Imperator Caesar Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus Augustus

• Preferred Name: Imperator Caesar Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus Augustus ^{[1] [2]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: GST3-Y4V
  
• Death: 325 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Birth: um 0265 in Tadmur, Ḩimş, Syria at LATI: N4.55 LONG: E8.2833 with note: calculated
  
• Notes:

  === Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene: 𐡥𐡤𐡡𐡠𐡫𐡶 (Whblt.png) Wahb'alat; Arabic: وَهْبُ اللَّات Wahb Allāt; c. 259 – c. 274 AD) ===
  Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene: 𐡥𐡤𐡡𐡠𐡫𐡶 (Whblt.png) Wahb'alat; Arabic: وَهْبُ اللَّات Wahb Allāt; c. 259 – c. 274 AD) was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire centred at Palmyra in the region of Syria. He came to power as a child under his regent mother Zenobia, who led a revolt against the Roman Empire and formed the independent Palmyrene Empire

1. Title: Wikipedia contributors, 'Vaballathus', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 January 2016, 21:08 UTC, [accessed 19 August 2016]
   Author: No in-line citations are provided. Sources referenced are:- 1/. - Coinage of Vabalathus 2/. - Long, Jacqueline F. "Vaballathus and Zenobia (270-272 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. 3/. - This article very probably must be read in conjunction with source "Wikipedia contributors, 'Zenobia', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 August 2016, 19:25 UTC, [accessed 19 August 2016]" attached
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaballathus&oldid=702162060;
   Note: 1/. Life Summary Table: -- "Vaballathus King of kings, then emperor of Palmyra Reign 267-272 Predecessor Maeonius Successor Vacant Title next held by Antiochus Father Odaenathus Mother Zenobia " 2/. Introduction : -- "Lucius Iulius (Julius) Aurelius Septimius Vabalathus Athenodorus (259-273) was a king of the Palmyrene Empire. Vabalathus is the Latinized form of his name in the Arabic language, Wahb Allat or gift of the Goddess. As the Arabian goddess Allāt came to be identified with Athena, he used Athenodorus as the Greek form of his name." 3/. Life His father was Septimius Odaenathus, King of Palmyra, and his mother was Queen Zenobia. When his father was assassinated by his cousin Maeonius (267), the young Vabalathus was made king (rex consul imperator dux Romanorum, "illustrious King of Kings" and corrector totius orientis) of the Palmyrene Empire. Effective power was wielded by his mother Zenobia, who conquered Lower Egypt, Syria (region), Palestine, Anatolia and Lebanon." "The end of Vabalathus' rule came when Aurelian conquered and sacked Palmyra (272/3) and took Vabalathus and his mother back to Rome as hostages. According to Zosimus, Vaballathus died on the way to Rome, but this theory has been neither confirmed nor disproved. Other sources have implied that after shipping the defeated Zenobia and Vabalathus back to Rome, Aurelian allowed both of the rebels to live, but only after they had been marched through the streets of the imperial city in accordance with Roman tradition. This would have been humiliating, but better than death. This theory is supported by Aurelian's similar treatment of the Tetricii (Tetricus I and Tetricus II) in Gaul, also allowing long time enemies of Rome to retire following their defeat at the Battle of Châlons in 274. An excellent military tactician and a talented administrator, Aurelian was also one of the more merciful Roman Emperors in the empire's long history."
   
2. Title: Wikipedia contributors, 'Zenobia', Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 10 August 2016, 19:25 UTC, [accessed 19 August 2016]
   Author: [1]. Stoneman, 1995,p. 2. [Stoneman, Richard (1995). Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome. Reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472083155. [2]. p. 218. Teixidor, Javier (2005). A journey to Palmyra: collected essays to remember. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9. [3]. p. 201. Teixidor [ref. as for [2] above] [4]. Ball, p. 78. [Ball, Warwick (2001). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780415243575. [5]. Charlotte Mary Yonge, History of Christian names. By the author of The heir of Redclyffe, 1884, p. 62 [6]. Southern, Pat (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen. p. 4. [9]. p. 213. Teixidor [ref. as for [2] above] [10]. Ball, Warwick. "Rome in the East" (Routledge, 2000). [ref. as for [4] above]
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&oldid=733889767;
   Note: 1/. Life Summary Table: -- "Zenobia Queen of the Palmyrene Empire Born {240} Palmyra, Syria {Died c. 275} Spouse Septimius Odaenathus Issue Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus Full name Julia Aurelia Zenobia House Emesa " 2/. Introduction : -- "Zenobia (Greek: Ζηνοβία / Zēnobía; Aramaic: בת זבי / Bat-Zabbai; 240 – c. 275) was a 3rd-century Queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria who led a famous revolt against the Roman Empire. The second wife of King Septimius Odaenathus, Zenobia became queen of the Palmyrene Empire following Odaenathus' death in 267. By 269, Zenobia had expanded the empire, conquering Egypt and expelling the Roman prefect, Tenagino Probus, who was beheaded after he led an attempt to recapture the territory. She ruled over Egypt until 271, when she was defeated and taken as a hostage to Rome by Emperor Aurelian." 3/. Family, ancestry and early life " -- "Zenobia was born and raised in Palmyra, Syria. Her Roman name was "Julia Aurelia Zenobia" and Latin and Greek writers referred to her as "Zenobia"[1] (Greek: ἡ Ζηνοβία) or as "Septimia Zenobia"—she became Septimia after marrying Septimius Odaenathus. She used the Aramaic form "Bat-Zabbai" (בת זבי‎) to sign her name.[1] Arabic-language writers refer to her as "al-Zabba'" (الزباء‎).[1] " She belonged to a family with Aramaic names.[2] She herself claimed descent from the Seleucid line of the Cleopatras and the Ptolemies.[3]" "Later Arabic sources provide indications of her Arab descent[4] and thus argue that her original name was Zaynab.[5] Al-Tabari, for example, writes that she belonged to the same tribe as her future husband, the 'Amlaqi, which was probably one of the four original tribes of Palmyra.[4] According to him, Zenobia's father, ‘Amr ibn al-Ẓarib, was the sheikh of the 'Amlaqi. After members of the rival Tanukh tribal confederation killed him, Zenobia became the head of the 'Amlaqis, leading them in their nomadic lifestyle to summer and winter pastures.[4]" "Zenobia's father's name is unknown. She was styled Bit-Zabbai (daughter of Zabbai) in Palmyrene inscriptions.[6] In an inscription found in Palmyra, Zenobia is called the daughter of Antiochus.[6] However, this "Antiochus" is not recorded on other inscriptions and therefore neither his lineage or position is known and it is more probable that Antiochus was not the father but an ancestor of Zenobia.[6] According to the Augustan History (Aurel. 31.2), Zenobia's father's name was Achilleus and his usurper was named Antiochus (Zos. 1.60.2). The name "Julius Aurelius Zenobius" appears on a Palmyrene inscription and based only on the similarities of the names, Zenobius was suggested as the father of Zenobia. Zenobius was Governor of Palmyra in 229.[6]" 4/. Queen of Palmyra "Zenobia had become the second wife of Septimius Odaenathus, the King of Palmyra, by 258. She had a stepson, Hairan (Herod), a son from Odaenathus’ first marriage. There is an inscription, "the illustrious consul our lord" at Palmyra, dedicated to Odaenathus by Zenobia[citation needed]. Around 266, Zenobia and Odaenathus had a son, his second child, Lucius Julius Aurelius Septimius Vaballathus Athenodorus. This son Vaballathus (Latin from Aramaic והב אלת / Wahballat, "Gift of the Goddess") inherited the name of Odaenathus' paternal grandfather.[9] In 267, Zenobia's husband and stepson were assassinated. The titled heir, Vaballathus, was only one year old, so his mother succeeded her husband and ruled Palmyra. Zenobia bestowed upon herself and her son the honorific titles of Augusta and Augustus. Zenobia conquered new territories and increased the Palmyrene Empire in the memory of her husband and as a legacy to her son. She had the stated goal of protecting the Eastern Roman Empire from the Sasanian Empire (Sassanids), for the peace of Rome; however, her efforts significantly increased the power of her own throne." 5/. Invasions of Egypt and Anatolia In 269, Zenobia, her army, and the Palmyrene General Zabdas violently conquered Egypt with help from their Egyptian ally, Timagenes, and his army. The Roman prefect of Egypt, Tenagino Probus and his forces tried to expel them from Egypt, but Zenobia's forces captured and beheaded Probus. She then proclaimed herself Queen of Egypt. After these initial forays, Zenobia became known as a "Warrior Queen". In leading her army, she displayed significant prowess: she was an able horse-rider and would walk three or four miles with her foot soldiers. Zenobia, with her large army, made expeditions and conquered Anatolia as far as Ancyra (Ankara) and Chalcedon, followed by Syria, Roman Judea and Lebanon. In her short-lived empire, Zenobia took the vital trade routes in these areas from the Romans. The Roman Emperor Aurelian (reigned 270-275), who was at that time campaigning with his forces in the Gallic Empire, probably did recognise the authority of Zenobia and Vaballathus; however, this relationship began to break down when Aurelian began a military campaign to reunite the Roman Empire in 272–273. Aurelian and his forces left the Gallic Empire and arrived in Syria. The forces of Aurelian and Zenobia met and fought near Antioch. After a crushing defeat, the remaining Palmyrenes briefly fled into Antioch and then into Emesa. Zenobia was unable to remove her treasury at Emesa before Aurelian arrived and successfully besieged the city. Zenobia and her son escaped Emesa by camel with help from the Sassanids, but Aurelian's horsemen captured them on the Euphrates River. Zenobia's short-lived Egyptian kingdom and the Palmyrene Empire had ended. Aurelian captured those remaining Palmyrenes who refused to surrender and had them executed. Those put to death included Zenobia's chief counselor, the Greek sophist Cassius Longinus." 6/. Rome "Zenobia and Vaballathus were taken as hostages to Rome by Aurelian. Vaballathus is presumed to have died on his way to Rome. In 274, Zenobia reportedly appeared in golden chains in Aurelian’s military triumph parade in Rome, in the presence of the senator Marcellus Petrus Nutenus. There are competing accounts of Zenobia's own fate: some versions suggest that she died relatively soon after her arrival in Rome, whether through illness, hunger strike or beheading.[10] The happiest narrative, though, relates that Aurelian, impressed by her beauty and dignity and out of a desire for clemency, freed Zenobia and granted her an elegant villa in Tibur (modern Tivoli, Italy). She supposedly lived in luxury and became a prominent philosopher, socialite and Roman matron. Zenobia is said to have married a Roman governor and senator whose name is unknown, though there is reason to think it may have been Marcellus Petrus Nutenus. They reportedly had several daughters, whose names are also unknown but who are reported to have married into Roman noble families. She is said to have had further descendants surviving into the 4th and 5th centuries. Evidence in support of there being descendants of Zenobia, is offered by a name in an inscription found in Rome:[citation needed] the name of L. Septimia Patavinia Balbilla Tyria Nepotilla Odaenathiania incorporates the names of Zenobia's first husband and son and may be suggestive of a family relationship (after the deaths of Odaenathus and his sons, Odaenathus had no descendants). Another possible descendant of Zenobia is Saint Zenobius of Florence,[citation needed] a Christian bishop who lived in the 5th century." 7/. References - Stoneman, 1995,p. 2. - Teixidor, Javier (2005). A journey to Palmyra: collected essays to remember. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9. - Teixidor, Javier (2005). A journey to Palmyra: collected essays to remember. Brill. p. 201. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9. - Ball, p. 78. - Charlotte Mary Yonge, History of Christian names. By the author of The heir of Redclyffe, 1884, p. 62 - Southern, Pat (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen. p. 4. Sue M. Sefscik. "Zenobia". Women's History. Retrieved 2008-04-01. - Choueiri, 2000, p. 35. - Teixidor, Javier (2005). A journey to Palmyra: collected essays to remember. Brill. p. 213. ISBN 978-90-04-12418-9. - Ball, Warwick. "Rome in the East" (Routledge, 2000). 8/. Bibliography - Ball, Warwick (2001). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780415243575. - Choueiri, Youssef M. (2000). Arab Nationalism - a History: Nation and State in the Arab World. (Illustrated ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631217299. - Stoneman, Richard (1995). Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome. (Reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472083155. - Wilden, Anthony (1987). Man and Woman, War and Peace: the Strategist's Companion. (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780710098672."