Coel Hen ap Tegfan

• Preferred Name: Coel Hen ap Tegfan^{[1] [2]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: L66T-RPY
  
• Birth: ABT 345 in Montgomeryshire, Wales at LATI: N2.5628 LONG: E3.1493
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of North Britain with note: Robert Sewell's Genealogy Site: Coel Hen
  
• Burial: in Church at Coylton, South Ayrshire, Scotland at LATI: N5.4333 LONG: E4.4833
  
• Coel+Hen+appears+in+the+Harleian+genealogies+and+the+later+pedigrees+known+as+the+Bonedd+Gwyr+y+Gogl: with note: Description: (The Descent of the Men of the North) at the head of several post-Roman royal families of the Hen Ogledd.
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Suzerain des Bretons, Gouverneur de Gloucester
  
• Death: 19 NOV 420 in Tarbolton, Ayrshire, Scotland at LATI: N5.5 LONG: E4.4833 with note: Drowned in Coilsfield, Tarbolton
  
• Occupation: Head of several post-Roman Brythonic Royal families of the Hen Ogledd, the "Old North" covering modern Northern England and Southern Scotland, britisk konge i Wales og Nord-Britania, Dux Britainourm, koning van Bretagne, King
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Coel (Old Welsh: Coil), also called Coel Hen (Coel the Old) and King Cole, is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the Middle Ages. Early Welsh tradition knew of a Coel Hen, a c. 4th-century leader in Roman or Sub-Roman Britain and the progenitor of several kingly lines in Yr Hen Ogledd (the Old North), the Brittonic-speaking part of what is now northern England and southern Scotland.
  Coel Hen appears in the Harleian genealogies and the later pedigrees known as the Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd (The Descent of the Men of the North) at the head of several post-Roman royal families of the Hen Ogledd. His line, collectively called the Coeling, included such noted figures as Urien, king of Rheged; Gwallog, perhaps king of Elmet; the brothers Gwrgi and Peredur; and Clydno Eiddin, king of Eidyn or Edinburgh. He was also considered to be the father-in-law of Cunedda, founder of Gwynedd in North Wales, by his daughter Gwawl. The poem Y Gododdin mentions some enmity between the "Sons of Godebog", possibly a reference to the Coiling, and the heroes who fought for the Gododdin at the Battle of Catraeth.
  
  Judging by the genealogical references, Coel Hen must have controlled a large part of the Hen Ogledd. As an ancestor figure, he compares to Dyfnwal Hen, who is likewise attributed with founding kingly lines in the Hen Ogledd. Hector Boece and Ayrshire folklore both state that Coel and his entire army perished in the Battle of Coilsfield. According to Welsh tradition the region of Kyle was named for Coel, and a mound at Coylton in Ayrshire was regarded as his tomb. Projections back from dated individuals suggest that Coel Hen lived around AD 350–420, during the time of the Roman departure from Britain.[8] In his book The Age of Arthur, historian John Morris suggested Coel may have been the last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum (Dukes of the Britons) who commanded the Roman army in northern Britain, and split his lands among his heirs after his death. However, Morris's book has been widely criticized. It has been suggested that Coel was appointed governor of northern Britain, ruling from Eburacum (York), by Magnus Maximus.
  
  _____________________________________
  
  Coel Hen is a familiar figure in ancient Welsh genealogies, for most of the Celtic British monarchies claimed descent from him in one form or another. He appears to have lived around the turn from the 4th to the 5th century, the time when the Roman officials returned to Italy, leaving Britain and her people to fend for themselves. Coel's particular association with the north of Britain has led to the suggestion that he may actually have been the last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum with his headquarters at York. He certainly imposed his power over a great swathe of the country, and can be considered the first King in Northern Britain. (This Coel should not be confused with the legendary Coel Godhebog "the Magnificent", Lord of Colchester, whose daughter, St. Helen, supposedly married the Emperor Constantius Chlorus two centuries earlier.)
  
  There is an old story told in the north about Coel's last campaign. What is now Scotland was originally inhabited by the Pictish race. It was during Coel's time that immigrant Irishmen from the Scotti tribe began to settle the Western coast around Argyle. Coel, fearing that the two peoples would unite against the British, sent raiding parties across his northern border to stir up discord between them. The plan, however, backfired for the Picts and the Scots were not taken in. Coel merely succeeded in pushing the two even closer together, and they began to attack the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Coel declared all out war and moved north to expel the invaders. The Picts and Scots fled to the hills ahead of Coel's army, who eventually set up camp at what became Coylton alongside the Water of Coyle (Ayrshire). For a long time, the British were triumphant, while the Scots and Picts starved. Desperate for some relief, however, the enemy advanced an all-or-nothing attack on Coel's stronghold. Coel and his men were taken by surprise, overrun and scattered to the winds. It is said that Coel wandered the unknown countryside until he eventually got caught in a bog at Coilsfield (in Tarbolton, Ayrshire) and drowned. Coel was first buried in a mound there before being removed to the church at Coylton. The year was about AD 420. After his death, Coel's Northern Kingdom was divided between two of his sons, Ceneu and Gorbanian.
  
  === AKA ===
  De Grande
  
  === AKA ===
  The Old
  
  === Possible father ===
  Guotepauc, son of Tegfan, son of Teuhvant, son of Telpuil, son of Erb, son of Gratus, son of Iumetel, son of Ritugern, son of Oudicant, son of Outigern, Eliud, son of Eudaf, son of Eudelen, son of Amalech, son of Beli, son of Bran (wife Anna daughter of Joseph of Arimathea), son of Llyr (wife his cousin Penardun, daughter of Llud, son of Beli Mawr), son of Caswallon, son of Beli Mawr
  
  === AKA ===
  King of Northern Britain
  
  === !1. Bartrum, 300-1400, pg. 8 ===
  !1. Bartrum, 300-1400, pg. 8
  
  === Coel Hen, King of Northern Britain
  (c.35 ===
  Coel Hen, King of Northern Britain
  (c.350-c.420)
  (Welsh: Coel; Latin: Coelius; English: Cole)
  
  Coel Hen or Coel the Old is known to most of us through the famous nursery rhyme:
  
  Old King Cole was a merry old soul
  And a merry old soul was he.
  He called for his pipe,
  And he called for his bowl,
  And he called for his fiddlers, three.
  
  He is also a familiar figure in ancient Welsh genealogies, for most of the Celtic British monarchies claimed descent from him in one form or another. He appears to have lived around the turn from the 4th to the 5th century, the time when the Roman officials returned to Italy, leaving Britain and her people to fend for themselves. Coel's particular association with the north of Britain has led to the suggestion that he may actually have been the last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum with his headquarters at York. He certainly imposed his power over a great swathe of the country, and can be considered the first King in Northern Britain. (This Coel should not be confused with the legendary Coel Godhebog "the Magnificent", Lord of Colchester, whose daughter, St. Helen, supposedly married the Emperor Constantius Chlorus two centuries earlier.)
  
  There is an old story told in the north about Coel's last campaign. What is now Scotland was originally inhabited by the Pictish race. It was during Coel's time that immigrant Irishmen from the Scotti tribe began to settle the Western coast around Argyle. Coel, fearing that the two peoples would unite against the British, sent raiding parties across his northern border to stir up discord between them. The plan, however, backfired for the Picts and the Scots were not taken in. Coel merely succeeded in pushing the two even closer together, and they began to attack the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Coel declared all out war and moved north to expel the invaders. The Picts and Scots fled to the hills ahead of Coel's army, who eventually set up camp at what became Coylton alongside the Water of Coyle (Ayrshire). For a long time, the British were triumphant, while the Scots and Picts starved. Desperate for some relief, however, the enemy advanced an all-or-nothing attack on Coel's stronghold. Coel and his men were taken by surprise, overrun and scattered to the winds. It is said that Coel wandered the unknown countryside until he eventually got caught in a bog at Coilsfield (in Tarbolton, Ayrshire) and drowned. Coel was first buried in a mound there before being removed to the church at Coylton. The year was about AD 420. After his death, Coel's Northern Kingdom was divided between two of his sons, Ceneu and Gorbanian.
  
  From www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/coelhnt.html
  
  ___________________
  From P L Kessler , The History Files, Home Publishing 1999-2002 at http://homepages.tesco.net/~plk33/plk33/HistoryFiles.htm
  
  CELTIC BRITAIN
  THE KINGS OF NORTHERN BRITAIN*
  Map of Britain
  
  *Sometimes known as the Kingdom of Kyle.
  COEL HEN is a familiar figure in many ancient Welsh genealogies. Most of the Celtic British kings of the north of Britain could trace their descent from him in one form or another, as could many Welsh kings. In the short time after his life that Central and Northern Britain remained free of the invading Angles, between the start of the fifth century and mid-sixth century, all of the kingdoms that were established were by his sons or grandsons. Although the evidence is typically patchy, he appears to have lived from around 350 - 420, during the time when the last Roman officials returned to the heart of the faltering empire, leaving Britain and her people to fend for themselves.
  Coel's particular association with the north of Britain has led to the well-founded suggestion that he was the last of the Roman Duces Brittanniarum (Dukes of the Britons). Only one existed at any time. They were selected as generals of the army with direct authority from the governor of Britannia to defend the coast from the increasing barbarian raids). The Roman dux disappear from the Notitia Dignitatum in about 400 and it is not unnatural to presume that Coel took his place. He seems to have made his headquarters at Britain's northern capital of Eburacum (York), and he certainly imposed his power over a great swathe of the country. Coel Hen can be considered by tradition to be the first king in, and of, Northern Britain, as seems to have overseen the transition from direct Roman rule to an independent Britain which took care of its own defence. In the Celtic tradition, because of his dominance, he is known fully as the High King of Northern Britain* (as opposed to other major kings of his generation, such as Cunedda Wledig, who was King of North Wales - later Gwynedd, or Antonius Donatus Gregorius (Anwn), who was King of South Wales - Demetia).
  From his headquarters Coel Hen governed the territory between Eburacum and Hadrian's Wall (which formed the later British kingdoms of Ebrauc, Deywr, and Bernaccia), and west to cover the area of Rheged, (later North Rheged, South Rheged, Dunoting, Elmet, Caer-Guendoleu, and a kingdom which, to deduce its name from the later Saxon Pecset, was probably called the Kingdom of the Peak). According to later claims, he also had a hand in structuring the Goutoddin in the eastern territory between the Walls after the departure of Cunedda Wledig.
  As a result of the many kingdoms which were inherited by his immediate descendants, Coel became the founding ancestor of what came to be known as The Men of the North (Gwy^r y Gogledd). These were the Britons of the surviving kingdoms who were fighting the advancing Angles in the 6th and 7th centuries. They were drawn from the kingdoms of Goutoddin and Rheged, from Strathclyde and various minor principalities, and together they upheld the tradition of battling Celtic warriors, feasting together before riding out with the warband to do battle with the enemy. Their stubborn resistance was dealt a fatal blow at Catreath (Catterick) in around 600, and these events (detailed in The Mabinogion) cemented the reputation of The Men of the North in their glorious, but ultimately futile, efforts of resistance to the Teutonic invaders.
  Most people today will have heard of Coel Hen (or "King Coel" - with "Hen" the Brito-Welsh word for "old"), even if they don't realise it. He is immortalised in verse:
  Old King Cole was a merry old soul
  And a merry old soul was he.
  He called for his pipe,
  And he called for his bowl,
  And he called for his fiddlers, three
  The legends of the Northern British were preserved by Rhodri Mawr, when he became King of Gwynedd. One of those legends concerned Coel Hen's last campaign. It was during Coel's time as High King that immigrant Irishmen from the Scotti tribe of Dalriata (in the region of Ulster) began to settle the western coast of Pictland, around Argyle. Coel, fearing that the two peoples would unite against the British, sent raiding parties across his northern border to stir up discord between them. The plan backfired as the Picts and the Scots were not taken in. Coel merely succeeded in pushing the two even closer together, and they began to attack the British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Coel declared all out war and moved north to expel the invaders. The Picts and Scots fled to the hills ahead of Coel's army, who eventually set up camp at what became Coylton alongside the Water of Coyle (Ayrshire). For a long time, the British were victorious, while the Scots and Picts starved. Desperate for some relief, the enemy advanced in a last-ditch attack on Coel's stronghold. Coel and his men were taken by surprise, overrun and scattered to the winds. It is said that Coel wandered the unknown countryside until he eventually got caught in a bog at Coilsfield (in Tarbolton, Ayrshire) and drowned. Coel was first buried in a mound there before being removed to the church at Coylton. The year was circa AD 420. After his death, Coel's Northern Kingdom was divided between two of his sons:
  Ceneu (St) assumed control of the kingdoms of the North & Midland Britain, remaining based at Ebrauc.
  Gorbanian founded the dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Bernaccia (Bryneich), which was later taken over by the Angles, who pronounced it Bernicia.
  Because of Coel's, and his son's, apparently continued use of Eburacum as a base of operations and also as the traditional Roman capital of North Britain, it makes sense to list the Kings of North Britain alongside the Kings of Ebrauc (as the evolving Brito-Welsh langmacge dubbed it). There were only three of the former, with the next in line ruling only half the land of his father, as the rest of it had been inherited by his brother.
  
  The subsequent divisions of the Kingdom of Northern Britain are described in the next feature.
  
  ____________________
  From David Nash For, Early British Kingdoms: Kingdoms 2000 at www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/kingdoms/north.html:
  
  The Early British Kings of what is now Northern England, descend from one of two dynasties commonly known as the Gwyr-y-Gogledd, a Welsh phrase meaning the "Men of the North". They were a P-Celtic people, like the Cymri, who retained their independence from Saxon oppression for a number of centuries, in the relative remote Northern regions of Britain.
  
  Welsh tradition holds that they all had a common ancestor in Old King Cole of nursery rhyme fame. He appears in ancient records as Coel Hen (the Old) and his name seems to ultimately derive from the Roman, Coellius. This fits in well with the time period in which it has been calculated that he lived: right at the end of the Roman administration (very late 4th century).
  
  Considering the regions over which Coel's supposed descendants ruled, his own sphere of influence must have covered a vast area from Hadrian's Wall to the Southern Pennines. In fact, the exact area that would have been governed at this time by the Dux Britanniarum, a Roman official in charge of the military defence of Northern Britain. With his headquarters at Y
  
  === Possible Match ===
  Check:
  Coel Hen Old Cole ap Tehvant
  L6PV-NJH
  
  This appears to be the lowest common descendent on two seemingly coinciding lines. The other line includes a son Masewig "Gloff" (Mar) ap Ceneu L6PV-JRX that appears to be the son of Ceneu ap Coel Godhebog Hen listed here as a child L62D-6PV.
  
  === Sources: ===
  https://www.geni.com/people/Coel-De-Grande-Bretagne-King-of-Northern-Britain/6000000006232933659Bromwich, Rachel (2006). Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Greenway, Diana, ed. Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822224-6.Harbus, Antonina (2002). Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend. D. S. Brewer. ISBN 0859916251.Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-440-7.MacQuarrie, Alan (1993). "The Kings of Strathclyde : c.400 - 1018". In Grant, A.; Stringer, K. Medieval Scotland : Crown, Lordship and Community : essays presented to G.W.S.Barrow. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–19. ISBN 9780748611102.Morris, John (1973). The Age of Arthur. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Opie, I.; Opie, P. (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Oxford University Press.Geoffrey of Monmouth (1966). Thorpe, Lewis, ed. The History of the Kings of Britain. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044170-0.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coel_Hen http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id93.html
  
  === Link to Jewish name origins ===
  Cole Hen, Hebrew— Cohen . Cohen means priest line in English.
  
  Patronymics of Wales. Only GIVEN Names. Do NOT combine!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  Google:
  FamilySearch Community Trees > Wales > Welsh Medieval database Primarily of the Nobility and Gentry Submission ID: MMDR-CFK

1. Gwawl Coel, b. ABT 388 in Eburacum, Roman Britannia     d. 459 in Connah's Quay, Dukedom of Gwynedd, (Wales)
2. Ceneu ap Coel Hen King of Briton Brenin and Catraeth, b. ABT 375 in Pennines     d. 470 in Tarbolton, Ayrshire, Scotland

1. Title: Wikiwand: Old King Cole
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Old_King_Cole;
   Note: "Old King Cole" is a British nursery rhyme first attested in 1708. Though there is much speculation about the identity of King Cole, it is unlikely that he can be identified reliably as any historical figure. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 1164. The poem describes a merry king who called for his pipe, bowl, and musicians, with the details varying among versions. The "bowl" is a drinking vessel, while the "pipe" may be either a musical instrument or a pipe for smoking tobacco. Lyrics The most common modern version of the rhyme is: Old King Cole was a merry old soul, And a merry old soul was he; He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl, And he called for his fiddlers three. Every fiddler he had a fiddle, And a very fine fiddle had he; Oh there's none so rare, as can compare, With King Cole and his fiddlers three. The song is first attested in William King in his Useful Transactions in Philosophy in 1708–9. King's version has the following lyrics: Good King Cole, And he call'd for his Bowle, And he call'd for Fidler's three; And there was Fiddle, Fiddle, And twice Fiddle, Fiddle, For 'twas my Lady's Birth-day, Therefore we keep Holy-day And come to be merry. Identity of King Cole There is much speculation about the identity of King Cole, but it is unlikely that he can be identified reliably given the centuries between the attestation of the rhyme and the putative identities; none of the extant theories are well supported. William King mentions two possibilities: the "Prince that Built Colchester" and a 12th-century cloth merchant from Reading named Cole-brook. Sir Walter Scott thought that "Auld King Coul" was Cumhall, the father of the giant Fyn M'Coule (Finn McCool). Other modern sources suggest (without much justification) that he was Richard Cole (1568-1614) of Bucks in the parish of Woolfardisworthy on the north coast of Devon, whose monument and effigy survive in All Hallows Church, Woolfardisworthy. Coel Hen theory It is often noted that the name of the legendary Welsh king Coel Hen can be translated 'Old Cole' or 'Old King Cole'. This sometimes leads to speculation that he, or some other Coel in Roman Britain, is the model for Old King Cole of the nursery rhyme. However, there is no documentation of a connection between the fourth-century figures and the eighteenth-century nursery rhyme. There is also a dubious connection of Old King Cole to Cornwall and King Arthur found at Tintagel Castle that there was a Cornish King or Lord Coel. Further speculation connects Old King Cole and thus Coel Hen to Colchester, but in fact Colchester was not named for Coel Hen. Connecting with the musical theme of the nursery rhyme, according to a much later source, Coel Hen supposedly had a daughter who was skilled in music, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing in the 12th century. Cole-brook theory In the 19th century William Chappell, an expert on popular music, suggested the possibility that the "Old King Cole" was really "Old Cole," alias Thomas Cole-brook, a supposed 12th-century Reading cloth merchant whose story was recounted by Thomas Deloney in his Pleasant History of Thomas of Reading (c. 1598), and who was well known as a character in plays of the early 17th century. The name "Old Cole" had some special meaning in Elizabethan theatre, but it is unclear what it was. Modern usage This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (March 2017) King Cole is often referenced in popular culture. In literature Wikisource has original text related to this article: Old King Cole (1985) One of the world's smallest books is about Old King Cole. It measures 1mm x 1mm and was printed in Paisley, Scotland in 1985. There are only 85 known copies. In music In 1927, Moshe Nadir (1885–1943) published a Yiddish adaptation of "Old King Cole", "Der Rebbe Elimelech". It has since become a popular Yiddish folksong. The progressive rock band Genesis included a version of the traditional rhyme on their song "The Musical Box," from their 1971 album Nursery Cryme. Queen paraphrased the rhyme in their song "Great King Rat" on their 1973 self-titled album: Great King Rat was a dirty old man And a dirty old man was he Now what did I tell you Would you like to see? The rhyme has appeared in children's television. For example, it was sung on the television show Barney & Friends, but with the last few lyrics simplified (which were also adjusted for the drummer and trumpeter verses): Dance with the fiddlers, Dance with the fiddlers Dance with the fiddlers three. It has also been used repeatedly in Sesame Street, using the fiddlers as a way to illustrate principles of basic addition (with Ernie taking the role of Old King Cole), and again with William Wegman's dogs on the show (with Chundo as Old King Cole). Pop singer Nat "King" Cole (actual surname Coles) said his nickname was inspired by "Old King Cole." The "King" in Nat Cole's name was usually used in quotation marks during his lifetime, but today it is often seen as though it were part of his name. Cole Alexander of Atlanta punk band Black Lips has also adopted the name, and performs solo as Old King Cole Younger, a name also partially derived from Confederate guerilla and later Old West outlaw Cole Younger. As a marching cadence The United States military has used versions of the traditional rhyme in the form of marching cadences, since at least the 1920s up to the present. A modern example begins: Old King Cole was a merry old soul and a merry ol' soul was he, uh huh. He called for his pipe, and he called for his bowl and he called for his privates three, uh huh. Beer! Beer! Beer! cried the private. Brave men are we There's none so fair as they can compare to the airborne infantry, uh huh. The cadence includes verses for ranks from private to general, in the form of a cumulative song; each verse included a satire at the expense of each rank: "Beer beer beer" said the privates, "Where's my three-day pass" said the corporals, "Drill drill drill" said the sergeant, "Who's gonna read my map" said the looie, "Who's gonna shine my boots" said the captain, "Who's gonna drive my jeep" said the major, "Who's gonna mow my lawn" said the colonel, "Who's gonna walk my dog" said the general. A version of the cadence can be heard on the 1960 album Belafonte Returns to Carnegie Hall by Harry Belafonte. Another can be found in a 1929 music book, "Sound Off!" Soldier songs from Yankee Doodle to Parley Voo" by Edward Arthur Dolph. In fiction The Pickwick Papers (1836) by Charles Dickens contains a short tale called "The True Legend of Prince Bladud" concerning the founding of the city of Bath that is read by Pickwick while he is staying in the city. Within this Dickens describes "the famous and renowned Lud Hudibras, King of Britain," comparing him in likeness to "the venerable King Cole." In his 1897 anthology Mother Goose in Prose, L. Frank Baum included a story explaining the background to the nursery rhyme. In this version, Cole is a commoner who is selected at random to succeed the King of Whatland when the latter dies without heir. James Joyce made reference to the rhyme in Finnegans Wake (619.27f): With pipe on bowl. Terce for a fiddler, sixt for makmerriers, none for a Cole. Joyce is also punning on the canonical hours tierce, sext, and nones, in "Terce ... sixt ... none", and on Fionn MacCool and his Fianna, in "fiddlers ... makmerriers ... Cole." The Old King Cole theme appeared twice in 1933 cartoons: Walt Disney made a Silly Symphony cartoon called "Old King Cole", in which the character holds a huge party where various nursery rhyme characters are invited. Walter Lantz produced an Oswald cartoon the same year, entitled The Merry Old Soul, which is in reference to the nursery rhyme. "Farmer Giles of Ham" (1937) by J.R.R. Tolkien is stated (despite anachronisms like blunderbusses) by the author to take place "after the time of King Cole, but before King Arthur." The Three Stooges' 1948 short film "Fiddlers Three" features Larry, Moe and Shemp as musicians in King Cole's court who must stop an evil wizard from stealing the king's daughter. In the Fables comic book, King Cole was the long-time mayor of Fabletown, a secret community of "Fables" or fairytale characters, who were forced into exile in our world by a conqueror in their own alternate reality. He was defeated in an election by Prince Charming and was no longer mayor. He then became ambassador of Fabletown to the Arabian fables. After deciding to plan war to win back their homelands, he returned to Fabletown, assuming first the post of deputy mayor and then mayor respectively, after the resignation of Prince Charming. The gist of this storyline is reprised in the 2013 Fables video game The Wolf Among Us Characters based on Cole have featured in other video games. In Banjo-Tooie (2000), there is a boss opponent named Old King Coal whom the duo battle over control of a steam train. After King Coal states he wishes to battle Banjo and Kazooie, Kazooie reples "But you're supposed to be a merry old soul!", further referencing the rhyme. In the online game AdventureQuest Worlds (2008) there is also a non-player character called Old King Coal. In the 2009 animated movie Happily N'Ever After 2: Snow White—Another Bite @ the Apple, Old King Cole (voiced by Cam Clarke) is amalgamated with the king who is Snow White's father. Paul Reakes wrote a stage pantomime adaptation, also called Old King Cole (2012). It is a farce about the king choosing a queen from among his household staff, intended for school plays. In humor and satire G. K. Chesterton wrote a poem ("Old King Cole: A Parody") which presented the nursery rhyme successively in the styles of several poets: Alfred Lord Tennyson, W. B. Yeats, Robert Browning,
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Hen Ogledd
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Hen_Ogledd;
   Note: "Yr Hen Ogledd" (Welsh pronunciation: [ər ˌheːn ˈɔɡlɛð]), in English the Old North, is the region of Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands inhabited by the Celtic Britons of sub-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages. Its denizens spoke a variety of the Brittonic language known as Cumbric. The Hen Ogledd was distinct from the parts of northern Britain inhabited by the Picts, Anglo-Saxons, and Scoti as well as from Wales, although the people of the Hen Ogledd were the same Brittonic stock as the Picts, Welsh and Cornish, and the region loomed large in Welsh literature and tradition for centuries after its kingdoms had disappeared. The major kingdoms of the Hen Ogledd were Elmet in western Yorkshire; Gododdin in Lothian and the Scottish Borders; Rheged, centred in Galloway; and Kingdom of Strathclyde, situated around the Firth of Clyde. Smaller kingdoms or districts included Aeron, Calchfynydd, Eidyn, Lleuddiniawn, and Manaw Gododdin; the last three were evidently parts of Gododdin. The Angle kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia both had Brittonic-derived names, suggesting they may have been Brittonic kingdoms in origin. All the kingdoms of the Old North except Strathclyde were conquered by Anglo-Saxons and Picts by about 800; Strathclyde was incorporated into the rising Middle Irish-speaking Kingdom of Scotland in the 11th century. The legacy of the Hen Ogledd remained strong in Wales. Welsh tradition included genealogies of the Gwŷr y Gogledd, or Men of the North, and several important Welsh dynasties traced their lineage to them. A number of important early Welsh texts were attributed to the Men of the North, such as Taliesin, Aneirin, Myrddin Wyllt, and the Cynfeirdd poets. Heroes of the north such as Urien, Owain mab Urien, and Coel Hen and his descendants feature in Welsh poetry and the Welsh Triads. Background Almost nothing is reliably known of Central Britain before c. 550. There had never been a period of long-term, effective Roman control north of the Tyne–Solway line, and south of that line effective Roman control ended long before the traditionally given date of departure of the Roman military from Roman Britain in 407. It was noted in the writings of Ammianus Marcellinus and others that there was ever-decreasing Roman control from about AD 100 onward, and in the years after 360 there was widespread disorder and the large-scale permanent abandonment of territory by the Romans. By 550, the region was controlled by native Brittonic-speaking peoples except for the eastern coastal areas, which were controlled by the Anglian peoples of Bernicia and Deira. To the north were the Picts (now also accepted as Brittonic speakers prior to Gaelicisation) with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to the northwest. All of these peoples would play a role in the history of the Old North. Historical context From a historical perspective, wars were frequently internecine, and Britons were aggressors as well as defenders, as was also true of the Angles, Picts, and Gaels.[citation needed] However, those Welsh stories of the Old North that tell of Briton fighting Anglian have a counterpart, told from the opposite side. The story of the demise of the kingdoms of the Old North is the story of the rise of the Kingdom of Northumbria from two coastal kingdoms to become the premier power in Britain north of the Humber and south of the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth.