various sources. The first event in West Saxon history the date of which can be regarded as reasonably certain is the baptism of Cynegils, which occurred in the late 630s, perhaps as late as 640. The Chronicle dates Cerdic’s arrival to 495, but adding up the lengths of the reigns as given in the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List leads to the conclusion that Cerdic’s reign started in about 532, a difference of 37 years. However, neither 495 nor 532 can be treated as reliable; the latter date relies on the assumption that the Regnal List is correct in presenting the kings of Wessex as having succeeded one another, with no omitted kings and no joint kingships, and that the durations of the reigns are correct as given. None of these assumptions can be made safely.[10]
  
  The sources are also inconsistent on the length of Ceawlin’s reign. The Chronicle gives it as thirty-two years, from 560 to 592; but the Regnal Lists disagree: different versions give it as seven or seventeen years. A recent detailed study of the Regnal List dates the arrival of the West Saxons in England to 538, and favours seven years as the most likely length of Ceawlin's reign, with dates of 581–588 proposed.[10][15] The sources do agree that Ceawlin is the son of Cynric, and he is usually named as the father of Cuthwine.[16] There is one discrepancy to be noted in this case: the entry for 685 in the [A] version of the Chronicle assigns Ceawlin a son, Cutha, but in the 855 entry in the same manuscript, Cutha is listed as the son of Cuthwine. Cutha is also named as Ceawlin’s brother in the [E] and [F] versions of the Chronicle, in the 571 and 568 entries, respectively.[17]
  
  Whether Ceawlin is a descendant of Cerdic is a matter of debate. Subgroupings of different West Saxon lineages give the impression of separate groups, of which Ceawlin's line is one. Some of the problems in the Wessex genealogies may have come about because of efforts to integrate Ceawlin's line with the other lineages: it was very important to the West Saxons to be able to trace their ancestors back to Cerdic.[18] Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty do not appear to be Germanic. The name Ceawlin is one of the names that does not have a convincing Anglo-Saxon origin; it seems more likely to be British.[19]
  
  It should also be noted that the earliest sources do not use the term "West Saxon". According to Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, the term is interchangeable with the Gewisse, meaning the descendants of Gewis. The term "West Saxon" only appears in the late seventh century, after the reign of Cædwalla.[20]
  
  West Saxon expansion
  
  A map of places mentioned by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in annals relating to Ceawlin. Modern versions of the place names are given here, rather than the Anglo-Saxon names used in the chronicle.The kingdom of Wessex ultimately occupied the southwest of England, but the initial stages in this expansion are not apparent from the sources.[14] Cerdic’s landing, whenever it is to be dated, seems to have been near the Isle of Wight, and the annals record the conquest of the island in 530. In 534, according to the Chronicle, Cerdic died, and his son Cynric took the throne; the Chronicle adds that "they gave the Isle of Wight to their nephews, Stuf and Wihtgar". It should be noted that these records are in direct conflict with Bede, who states that the Isle of Wight was settled by Jutes, not Saxons; the archaeological record is somewhat in favour of Bede on this.[11][21]
  
  Subsequent entries in the Chronicle give details of some of the battles by which the West Saxons won their kingdom. Ceawlin’s campaigns are not near the coast: they range along the Thames valley and beyond, as far as Surrey in the east, and the mouth of the Severn in the west. Ceawlin is clearly part of the West Saxon expansion, but the military history of the period is difficult to understand.[14] In what follows the dates are as given in the Chronicle, though as noted above these are likely to be too early.
  
  556: Beran byrg
  
  The first record of a battle fought by Ceawlin is in 556, when he and his father, Cynric, fought the British at "Beran byrg", or Bera's Stronghold. This is now identified as Barbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort in Wiltshire, near Swindon. Cynric would have been king of Wessex at this time.[11][22]
  
  The first battle Ceawlin fought as king is dated by the Chronicle to 568, when he and Cutha fought with Æthelberht, the king of Kent. The entry says "Here Ceawlin and Cutha fought against Aethelberht and drove him into Kent; and they killed two ealdormen, Oslaf and Cnebba, on Wibbandun." The location of "Wibbandun", which can be translated as "Wibba’s Mount", has not been definitely identified; it was at one time thought to be Wimbledon, but this is now known to be incorrect.[23][24] This battle is notable as the first recorded conflict between the invading peoples: previous battles recorded in the Chronicle are between the Anglo-Saxons and the British.[11]
  
  === Cheaulin, who reigned about 32 years; wh ===
  Cheaulin, who reigned about 32 years; when in 592, his kingdom was wrested from
  him by his nephew Cearlik who became the 4th king of Wessex. Another nephew,
  Chelwulf, became 5th king. Cheaulin died in exile in 593.
  
  === Reigned 30 years. An energetic leader wh ===
  Reigned 30 years. An energetic leader who sought to expand hispower inall directions from is upper Thames base and whosucceeded in exactingtribute from some of the kingdoms alreadyestablished in southern England
  
  === Ceawlin of Wessex ===
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex
  
  === REF: !ASC, 1961 Rutgers Press, ed. by Do ===
  REF: !ASC, 1961 Rutgers Press, ed. by Dorothy Whitelock, Table 1 in rear
  appendices.
  
  AKA: Also shown as Son of King Cynric

1. Cuthwine of Wessex, b. 565 in Wessex Kingdom, England     d. 593 in Battle of Barbury Hill, Ury Hill, England

1. Title: House of Wessex
   Author: Wikipedia authors, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wessex (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wessex), Names..
   Page: To support viewpoint.
   
2. Title: Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_royal_genealogies;
   Note: A number of royal genealogies of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, collectively referred to as the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies, have been preserved in a manuscript tradition based in the 8th to 10th centuries. The genealogies trace the succession of the early Anglo-Saxon kings, back to the semi-legendary kings of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, notably named as Hengest and Horsa in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, and further to legendary kings and heroes of the pre-migration period, usually including an eponymous ancestor of the respective lineage and converging on Woden. In their fully elaborated forms as preserved in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles and the Textus Roffensis, they continue the pedigrees back to the biblical patriarchs Noah and Adam. They also served as the basis for pedigrees that would be developed in 13th century Iceland for the Scandinavian royalty. Wessex and Bernicia Further information: List of monarchs of Wessex While excluded from the original pedigree sources, two later copies of the Anglian collection from the 10th century (called CCCC and Tiberius, or simply C and T) include an addition: a pedigree for King Ine of Wessex that traces his ancestry from Cerdic, the semi-legendary founder of the Wessex state, and hence from Woden.[7] This addition probably reflects the growing influence of Wessex under Ecgbert, whose family claimed descent from a brother of Ine.[8] Pedigrees are also preserved in several regnal lists dating from the reign of Æthelwulf and later, but seemingly based on a late-8th or early 9th century source or sources.[9] Finally, later interpolations (which were added by 892) to both Asser's Vita Ælfredi regis Angul Saxonum and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle preserve Wessex pedigrees extended beyond Cerdic and Woden to Adam.[10] Scholars have long noted discrepancies in the Wessex pedigree tradition. The pedigree as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is at odds with the earlier Anglian collection in that it contains four additional generations and consists of doublets which when expressed with patronymics would have resulted in the uniform triple alliteration that is common in Anglo-Saxon poetry, but that would have been difficult for a family to maintain over a number of generations and is unlike known Anglo-Saxon naming practices.[27][28] Anglo Saxon Chronicle Anglian Collection C&T Woden Woden Bældæg Bældæg Brond Brand Friðgar Freawine Wig Giwis Giwis Esla Elesa Aluca Cerdic Cerdic Further, when comparing the Chronicle's pedigrees of Cerdic and of Ida of Bernicia several anomalies are evident. While the two peoples had no tradition of common origin, their pedigrees share the generations immediately after Woden, Bældæg whom Snorri equated with the God Baldr, and Brand. One might expect Cerdic to be given descent from a different son of Woden, if not from a different god entirely such as the Saxon patron, Seaxnēat, who once headed the pedigree of the Essex kings before his relegation as another son of Woden. Likewise, while the Chronicle places Ida's reign after Cerdic's death, the pedigrees do not reflect this difference in age.[29][30] Wessex Bernicia Woden Bældæg Brond/Brand Friðgar Benoc Freawine Aloc Wig Angenwit Giwis Ingui Esla Esa Elesa Eoppa Cerdic Ida The name Cerdic, moreover, may actually be an Anglicized form of the Brythonic name Ceredic and several of his successors also have names of possible Brythonic origin, indicating that the Wessex founders may not have been Germanic at all.[31] All of these suggest that the pedigree may not be authentic.
   
3. Title: Ceawlin king of Wessex - Britannica
   Publication: Name: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ceawlin;
   Note: Ceawlin, (died 593), king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 560 to 592, who drove the Britons from most of southern England and carved out a kingdom in the southern Midlands. Ceawlin helped his father, King Cynric, defeat the Britons at Beranbyrg (Barbury) in 556. In 568, eight years after he assumed the West Saxon kingship, Ceawlin and his brother Cutha severely defeated King Aethelberht I of Kent. Ceawlin’s victory over the Britons at Deorham (Dyrham) in 577 led to the capture of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. The valley of the lower Severn River was thereby opened to West Saxon colonists, and the Britons of Wales were cut off from their kinsmen on England’s southwestern peninsula. Nevertheless, a king named Ceol seized at least part of Ceawlin’s lands in 591. After being defeated by Ceol at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg; now Adam’s Grave in Wiltshire) in 592, Ceawlin was driven into exile. He was killed the next year. The 8th-century historian Bede included him in his list of seven successive rulers who were overlords (bretwaldas) of all the lands south of the Humber.
   
4. Title: Asser's life of King Alfred by Asser, John, d. 909; Cook, Albert S. (Albert Stanburrough), 1853-1927
   Author: https://archive.org/details/asserslifeofking00asseiala/page/1/mode/1up
   Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/asserslifeofking00asseiala/page/1/mode/1up;
   Note: Biography of the Life of King Alfred, written during his lifetime by Alfred's own court biographer, Asser. Page 1 1. Alfred's Birth and Genealogy. — In the year of our Lord's incarnation 849, Alfred, King of the Anglo-Saxons, was born at the royal vill of Wantage, in Berkshire (which receives its name from Berroc Wood, where the box- tree grows very abundantly). His genealogy is traced in the following order: King Alfred was the son of King Æthelwulf; he of Egbert; he of Ealhmund; he of Eafa; he of Eoppa; he of Ingild. Ingild and Ine, the famous king of the West Saxons, were two brothers. Ine went to Rome, and there ending the present life honorably, entered into the heavenly fatherland to reign with Christ. Ingild and Ine were the sons of Coenred; he of Ceolwald; he of Cutha; he of Cuthwine; he of Ceawlin; he of Cynric; he of Creoda; he of Cerdic; he of Elesa; he of Gewis, from whom the Welsh name all that people Gegwis ; he of Wig; he of Freawine; he of Freothegar; Page 2 he of Brond; he of Beldeag; he of Woden; he of Frithowald; he of Frealaf; he of Frithuwulf; he of Finn; he of Godwulf; he of Geata, which Geta the heathen long worshiped as a god. This Geata was the son of Tætwa; he of Beaw; he of Sceldwea; he of Heremod; he of Itermod; he of Hathra; he of Hwala; he of Bedwig; he of Sceaf; he of Noah; he of Lamech; he of Methuselah; he of Enoch; he of Jared; he of Mahalalel; he of Kenan; he of Enosh; he of Seth; he of Adam.
   
5. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ceawlin King of Wessex -
   Author: Family History Library archive record (family group sheet)
   Note: Source: Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings & Nobles, Eng. 104, p. 330, 331; The Royal Lines of Succession A16A225, p. 5; Hist. of the Anglo-Saxons, Eng. 36, v. 1, p. 276-282; Kaiser und Koenig Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 95 (Gen. Soc.- HEC) Submitter: Sanford A. Johnson Source: Angol-Saxon Bishops, Kings & Nobles, Eng. 104, p. 330, 331; The Royal Lines of Succession A16A225, p. 5; Hist. of the Anglo-Saxons, Eng. 36, v. 1, p. 276-282; Kaiser udn Koenig p. 276-282; Kaiser und Koenig Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 95 (Gen. Soc.- HEC) Submitter: Sanford A. Johnson Source: Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings & Nobles, Eng. 104, p. 330, 331; The Royal Lines of Succession A16A225, p. 5; Hist. of the Anglo-Saxons, Eng. 36, v. 1, p. 276-282; Kaiser und Koenig Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 95 (Gen. Soc.- HEC) Submitter: Sanford A. Johnson Source: Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings & Nobles, Eng. 104, p. 330, 331; The Royal Line of Succession, A16A225, p. 5; Kaiser und Koenig Hist., Gen. Hist. 25, pt. 1, p. 95 (Gen. Soc. - HEC) Submitter: Sanford A. Johnson
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244547632
   
6. Title: A Wessex Family Tree
   Author: Wikipedia authors, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex#House_of_Wessex_family_tree (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex#House_of_Wessex_family_tree), Names..
   Page: To support viewpoint
   
7. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ceawlin 2nd Bretwalda of England -
   Author: Royalty for Commoners, 2nd Ed; Roderick W Stuart {1988}, Page number: 233-50
   Note: Source Media Type: Book
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2736742394
   
8. Title: Legacy NFS Source: King of Wessex Ceawlin -
   Author: Stirnet.com, Peter Barns-Graham, Chairman, Name: http://www.stirnet.com;, Page number: Saxons02
   Note: Peter Barns-Graham, Chairman, Stirnet.com (http://www.stirnet.com).
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3246398939
   
9. Title: Ceawlin of Wessex From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex;
   Note: Ceawlin King of Wessex Bretwalda of southern Britain Reign 560–592 Predecessor Cynric Successor Ceol Died 593 Issue Cutha (possibly) Cuthwine House Wessex Father Cynric of Wessex or Creoda of Wessex Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin, died ca. 593) was a King of Wessex. He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents as the leader of the first group of Saxons to come to the land which later became Wessex. Ceawlin was active during the last years of the Anglo-Saxon expansion, with little of southern England remaining in the control of the native Britons by the time of his death. The chronology of Ceawlin's life is highly uncertain. The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years.[1] The Chronicle records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight "bretwaldas", a title given in the Chronicle to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, although the extent of Ceawlin's control is not known. Ceawlin died in 593, having been deposed the year before, possibly by his successor, Ceol. He is recorded in various sources as having two sons, Cutha and Cuthwine, but the genealogies in which this information is found are known to be unreliable. Historical context The history of the sub-Roman period in Britain is poorly sourced and the subject of a number of important disagreements among historians. It appears, however, that in the fifth century, raids on Britain by continental peoples developed into migrations. The newcomers included Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. These peoples captured territory in the east and south of England, but at about the end of the fifth century, a British victory at the battle of Mons Badonicus halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for fifty years.[2][3] Near the year 550, however, the British began to lose ground once more, and within twenty-five years, it appears that control of almost all of southern England was in the hands of the invaders.[4] The peace following the battle of Mons Badonicus is attested partly by Gildas, a monk, who wrote De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae or On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain during the middle of the sixth century. This essay is a polemic against corruption and Gildas provides little in the way of names and dates. He appears, however, to state that peace had lasted from the year of his birth to the time he was writing.[5] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the other main source that bears on this period, in particular in an entry for the year 827 that records a list of the kings who bore the title "bretwalda", or "Britain-ruler". That list shows a gap in the early sixth century that matches Gildas's version of events.[6] Ceawlin's reign belongs to the period of Anglo-Saxon expansion at the end of the sixth century. Though there are many unanswered questions about the chronology and activities of the early West Saxon rulers, it is clear that Ceawlin was one of the key figures in the final Anglo-Saxon conquest of southern Britain.[7] Early West Saxon sources The two main written sources for early West Saxon history are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. The Chronicle is a set of annals which were compiled near the year 890, during the reign of King Alfred the Great of Wessex.[8] They record earlier material for the older entries, which were assembled from earlier annals that no longer survive, as well as from saga material that might have been transmitted orally.[9][10] The Chronicle dates the arrival of the future "West Saxons" in Britain to 495, when Cerdic and his son, Cynric, land at Cerdices ora, or Cerdic's shore. Almost twenty annals describing Cerdic's campaigns and those of his descendants appear interspersed through the next hundred years of entries in the Chronicle.[11][12] Although these annals provide most of what is known about Ceawlin, the historicity of many of the entries is uncertain.[13] The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List is a list of rulers of Wessex, including the lengths of their reigns. It survives in several forms, including as a preface to the [B] manuscript of the Chronicle.[14] As with the Chronicle, the list was compiled during the reign of Alfred the Great, and both the list and the Chronicle are influenced by the desire of their writers to use a single line of descent to trace the lineage of the Kings of Wessex through Cerdic to Gewis, the legendary eponymous ancestor of the West Saxons, who is made to descend from Woden. The result served the political purposes of the scribe, but is riddled with contradictions for historians.[15] The contradictions may be seen clearly by calculating dates by different methods from the various sources. The first event in West Saxon history, the date of which can be regarded as reasonably certain, is the baptism of Cynegils, which occurred in the late 630s, perhaps as late as 640. The Chronicle dates Cerdic's arrival to 495, but adding up the lengths of the reigns as given in the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List leads to the conclusion that Cerdic's reign might have started in 532, a difference of 37 years. Neither 495 nor 532 may be treated as reliable; however, the latter date relies on the presumption that the Regnal List is correct in presenting the Kings of Wessex as having succeeded one another, with no omitted kings, and no joint kingships, and that the durations of the reigns are correct as given. None of these presumptions may be made safely.[11] The sources also are inconsistent on the length of Ceawlin's reign. The Chronicle gives it as thirty-two years, from 560 to 592, but the Regnal Lists disagree: different versions give it as seven or seventeen years. A recent detailed study of the Regnal List dates the arrival of the West Saxons in England to 538, and favours seven years as the most likely length of Ceawlin's reign, with dates of 581–588 proposed.[11][16] The sources do agree that Ceawlin is the son of Cynric and he usually is named as the father of Cuthwine.[17] There is one discrepancy in this case: the entry for 685 in the [A] version of the Chronicle assigns Ceawlin a son, Cutha, but in the 855 entry in the same manuscript, Cutha is listed as the son of Cuthwine. Cutha also is named as Ceawlin's brother in the [E] and [F] versions of the Chronicle, in the 571 and 568 entries, respectively.[18] Whether Ceawlin is a descendant of Cerdic is a matter of debate. Subgroupings of different West Saxon lineages give the impression of separate groups, of which Ceawlin's line is one. Some of the problems in the Wessex genealogies may have come about because of efforts to integrate Ceawlin's line with the other lineages: it became very important to the West Saxons to be able to trace the ancestors of their rulers back to Cerdic.[19] Another reason for doubting the literal nature of these early genealogies is that the etymology of the names of several early members of the dynasty do not appear to be Germanic, as would be expected in the names of leaders of an apparently Anglo-Saxon dynasty. The name Ceawlin is one of the names that do not have convincing Anglo-Saxon etymologies; it seems more likely to be of native British origin.[20] The earliest sources do not use the term "West Saxon". According to Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, the term is interchangeable with the Gewisse. The term "West Saxon" appears only in the late seventh century, after the reign of Cædwalla. ~ Ceawlin lost the throne of Wessex in 592. The annal for that year reads, in part: "Here there was great slaughter at Woden's Barrow, and Ceawlin was driven out." Woden's Barrow is a tumulus, now called Adam's Grave, at Alton Priors, Wiltshire.[12] No details of his opponent are given. The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury, writing in about 1120, says that it was "the Angles and the British conspiring together".[43] Alternatively, it may have been Ceol, who is supposed to have been the next king of Wessex, ruling for six years according to the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List.[42] According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ceawlin died the following year. The relevant part of the annal reads: "Here Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Crida perished."[12] Nothing more is known of Cwichelm and Crida, although they may have been members of the Wessex royal house—their names fit the alliterative pattern common to royal houses of the time.[7][44] According to the Regnal List, Ceol was a son of Cutha, who was a son of Cynric; and Ceolwulf, his brother, reigned for seventeen years after him. It is possible that some fragmentation of control among the West Saxons occurred at Ceawlin's death: Ceol and Ceolwulf may have been based in Wiltshire, as opposed to the upper Thames valley. This split also may have contributed to Æthelberht's ability to rise to dominance in southern England. The West Saxons remained influential in military terms, however: the Chronicle and Bede record continued military activity against Essex and Sussex within twenty or thirty years of Ceawlin's death.[37]
   Page: Identifies Ceawlin as the son of Cynric of Wessex (or Creoda of Wessex), as King of Wessex and Bretwalda of southern Britain 560–592; Identifies Ceawlin as the father of Cutha and Cuthwine; Lost the throne in 592, and driven into exile; died in 593
   
10. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ceawlin 2nd Bretwalda of England -
    Author: Ancestral Roots of Certain Americian Colonists, 7th Edition, by Frederick Lewis Weis, additions by Walter Lee Shippard Jr, Page number: 1-4
    Note: Source Media Type: Book
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2736741115
    
11. Title: Pase
    Author: http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/pdb?dosp=PAGE_CHANGE&N=1.
    
12. Title: CEAWLIN (-593). - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
    Publication: Name: https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLAND,%20AngloSaxon%20&%20Danish%20Kings.htm#_ftnref1265;
    Note: Two brothers: 1. CEAWLIN (-593). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Cynric and Ceawlin" fought the Britons in 552 at "Beranburh" [Barbury castle][1265]. In a much later section, the Chronicle names Ceawlin as son of Cynric, in its recitation of the ancestry of Æthelwulf King of Wessex[1266]. This leaves the impression of an after-thought, as none of the passages in the earlier parts of the Chronicle which record Ceawlin’s activity state that he was Cynric’s son. He succeeded in 560 as CEAWLIN King of Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ceawlin" succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex in 560[1267]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ceawlin and Cutha" fought against "Æthelberht" [King of Kent] in 568 and "drove him into Kent", and "slew two princes Oslaf and Cnebba at Wibbandun"[1268]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Cuthwine and Ceawlin" fought against "the Britons" in 577 and "slew three kings, Coinmail, Condidan and Farinmail" at "Dyrham", and captured "three cities Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath"[1269]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ceawlin and Cutha" fought against "the Britons" in 584 at "Fethanleag", where Cutha was killed, and captured "many villages and countless booty"[1270]. Stenton suggests[1271] that this place was near Stoke Lyne in north Oxfordshire, and that Ceawlin was defeated in the battle, based on the Chronicle stating that he "departed in anger to his own [territories]", as well as the lack of records of any further advance during his reign. Roger of Wendover records the death of "Cissa rege australium Saxonum" in 590, adding that "regem occidentalium Saxonum Ceaulinum" acquired his kingdom[1272]. Bede names "Caelin rex Occidentalium Saxonum" as second of the kings who had authority over the southern provinces, south of the river Humber[1273]. Presumably this is based on his victories as reported in the Chronicle, although the reports do not suggest that his authority extended so far north in England. Whatever the truth of the matter, King Ceawlin suffered reverses towards the end of his life as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records in 592 that "there was great slaughter at Adam’s Grave" [in Alton Priors] and "Ceawlin was expelled", although it is unclear from the text whether the two events were linked[1274]. William of Malmesbury records that he was banished from the kingdom after being defeated at Wodnesbeorh[1275], presumably by Ceol who is recorded in 591 as King of Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the death in 593 of "Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Crida"[1276]. Kirby points out that Ceawlin's reign is much shorter according to the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List[1277]. [Two children:] a) [CUTHA [III] (-killed in battle Fethanleag 584). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ceawlin and Cutha" fought against "the Britons" in 584 at "Fethanleag", where Cutha was killed, and captured "many villages and countless booty"[1278]. Florence of Worcester names "Ceaulin rex Occidentalium Saxonum et filius eius Cutha" when recording the same event[1279]. William of Malmesbury also records that King Ceawlin had a son named Cutha "cut off in battle"[1280]. Cutha, son of King Ceawlin, is added in later paragraphs of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle only as the ancestor of later kings, which suggests that the relationship with Ceawlin was added only by the later chroniclers. Cutha was allegedly the ancestor of Cædwalla King of Wessex: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Cædwalla began to contend for the throne" in 685, adding that he was "son of Cœnberht, son of Cadda, son of Cutha, son of Ceawlin, son of Cynric, son of Cerdic"[1281].] b) [CUTHWINE . The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Cuthwine and Ceawlin" (no relationship specified between the two) fought against "the Britons" in 577 and "slew three kings, Coinmail, Condidan and Farinmail" at "Dyrham", and captured "three cities Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath"[1282]. Florence of Worcester names "rex Occidentalium Saxonum Ceaulin et filius suus Cuthwine" when recording the same event[1283]. Cuthwine is shown in subsequent paragraphs of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as the ancestor of several later kings, these lines of descent providing examples of the dubious genealogies which link the later kings of Wessex into one family, as discussed in the introduction to this chapter. Cuthwine was allegedly the father of Cynegils King of Wessex: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, under 688, outlining the descent of King Ine, says that "Cynegils" was the son of "Cuthwine, the son of Ceawlin, the son of Cynric"[1284]. However, this is contradicted by an earlier paragraph in the chronicle which states that Ceol King of Wessex was Cynegils’s ancestor: an addition in manuscript A of the Chronicle, under 611 notes that "that Cynegils was the son of Ceol, the son of Cutha, the son of Cynric"[1285], although it is not clear whether this was contemporary with the main part of the paragraph or a later addition. Cuthwine was allegedly also the ancestor both of ætheling Oswald (the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle names Cuthwine as son of Ceawlin, but only in a later passage which records the ancestry of ætheling Oswald[1286]) and of Ine King of Wessex (manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ine succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex" in 688 and ruled thirty-seven years, adding that he was "the son of Cenred, son of Ceolwald…brother of Cynegils…sons of Cuthwine, son of Ceawlin, son of Cynric, son of Cerdic"[1287], although according to William of Malmesbury King Ine descended from Cuthbald, supposedly brother of King Cynegils[1288]).] 2. CUTHA [I] [Cuthwulf] (-[571]). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Ceawlin and Cutha" fought against "Æthelberht" [King of Kent] in 568 and "drove him into Kent", and "slew two princes Oslaf and Cnebba at Wibbandun"[1289]. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Cutha" fought against "the Britons" in 571 at "Bedcanford" and captured four villages "Limbury, Aylesbury, Benson and Eynsham", but died in the same year, adding that he was the brother of "Ceawlin"[1290]. Another manuscript of the Chronicle records the same events in respect of "Cuthwulf" but do not record his relationship to Ceawlin[1291]. Florence of Worcester records the events naming "Regis Ceaulini frater Cuthulf"[1292]. William of Malmesbury names Cutha as the brother of King Ceawlin[1293]. Cutha [I] [Cuthwulf] was allegedly the ancestor of Æscwine King of Wessex (whose succession is recorded in in 674): the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Æscwine succeeded to the kingdom of Wessex" in 674, adding only in manuscript A that he was "the son of Cenfus, son of Cenfrith, son of Ceolwulf, son of Cynric, son of Cerdic"[1294]. This is one of the improbable descents referred to in the introduction to this chapter and may have been provided ex post facto to justify King Æscwine's right to succeed.
    
13. Title: Monarchs of Wessex
    Author: Wikipedia Authors, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex For further reading: Barbara Yorke (1995), Wessex in the early Middle Ages, A & C Black, ISBN 071851856X; pp 79-83; table p. 81), Names and dates..
    Page: To support viewpoint.
    
14. Title: The chronicle of Æthelweard by Ethelwerd, d. 998
    Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/chronicleofthelw0000ethe/page/n133/mode/1up;
    Note: A translated version of "Chronicon Æthelweardi" (The Chronicle of Æthelweard) It provides a page for page translation: Æthelweard's original work on one page, shadowed by a translation into modern English on the following page. Page 33 and 34 of the III book provide a pedigree from Alfred and his father Æthelwulf, back to his father King Ecgbyrht, stretching back 32 generations to an ancestor named Sceaf. Alfred >Æthelwulf >Ecgbyrht >Ealhmund >Eafa >Eoppa >Ingild >Cenred >Ceolwald >Cuthwine >Ceawlin >Cynric >Cerdic >Elesa >Esla >Gewis >Wig >Freawine >Frithogar >Brond >Baldr >Woden >Frithowald >Frealaf >Frithowulf >Fin >Godwulf >Geat >Tetwa >Beow >Scyld >Sceaf. "...filius Ecgbyrhti regis, cuius auus Ealhmund, proauus Eafa, atauus Eoppa, abauus Ingild, Ines frater, Occidentalium Anglorum regis, qui Romae finierat uitam, traxemntque supra dicti reges a Genred rege originem. Genred fuit filius Geoluuald. Auus quippe eius Cuthuuine, proauus / Ceaulin, atauus Cynric, abauus Cerdic, qui et primus possessor Brittanniae partis occidentalis superatos exercitus Brittannorum, cuius pater fuit Elesa, auus Esla, proauus Geuuis, atauus Vuig, abauus Freauuine, sextus pater eius Frithogar, Septimus Brond, octauus Balder, nonus Vuothen, decimus Frithouuald, undecimus Frealaf, duodecimus Frithouulf, tertius decimus Fin, quartus decimus Goduulfe, quintus decimus Geat, sextus decimus Tetuua, septimus decimus Beo, octauus decimus Scyld, nonus decimus Scef. Ipse Scef cum uno dromone aduectus est in insula oceani que dicitur Scani, armis circundatus, eratque ualde recens puer, et ab incolis illius terrae ignotus. Attamen ab eis suscipitnr, et ut familmrem diMgenti animo eum custodiexnnt, et post in regem eligunt; de cuius prosapia ordinem trahit Adulf rex. Transmeatusque est tunc numerus annornm. qum.qviagessimus quintus, ex quo Ecgbyrht cepit regnare. Page n134 Winchester. The above-mentioned king was the son of King Ecgbyrht, and his grandfather was Ealhmund, his great-grandfather Eafa, his great-great-grandfather Eoppa, his great-great-great-grandfather Ingild, brother of Ine, king of the West Saxons, who died in Rome, and these kings derived their origin from Cenred. Cenred was the son of Ceolwald. His grandfather was Cuthwine, his great-grandfather Ceawlin, his great-great-grand- father Cynric, his great-great-great-grandfather Cerdic, who was the first possessor of the western area of Britain, after he had overcome the armies of the Britons. And his father was Elesa, his grandfather Esla, his great-grandfather Gewis, his great-great-grandfather Wig, his great-great-great-grandfather Freawine, his sixth father Frithogar, his seventh Brond, his eighth Baldr, his ninth Woden, his tenth Frithowald, his eleventh Frealaf, his twelfth Frithowulf, his thirteenth Fin, his fourteenth Godwulf, his fifteenth Geat, his sixteenth Tetwa, his seventeenth Beow, his eighteenth Scyld, his nineteenth Sceaf. And this Sceaf arrived with one light ship in the island of the ocean which is called Skaney, with arms all round him. He was a very young boy, and unknown to the people of that land, but he was received by them, and they guarded him with diligent attention as one who belonged to them, and elected him king. From his family King Æthelwulf derived his descent. And the number of fifty-five years had passed since Ecgbyrht began to reign."
    
15. Title: Peerage, The
    Author: Darryl Lundy, The Peerage, a genealogical survey of the Peerage of Britian as well as the royal families of Europe(http://thepeerage.com : accessed 6 Jan 2020), Ceawlin;
    Publication: Name: https://www.thepeerage.com/p10264.htm#i102634;
    Note: Ceawlin, King of Wessex was born circa 535.2 He was the son of Cynric, King of Wessex.1 He died in 593.1 He succeeded as the King Ceawlin of Wessex in 560.1 He was deposed as King of Wessex in 591.1Children of Ceawlin, King of Wessex Cuthwine (?)+3 b. c 564, d. 594 Cutha (?)+3 b. 592Citations [S38] John Morby, Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 66. Hereinafter cited as Dynasties of the World. [S2299] John Warburg, \"re: Kings of Scotland,\" e-mail message to Darryl Roger Lundy, 28 May 2007. Hereinafter cited as \"re: Kings of Scotland.\" [S52] G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, The Queen\'s Lineage: from A.D. 495 to the Silver Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (London , U.K.: Rex Collings, 1977), page 3. Hereinafter cited as The Queen\'s Lineage.