Peroz Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire I

• Preferred Name: Peroz Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire I^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: MYGB-QY2
  
• Peroz+offers+his+sister+as+a+bride+to+King+Kunkhas+of+the+Kiderites,+but+sends+a+woman+of+low+birth+: with note: Description: Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute, which would later be used as the casus belli of the Kidarites, who declared war against the ruling Sasanian king Peroz I in c. 464.[65][63] Peroz lacked manpower to fight, and therefore asked for financial aid by the Byzantine Empire, who declined his request.[66] He then offered peace to the king of the Kidarites, Kunkhas, and offered him his sister in marriage, but sent a woman of low status instead. After some time Kunkhas found about Peroz's false promise, and then in turn tried to trick him, by requesting him to send military experts to strengthen his army.[66] When a group of 300 military experts arrived to the court of Kunkhas at Balaam (possibly Balkh), they were either killed or disfigured and sent back to Iran, with the information that Kunkhas did this due to Peroz's false promise.[66] Around this time, Peroz allied himself with the Hephthalites or the Alchon Huns of Mehama, the ruler of Kadag in eastern Bactria.[67] With their help, he finally vanquished Kidarites in 466, and brought Bactria briefly under Sasanian control, where he issued gold coins of himself at Balkh.[68][27]
  
• Death: 484 in Balkh, Hephthalite Kingdom at LATI: N6.8333 LONG: E7.25 with note: Charging at Akhshunwar's forces, Peroz and his army fell into the trench, where they were killed. Their bodies were not recovered by the Iranians. The Iranian dead included many distinguished aristocrats, including four of Peroz's sons or brothers. The site of the battle is uncertain; according to the modern historian Klaus Schippmann, it took place in present-day Afghanistan, possibly near Balkh.
  
• Birth: ABT 445 in Ctesiphon, Persia, Sasanian Empire at LATI: N2 LONG: E3
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Shahanshah of the Sasanian EmpireBET 457 AND 484 in Ctesiphon, Persia, Sasanian Empire at LATI: N2 LONG: E3
  

1. Kavad Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire I, b. 473 in Ctesiphon, Persia, Sasanian Empire     d. 13 SEP 531 in Cetisphon, Persia, Sasanian Empire

• m. ABT 479 in Baghdad, Iraq

1. Title: Wikipedia -the Alchon Huns (370-670)
   Author: Sources Puri, Baij Nath (1957), The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras, Munshiram Manoharlal External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alchon Huns. Nezak Kings in Zabulistan and Kabulistan Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna Coinage of the Hephthalites/ Alchons, Grifterrec
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchon_Huns;
   Note: Alchon Huns 370–670 Portrait of Alchon king Khingila (c.450 CE), and the bull/ lunar tamga of the Alchon (known as Tamgha S1),[1] as visible on Alchon coinage. Capital Kapisa Udabhanda[5] Sagala[6][7] Common languages Brahmi and Bactrian (written) Religion Hinduism Buddhism Zoroastrianism[8] Government Nomadic empire Historical era Late Antiquity • Established 370 • Disestablished 670 Currency Drachm[citation needed] Preceded by Kidarite Succeeded by Sasanian Empire Gupta Empire Hephthalites Nezak Huns Turk Shahi Today part of Afghanistan Pakistan India The Alchon Huns, (Bactrian: αλχον(ν)ο Alchon(n)o) also known as the Alchono, Alxon, Alkhon, Alkhan, Alakhana and Walxon, were a nomadic people who established states in Central Asia and South Asia during the 4th and 6th centuries CE.[1] They were first mentioned as being located in Paropamisus, and later expanded south-east, into the Punjab and central India, as far as Eran and Kausambi. The Alchon invasion of the Indian subcontinent eradicated the Kidarite Huns who had preceded them by about a century, and contributed to the fall of the Gupta Empire, in a sense bringing an end to Classical India.[9][5] The invasion of India by the Huna peoples follows invasions of the subcontinent in the preceding centuries by the Yavana (Indo-Greeks), the Saka (Indo-Scythians), the Palava (Indo-Parthians), and the Kushana (Yuezhi). The Alchon Empire was the third of four major Huna states established in Central and South Asia. The Alchon were preceded by the Kidarites and succeeded by the Hephthalites in Bactria and the Nezak Huns in the Hindu Kush. The names of the Alchon kings are known from their extensive coinage, Buddhist accounts, and a number of commemorative inscriptions throughout the Indian subcontinent. The Alchons have long been considered as a part or a sub-division of the Hephthalites, or as their eastern branch, but now tend to be considered as a separate entity.[1][10][11] Invasion of Bactria (370 CE) Alchon Huns is located in West and Central Asia The Alkhons are initially recorded in the area of Bactria circa 370 CE, from where they confronted the Sasanian Empire to the west and the Kidarites to the southeast. Emergence of the Alchon tamgha An early Alchon coin based on the design of Sasanian coinage, with bust imitating Sasanian king Shapur II (r.309 to 379 CE), only adding the Alchon Tamgha symbol Alchon Tamga.png and "Alchono" (αλχοννο) in Bactrian script on the obverse. Dated 400-440 CE.[22][32][33] During the reign of Shapur II, (309-379) the Sasanian Empire and the Kushano-Sasanians gradually lost the control of Bactria to these invaders from Central Asia, first the Kidarites from around 335 CE, then the Alchon Huns from around 370 CE, who would follow up with the invasion of India a century later, and lastly the Hephthalites from around 450 CE.[34] Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the nomadic hordes from Central Asia called the "Chionites" were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, "repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes" of the Chionites and the Euseni ("Euseni" is usually amended to "Cuseni", meaning the Kushans),[35][36] finally making a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani, "the most warlike and indefatigable of all tribes", in 358 CE.[37] After concluding this alliance, the Chionites (probably of the Kidarites tribe)[38] under their King Grumbates accompanied Shapur II in the war against the Romans, especially at the siege of Amida in 359 CE. Victories of the Xionites during their campaigns in the Eastern Caspian lands were also witnessed and described by Ammianus Marcellinus.[39] Alchon Huns occupied Bactria circa 370 CE, chasing the Kidarites in the direction of India, and started minting coins in the style of Shapur II but bearing their name "Alchono". Rulers Alchon Huns (400–670 CE) c.400–440 (Anonymous kings) Alchon Huns. Anonymous. Circa 400-440 CE Imitating Sasanian king Shahpur II.jpg c.430–490 Khingila Khingila of the Alchon Huns Circa 440-490 CE.jpg c.490 Javukha Javukha of the Alchon Huns Mid-late 5th century.jpg c.461–493 Mehama Mehama coin.jpg c.490 Lakhana Udayaditya Lakhana of the Alchon Huns Late 5th-early 6th centuries.jpg Aduman Adomano of the Alchon Huns Mid-late 5th century.jpg c.490–515 Toramana Toramana.jpg c.515–540 Mihirakula Mihirakula Coin.jpg c.530–570 Toramana II Narana-Narenda of the Alchon Huns late 4th-early 5th century CE.jpg Kashmir descendents: 6-7th c. Pravarasena Post-Kushan Gandhara Kidara Shahis Sri Pravarasena Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.jpg 6-7th c. Megavahana Coin of Meghama(...). Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg 6-7th c. Tujina Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.jpg 6-7th c. Toramana of Kashmir Alchon Huns Toramana II Circa AD 540-570.jpg vte The rulers of the Alchons practiced skull deformation, as evidenced from their coins, a practice shared with the Huns that migrated into Europe. The names of the first Alchon rulers do not survive. Starting from 430 CE, names of Alchon kings survive on coins[146] and religious inscriptions:[147] anonymous kings (400 - 430 CE) Khingila (c. 430 – 490 CE) Javukha/Zabocho (c. mid 5th – early 6th CE) Mehama (c. 461 – 493 CE) Lakhana Udayaditya (c. 490's CE) Aduman Toramana (c. 490 – 515 CE) Mihirakula (c. 515 – 540 CE) Toramana II (c. 530 – 570 CE) Pravarasena (c. 530 – 590 CE) Gokarna (c. 570 – 590 CE) Narendraditya Khinkhila (c. 590 – 630 CE) Yudhishthira (630-670 CE)
   
2. Title: Wikipedia - Peroz I (bc 445-484) (r 459-484)
   Author: Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). "Hormozd III". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/5: Homosexuality III–Human migration II. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 465–466. ISBN 978-0-933273-79-5. Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian dynasty". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0029-9. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8. Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4724-2552-2. Toumanoff, Cyril (1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II:
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I;
   Note: Peroz I 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰 King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran[a] King of the Sasanian Empire Reign 459–484 Predecessor Hormizd III Successor Balash Died 484 Near Balkh (?) Issue Kavad I Jamasp Sambice Perozdukht House House of Sasan Father Yazdegerd II Mother Denag Religion Zoroastrianism Peroz I (Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰, romanized: Pērōz) was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 459 to 484. A son of Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king Hormizd III (r. 457–459), eventually seizing the throne after a two-year struggle. His reign was marked by war and famine. Early in his reign, he successfully quelled a rebellion in Caucasian Albania in the west, and put an end to the Kidarites in the east, briefly expanding Sasanian rule into Tokharistan, where he issued gold coins with his likeness at Balkh. Simultaneously, Iran was suffering from a seven-year famine. He soon clashed with the former subjects of the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, who possibly had previously helped him to gain his throne. He was defeated and captured twice by the Hephthalites and lost his recently acquired possessions. In 482, revolts broke out in the western provinces of Armenia and Iberia, led by Vahan Mamikonian and Vakhtang I respectively. Before Peroz could quell the unrest there, he was defeated and killed in his third war with the Hephthalites in 484, who seized the main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of Khorasan−Nishapur, Herat and Marw. Taking advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the Nezak Huns subsequently seized the region of Zabulistan. Peroz was the last shahanshah to mint unique gold coins in the Indian region of Sindh, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. Albeit a devout Zoroastrian, Peroz supported the newly established Christian sect of Nestorianism, and just before his death, it was declared the official doctrine of the Iranian church. Peroz's wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern historiography. His defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb; the shahanshah was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute, while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. The magnates—most notably Sukhra and Shapur Mihran—elected Peroz's brother, Balash, as the new shahanshah. Order would first be restored under Peroz's son Kavad I (r. 488–496, 498/9–531), who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. By 560, Peroz had been avenged by his grandson Khosrow I (r. 531–579), who in collaboration with the First Turkic Khaganate, destroyed the Hephthalites. Rise to power The Sasanian Empire in the mid 5th-century When Peroz's father Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457) died in 457, he had reportedly not designed a successor and instead—according to the medieval historian al-Tha'alibi—entrusted the task to the elite and the leading marzbans (margraves).[5] Civil war soon followed; Yazdegerd II's eldest son Hormizd III declared himself king at the city of Ray in northern Iran, while Peroz fled to the northeastern part of the empire and began raising an army in order to claim the throne for himself.[6][7] The brothers' mother, queen Denag, temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital, Ctesiphon.[6] According to eastern sources, Peroz was more worthy for the throne than Hormizd, who they refer to as "unfair".[8] Only the anonymous source known as the Codex Sprenger 30 describes Hormizd as the "braver and better", while describing Peroz as "more learned in religion".[8] Both brothers seemingly attempted to gain the support of the powers of the neighbouring eastern region of Tokharistan/Bactria in their struggle. The region was then controlled by the Kidarites, along with some of their local vassals, such as the Hephthalites.[9] According to three contemporary letters in the Bactrian language (the language of Tokharistan), the local ruler of the city of Rob (between Kabul and Balkh) Kirdir-Warahran, is given the honorific titles of "glorious through Hormizd" and "true to Peroz", which seemingly indicates that he shifted his allegiance between the two brothers.[10] According to the contemporary Armenian historians Elishe and Ghazar Parpetsi, Peroz was notably supported by the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, while later Persian sources instead report that Peroz fled to the Hephthalites and enlisted their help.[11] This version, however, has been called "legendary" and "somewhat fanciful" by modern historians.[8][11] The modern historians Parvaneh Pourshariati, Shapur Shahbazi and Michael Bonner prefer the Armenian version, with the latter suggesting that the Persian account may yield some authenticity, with Peroz enlisting Hephthalite aid through the Mihranids.[7][8][11] Elishe and Ghazar give two slightly different accounts of Peroz's struggle against Hormizd. According to the former, Peroz was aided by his Mihranid tutor Raham Mihran, who in 459 captured and executed Hormizd, and then crowned Peroz as shahanshah. The same account is given by Ghazar, with the exception that the Mihranid is named Ashtad Mihran, and was not the tutor, but rather foster father of Peroz.[8][10][b]
   
3. Title: Wikipedia - the Kidarites (320-467)
   Author: Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 261–291. JSTOR 44710198. (registration required) Bonner, Michael (2020). The Last Empire of Iran. New York: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–406. ISBN 978-1463206161. Cribb, Joe (2018). Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (eds.). Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. University of Oxford The Classical Art Research Centre Archaeopress. ISBN 978-1-78491-855-2. icon of an open green padlock Cribb, Joe (2010). Alram, M. (ed.). "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology Ii, Edited by M. Alram et al. Coins, Art and Chronology II: 91–146. icon of an open green padlock Cribb, Joe; Donovan, Peter (2014). Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David ...
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidarites;
   Note: The Kidarites were cut from their Bactrian nomadic roots by the rise of the Hephthalites in the 450s. The Kidarites also seem to have been defeated by the Sasanian emperor Peroz in 467 CE, with Peroz reconquering Balkh and issuing coinage there as "Peroz King of Kings".[8] Conflict with Sasanian emperor Peroz I and the Hephthalites[edit] Seal of "lord Uglarg, the King of the Huns, the great Kushanshah, the Afshiyan of Samarkand" (Bactrian: βαγο ογλαρ(γ)ο – υονανο þ(α)ο οα(ζ)-αρκο κο(þανοþ)[αοσαµαρ] /-κανδο – αφþιιανο). This ruler has "characteristic features identifying him as a Kidarite".[57] Private collection of Aman ur Rahman.[58][59][60] Kidarites ruler "King B", late 4th–early 5th century. A vase has been placed to the right of the Zoroastrian fire altar, the Indian/Hindu purnaghata, or "Vase of plenty".[61] Since the foundation of the Sasanian Empire, its rulers had demonstrated the sovereignty and power of their realm through collection of tribute, particularly from the Romans.[62] However, the Sasanian efforts were disrupted in the early 5th-century by the Kidarites, who forced Yazdegerd I (r. 399–420), Bahram V (r. 420–438), and/or Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457) to pay them tribute.[62][63] Although this did not trouble the Sasanian treasury, it was nevertheless humiliating.[64] Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute, which would later be used as the casus belli of the Kidarites, who declared war against the ruling Sasanian king Peroz I in c. 464.[65][63] Peroz lacked manpower to fight, and therefore asked for financial aid by the Byzantine Empire, who declined his request.[66] He then offered peace to the king of the Kidarites, Kunkhas, and offered him his sister in marriage, but sent a woman of low status instead. After some time Kunkhas found about Peroz's false promise, and then in turn tried to trick him, by requesting him to send military experts to strengthen his army.[66] When a group of 300 military experts arrived to the court of Kunkhas at Balaam (possibly Balkh), they were either killed or disfigured and sent back to Iran, with the information that Kunkhas did this due to Peroz's false promise.[66] Around this time, Peroz allied himself with the Hephthalites or the Alchon Huns of Mehama, the ruler of Kadag in eastern Bactria.[67] With their help, he finally vanquished Kidarites in 466, and brought Bactria briefly under Sasanian control, where he issued gold coins of himself at Balkh.[68][27] The style of the gold coin was largely based on the Kidarite coins, and displayed Peroz wearing his second crown.[23][69] The following year (467), a Sasanian embassy arrived to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, where the victory over the Kidarites was announced. The Sasanian embassy sent to the Northern Wei in 468 may have likewise done the same.[70] A coin of the late ruler Goboziko, imitating Sasanian king Bahram IV, in the Bactrian script. Crowned bust right; tamgha before. Fire altar with attendants. Circa mid 5th century CE. Although the Kidarites still controlled some places such as Gandhara and Punjab, they would never be an issue for the Sasanians again.[7] But in India itself, the Kidarites may also have been losing territory to the Gupta Empire, following the 455 victories of Skandagupta.[71] This created a power vacuum, which the Alchon Huns were able to fill, allowing them to reclaim the lost territories of the Kidarites.[71]
   
4. Title: Iranica online - Peroz/Fīrūz I
   Author: . D. H. Bivar, “Die Sasaniden und Türken in Zentralasien” in Fischer Weltgeschichte XVI, Frankfurt am Main, 1966, p. 67. R. C. Blockley, ed., The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire. Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus II: Text, Translation, and Historical Notes, in ARCA Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs 10, Wiltshire, U. K., 1981, pp. 344 ff., 348 ff. W. Ensslin, “Peroz” in Pauly-Wissowa, XIX/1, cols. 887-90. R.N. Frye, “The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians,” in Camb. Hist. Iran III/1, pp. 116-80. Idem, “The History of Iran” in Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft III/7, Munich, 1984. R. Göbl, Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien II, Wiesbaden, 1967. C. D. Gordon, The Age of Attila, Ann Arbor, 1960. Joshua the Stylite, The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite, with a translation by W. Wright, Cambridge, 1882. J. Labourt, Le christianisme dan l’empire perse sous la dynastie Sassanide (221
   Publication: Name: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/firuz-1;
   Note: FĪRŪZ(PĒRŌZ), Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57). After Yazdegerd’s death his other son, Hormozd, hitherto viceroy of Sīstān, was crowned as Hormozd III (q.v.). The relevant sources are not clear as to which of the two sons was the elder. Armenian sources refer to Hormozd as the elder (Patkanian, p. 169), whereas Persian sources have it the other way around (Rawlinson, p. 311). Fīrūz was forced to flee, probably to the Hephtalites (q.v.) who occupied Khorasan at this time. Fīrūz returned after nearly two years, backed by Hephtalite troops as well as Persians under the command of Rahām, of the Mehrān family of nobles (Ensslin, col. 887; Bivar, p. 67;Frye in Camb. Hist. Iran III, p. 147), and defeated Hormozd at Ray. Arthur Christensen (Iran Sass., p. 289, n. 5) rejects the assumption of Hephtalite assistance; he speaks of troops “assembled in the eastern regions,” because, in his opinion, at the time of Yazdegerd’s death the Hephtalites had not yet reached the borders of Persia. During this civil war the ruler of Albania (q.v.) had declared himself independent; thus Fīrūz’s first campaign was directed against this renegade vassal. Fīrūz succeeded in re-establishing peace. In contrast to his father Yazdegerd II, who had sought to convert the Albanians and Armenians to Zoroastrianism, Fīrūz left them in peace (Frye, 1967, p. 321). Ṭabarī (Nöldeke, p. 118) reports, among other things, about Fīrūz, that he showed himself to be just and acted properly and religiously. This probably means that he was quite agreeable to the Zoroastrian priesthood (Christensen, p. 290). Thus we are not surprised to learn that there were persecutions of Christians and Jews within the Sasanian empire (Nöldeke, p. 118, n. 4; Labourt, pp. 129-30). On the other hand, Fīrūz favored the rise of Nestorianism as the official form of the Christian church in Persia. In 484, at the end of Fīrūz’s reign, a council was held in Gondēšāpūr (q.v.) during which Nestorianism was declared to be the doctrine of the Persian Christian church (Labourt, p. 135 ff.; Christensen, p. 291 ff.). A few years into the reign of Fīrūz a seven-year drought occurred, causing a large-scale famine (Rawlinson, p. 313 ff.; Nöldeke, p. 118). Fīrūz endeavored to avert the worst by distributing foodstuffs among the poor, abolishing taxes, and assisting the needy with funds from the treasury. Reports on the extent of the catastrophe may be somewhat exaggerated, given the fact that during this seven-year crisis, some time after 464, Fīrūz prepared a military campaign, probably against the Hunnish tribe of the Kidarites under King Kunkhas (Koúγxas; Priscus in Müller, Fragmenta IV, 33.4, 106; Blockley, II, p. 348 ff.; Moravcsik, II, p. 165; Frye, p. 348). At any rate, in 464 Fīrūz sought the support of the Byzantine emperor Leo I (Priscus in Müller, Fragmenta IV, 31.4, 105; Blockley, p. 344 ff.), but the emperor refused his request. Later, while in Gorgān, Fīrūz received an embassy from the Byzantines, but in the end no agreement was reached (Ensslin, col. 888). Christensen (p. 293) as well as Richard Frye (1967, p. 348)—the latter relying on Priscus—assume that the Sasanians won the war. But the report of Priscus (Blockley, II, pp. 348 ff.) does not convey such a meaning; he indicates instead that the Persians were weary of war and concluded peace with Kunkhas. Moreover, Blockley (p. 396, n. 163), on the basis of his own textual interpretation, which is contrary to that of Müller (Fragmenta) and Gordon (p. 10), is of the view that it was not the Kidarites who had agreed to pay tribute to the Persians, but the other way around. The Persians had then refused to pay, and thus the war had broken out. There are, however, no sources that mention the payment of such tribute to the Kidarites, nor that such tribute had been paid before. In any case, peace was not to last very long. The Saragur tribe, living in the vicinity of the Caucasus (Moravcsik, p. 267), moved in the direction of the Caspian Gate around 466/467, and Fīrūz’s request for help from Byzantium was once again in vain (Priscus in Müller, Fragmenta IV, 37.4, 107; Blockley, II, p. 353 ff.). All the same, the Sasanians managed to ward off the danger. Fīrūz now turned against the Hephtalites (Procopius, de bello Persico, 1.3, 8 ff.). In the course of this campaign, however, in a battle near Gorgān, he and his son Kavād were taken captive (in 469 according to Rawlinson, p. 318, n. 2; Frye in Camb. Hist. Iran III, p. 147; in 465 according to Göbl, II, p. 148). In a treaty with the Hephtalite ruler, Fīrūz was obliged to commit himself to maintain permanent peace and to pay a cash ransom. Joshua the Stylite (section 10) speaks of the ransom comprising twenty mule loads. Only then could Fīrūz and his army depart. His son Kavād, however, was kept hostage for two years by the Hephtalites. In Ṭabarī (I, p. 874; Nöldeke, p. 123), this king of the Hayāṭela (Hephtalites) is called Aḵšonvār (q.v.); Ḵošnavāz in Ferdowsī (Wolff, Glossar, p. 324). According to Nöldeke (p. 123, n. 4), however, there can be no doubt that the name Kunkhas in Priscus is a distortion of Aḵšonvār/Ḵošnavāz. If Nöldeke is correct, the king of the Kidarites was none other than the king of the Hephtalites. After the return of Fīrūz from this lost war, disturbances broke out in Armenia and Iberia. The battles dragged on for several years with varying success for Fīrūz. Although in the end he was able to suppress the revolts in Iberia, the Armenians took advantage of the fact that Fīrūz was planning a new campaign against the Hephtalites. He had never fully recovered from the disgraceful defeat of the first campaign and therefore gathered all his troops together. Although many of his closest advisers and confidants advised him against this undertaking, he began the war ca. 481 (Rawlinson, p. 323, n. 5). The campaign would end with a terrible defeat and the death of Fīrūz and some of his sons (Procopius, de bello Persico, 1.4, 1 ff.) At the end of 483 (Rawlinson, p. 326, n. 2) or more probably 484 (Göbl, II, p. 90; Frye in Camb. Hist. Iran III, p. 148), the decisive battle took place in what is now Afghanistan (near Balḵ?). Subsequently, the Hephtalites pressed into eastern Persia and forced the Persians to pay them an annual tribute. The powerful Sasanian noble families used the death of Fīrūz to set on the throne a king of their choice, namely, Balaš, Fīrūz’s brother, who ruled from 484 to 488.
   
5. Title: Wikipedia - the Hephthalites (442-530)
   Author: Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4. Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). The History of Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-868-2.. 4-volume set. Beckwith, Christopher (2009). Empires of the Silk Road. Princeton University Press. Chegini, N.N.; Nikitin, A.V. "Sasanian Iran – Economy, Society, Arts and Crafts". In Litvinsky, Guang-da & Samghabadi (1996), pp. 35–78. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017a). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Touraj Daryaee (ed.). King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). Ancient Iran Series. Vol. IV. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites;
   Note: (Extract) Ascendancy over the Sasanian Empire (442- c.530 CE) See also: Hephthalite–Persian Wars The Hephthalites were originally vassals of the Rouran Khaganate but split from their overlords in the early fifth century. The next time they were mentioned was in Persian sources as foes of Yazdegerd II (435–457), who from 442, fought 'tribes of the Hephthalites', according to the Armenian Elisee Vardaped. In 453, Yazdegerd moved his court east to deal with the Hephthalites or related groups. In 458, a Hephthalite king called Akhshunwar helped the Sasanian Emperor Peroz I (458–484) gain the Persian throne from his brother.[117] Before his accession to the throne, Peroz had been the Sasanian for Sistan in the far east of the Empire, and therefore had been one of the first to enter into contact with the Hephthalites and request their help.[118] The Hephthalites may have also helped the Sasanians to eliminate another Hunnic tribe, the Kidarites: by 467, Peroz I, with Hephthalite aid, reportedly managed to capture Balaam and put an end to Kidarite rule in Transoxiana once and for all.[119] The weakened Kidarites had to take refuge in the area of Gandhara. Victories over the Sasanian Empire (474–484 CE) Later, however, from 474 CE, Peroz I fought three wars with his former allies the Hephthalites. In the first two, he himself was captured and ransomed.[15] Following his second defeat, he had to offer thirty mules loaded with silver drachms to the Hephthalites, and also had to leave his son Kavad as a hostage.[118] The coinage of Peroz I in effect flooded Tokharistan, taking precedence over all other Sasanian issues.[120] In the third battle, at the Battle of Herat (484), he was vanquished by the Hepthalite king Kun-khi, and for the next two years the Hephthalites plundered and controlled the eastern part of the Sasanian Empire.[117][121] Perozdukht, the daughter of Peroz, was captured and became a lady at the Hephthalite court, as Queen of King Kun-khi.[121] She became pregnant and had a daughter who would later marry her uncle Kavad I.[118] From 474 until the middle of the 6th century, the Sasanian Empire paid tribute to the Hephthalites. Bactria came under formal Hephthalite rule from that time.[2] Taxes were levied by the Hephthalites over the local population: a contract in the Bactrian language from the archive of the Kingdom of Rob, has been found, which mentions taxes from the Hephthalites, requiring the sale of land in order to pay these taxes. It is dated to 483/484 CE.[2] Hephthalite coinage With the Sasanian Empire paying a heavy tribute, from 474, the Hephthalites themselves adopted the winged, triple-crescent crown of Peroz I as the design for their coinage.[15] Benefiting from the influx of Sasanian silver coins, the Hephthalites did not develop their own coinage: they either minted coins with the same designs as the Sasanians, or simply countermarked Sasanian coins with their own symbols.[2] They did not inscribe the name of their ruler, contrary to the habit of the Alchon Huns or the Kidarites before them.[2] Exceptionally, one coin type deviates from the Sasanian design, by showing the bust of a Hephthalite prince holding a drinking cup.[2] Overall, the Sasanians paid "an enormous tribute" to the Hephthalites, until the 530s and the rise of Khosrow I.[77] Protectors of Kavad Following their victory over Peroz I, the Hephthalites became protectors and benefactors of his son Kavad I, as Balash, a brother of Peroz took the Sasanian throne.[118] In 488, a Hephthalite army vanquished the Sasanian army of Balash, and was able to put Kavad I (488–496, 498–531) on the throne.[118] In 496–498, Kavad I was overthrown by the nobles and clergy, escaped, and restored himself with a Hephthalite army. Joshua the Stylite reports numerous instances in which Kavadh led Hepthalite ("Hun") troops, in the capture of the city of Theodosiupolis of Armenia in 501–502, in battles against the Romans in 502–503, and again during the siege of Edessa in September 503.[117][122][123] Hephthalites in Tokharistan (466 CE) Around 461–462 CE, an Alchon Hun ruler named Mehama is known to have been based in Eastern Tokharistan, possibly indicating a partition of the region between the Hephthalites in western Tokharistan, centered on Balkh, and the Alchon Huns in eastern Tokharistan, who would then go on to expand into northern India.[126] Mehama appears in a letter in the Bactrian language he wrote in 461–462 CE, where he describes himself as "Meyam, King of the people of Kadag, the governor of the famous and prosperous King of Kings Peroz".[126] Kadag is Kadagstan, an area in southern Bactria, in the region of Baghlan. Significantly, he presents himself as a vassal of the Sasanian Empire king Peroz I, but Mehama was probably later able to wrestle autonomy or even independence as Sasanian power waned and he moved into India, with dire consequences for the Gupta Empire.[126][127][128] The Hepthalites probably expanded into Tokharistan following the destruction of the Kidarites in 466. The presence of the Hepthalites in Tokharistan (Bactria) is securely dated to 484 CE, date of a tax receipt from the Kingdom of Rob mentioning the need to sell some land in order to pay Hephthalite taxes.[129] Two documents were also found, with dates from the period from 492 to 527 CE, mentioning taxes paid to Hephthalite rulers. Another, undated documents, mentions scribal and judiciary functions under the Hephthalites: Sartu, the son of Hwade-gang, the prosperous Yabghu of the Hepthalite people (ebodalo shabgo); Haru Rob, the scribe of the Hephthalite ruler (ebodalo eoaggo), the judge of Tokharistan and Gharchistan. — Document of the Kingdom of Rob.[130]