Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus Imperador Romano

• Preferred Name: Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus Imperador Romano^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}
  
• Alternate Name: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Emperor of Rome
  
• Alternate Name: Marcus Annius Verus
  
• Alternate Name: Empire Marcus Aurelius Antonius Verus of the Roman Empire Augustus
  
• Gender: M
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Emperor of RomeBET 161 AND 180
  
• FSID: L66Z-3LH
  
• Death: 17 MAR 180 in Pannonia, Roman Empire at LATI: N7 LONG: E9
  
• Birth: 26 APR 121 in Roma, Roman Empire at LATI: N1.9 LONG: E2.4833
  
• Burial: in Mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome, Italy, Roman Empire
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Wikipedia: (translation has been moved to sources)
  
  Marcus Aurelius (/ɔːˈriːliəs/; Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus;[1][notes 1] Espejo, 26 April 121 AD – Vienna, 17 March 180 AD) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
  
  During his reign, the Empire defeated a revitalized Parthian Empire in the East; Aurelius' general Avidius Cassius sacked the capital Ctesiphon in 164. In central Europe, Aurelius fought the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians with success during the Marcomannic Wars, with the threat of the Germanic tribes beginning to represent a troubling reality for the Empire. A revolt in the East led by Avidius Cassius failed to gain momentum and was suppressed immediately.
  
  Marcus Aurelius' Stoic tome Meditations, written in Greek while on campaign between 170 and 180, is still revered as a literary monument to a philosophy of service and duty, describing how to find and preserve equanimity in the midst of conflict by following nature as a source of guidance and inspiration.
  
  Early life and career of Marcus Aurelius
  
  Marcus' family originated in Ucubi, a small town southeast of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. The family rose to prominence in the late 1st century AD. Marcus' great-grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (I) was a senator and (according to the Historia Augusta) ex-praetor; in 73–74, his grandfather, Marcus Annius Verus (II), was made a patrician.[11][notes 2] Verus' elder son—Marcus Aurelius' father—Marcus Annius Verus (III) married Domitia Lucilla.[14]
  
  Lucilla was the daughter of the patrician P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso and the elder Domitia Lucilla. The elder Domitia Lucilla had inherited a great fortune (described at length in one of Pliny's letters) from her maternal grandfather and her paternal grandfather by adoption.[15] The younger Lucilla would acquire much of her mother's wealth, including a large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome—a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom.[16]
  
  Lucilla and Verus (III) had two children: a son, Marcus, born on 26 April 121, and a daughter, Annia Cornificia Faustina, probably born in 122 or 123.[18] Verus (III) probably died in 124, during his praetorship, when Marcus was only three years old.[19][notes 3] Though he can hardly have known him, Marcus Aurelius wrote in his Meditations that he had learned "modesty and manliness" from his memories of his father and from the man's posthumous reputation.[21] Lucilla did not remarry.[19]
  
  Lucilla, following prevailing aristocratic customs, probably did not spend much time with her son. Marcus was in the care of "nurses".[22] Even so, Marcus credits his mother with teaching him "religious piety, simplicity in diet" and how to avoid "the ways of the rich".[23] In his letters, Marcus makes frequent and affectionate reference to her; he was grateful that, "although she was fated to die young, yet she spent her last years with me".[24]
  
  After his father's death, Aurelius was adopted by his paternal grandfather Marcus Annius Verus (II).[25] Another man, Lucius Catilius Severus, also participated in his upbringing. Severus is described as Marcus' "maternal great-grandfather"; he is probably the stepfather of the elder Lucilla.[25] Marcus was raised in his parents' home on the Caelian Hill, a district he would affectionately refer to as "my Caelian".[26]
  
  It was an upscale region, with few public buildings but many aristocratic villas. Marcus' grandfather owned his own palace beside the Lateran, where Marcus would spend much of his childhood.[27] Marcus thanks his grandfather for teaching him "good character and avoidance of bad temper".[28] He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of Rupilia Faustina, his wife.[29] Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did.[30]
  
  Marcus was taught at home, in line with contemporary aristocratic trends;[31] Marcus thanks Catilius Severus for encouraging him to avoid public schools.[32] One of his teachers, Diognetus, a painting-master, proved particularly influential; he seems to have introduced Marcus to the philosophic way of life.[33] In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed.[34]
  
  A new set of tutors—Alexander of Cotiaeum, Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus[notes 4]—took over Marcus' education in about 132 or 133.[36] Little is known of the latter two (both teachers of Latin), but Alexander was a major littérateur, the leading Homeric scholar of his day.[37] Marcus thanks Alexander for his training in literary styling.[38] Alexander's influence—an emphasis on matter over style, on careful wording, with the occasional Homeric quotation—has been detected in Marcus' Meditations.[39]
  
  Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 13 children during their 30-year marriage,[126][306] including two sets of twins.[126][307] One son and four daughters outlived their father.[308] Their children included:
  
  Domitia Faustina (147–151)[126][138][309]
  Titus Aelius Antoninus (149)[129][307][310]
  Titus Aelius Aurelius (149)[129][307][310]
  Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla (150[132][309]–182[311]), married her father's co-ruler Lucius Verus,[138] then Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, had issue from both marriages
  Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (born 151),[134] married Gnaeus Claudius Severus, had a son
  Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born 152, died before 156)[134]
  Unknown child (died before 158)[136]
  Annia Aurelia Fadilla (born 159[309][136]),[138] married Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus, had issue
  Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (born 160[309][136]),[138] married Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus, had a son
  Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus[310]
  Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus (Commodus) (161–192),[312] twin brother of Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor,[310][313] married Bruttia Crispina, no issue
  Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162[260]–169[306][314])[138]
  Hadrianus[138]
  Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170[310]– died before 217[315]),[138] married Lucius Antistius Burrus, no issue
  
  Marcus Aurelius
  Marcus Aurelius (/ɔːˈriːliəs/; Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus;[1][notes 1] Rome, 26 April 121 AD – Vienna, 17 March 180 AD) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as
  
  Meditation by Marcus Aurelius
  Book written by Marcus Aurelius, citation bellow:
  
  Aurelius, M. (1850). The thoughts of the emperor M. Aurelius Antonius. New York: Platt & Peck Co.
  
  Marcus Aurelius Emperor of Rome
  https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius
  
  Wikipedia
  Marcus was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. His father died when he was three, and his mother and grandfathe
  
  Roman Emperor 161-180 AD
  (Latin: [ˈmaːr.kus̠ auˈreː.li.us̠ an.toː.ˈniː.nus̠]; English: /ɔːˈriːliəs/ aw-REE-lee-əs;[2] 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last
  
  === Additional goodsite ===
  http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/rome/a/blaurelius.htm "Last of the five "good" Emporers

1. Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antonius Rome, b. 31 AUG 161 in Lanuvium, Latium now Lanuvio, Italia     d. 31 DEC 192 in Murdered in his Bath at Vectilian Villa, Rōma, Lazio, Italia

• m. 147 in Roma, Lazio, Italien

1. Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla Empress Of The Roman Empire, b. 7 MAR 148 in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy     d. 182 in Capri, Anacapri, Naples, Campania, Italy
2. Annia Aurelia Fadilla , b. 159     d. AFT 211

1. Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antonius Rome, b. 31 AUG 161 in Lanuvium, Latium now Lanuvio, Italia     d. 31 DEC 192 in Murdered in his Bath at Vectilian Villa, Rōma, Lazio, Italia

• m. APR 145

1. Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla Empress Of The Roman Empire, b. 7 MAR 148 in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy     d. 182 in Capri, Anacapri, Naples, Campania, Italy

1. Title: Marcus Aurelius, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-T1SM : 24 May 2022), Marcus Aurelius, ; Burial, Rome, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy, Mausoleum of Hadrian; citing record ID 35001023, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK9-T1SM;
   
2. Title: Geni
   Publication: Name: https://www.geni.com/people/Marcus-Aurelius-Roman-Emperor/6000000002006109656?through=6000000003645864052;
   
3. Title: Roman Emperors.org
   Publication: Name: http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm;
   Note: He was born M. Annius Verus on April 26, 121, the scion of a distinguished family of Spanish origin (PIR2 A697). His father was Annius Verus (PIR2 A696), his mother Domitia Lucilla (PIR2 D183). His grandfather held his second consulate in that year and went on to reach a third in 126, a rare distinction in the entire history of the principate, and also served Hadrian as city prefect.[[1]] The youth's education embraced both rhetoric and philosophy; his manner was serious, his intellectual pursuits deep and devoted, so that the emperor Hadrian took an interest in him and called him "Verissimus," "Most truthful," by punning on his name.[[2]] He received public honors from an early age and seems to have long been in Hadrian's mind as a potential successor. When Hadrian's first choice as successor, L. Ceionius Commodus, died before his adoptive father, the second choice proved more fruitful. The distinguished senator T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus, from Cisalpine Gaul, did succeed Hadrian, whose arrangements for the succession planned for the next generation as well. He required Antoninus to adopt the young Verus, now to be known as M. Aelius Aurelius Verus, as well as Commodus' son, henceforth known as L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus (PIR2 C606). The former was a bit more than seventeen years old, the latter was eight. Career under Antoninus Pius The long tenure of Antoninus Pius proved one of the most peaceful and prosperous in Roman history. The emperor himself was disinclined to military undertakings and never left Italy during his reign. Disturbances to the pax Romana occurred on the fringes of empire. Responses were decisive and successful, with legates in charge in the provinces. As a consequence, neither Caesar gained military experience nor was shown to the armies, a failing which later could have proved decisive and disastrous. Marcus rose steadily through the cursus honorum, holding consulates in 140 and 145, combining magistracies with priesthoods. He received the tribunicia potestas in 147, and perhaps also imperium proconsulare. Yet he never neglected the artes liberales. His closest contacts were with Fronto (c.95-c.160), the distinguished rhetorician and orator.[[3]] His acquaintance included many other distinguished thinkers, such as Herodes Atticus (c.95-177), the Athenian millionaire and sophist,[[4]] and Aelius Aristides (117-c.181), two of whose great speeches have survived and which reveal much of the mood and beliefs of the age.[[5]] Yet it was Epictetus (c.50-c.120) who had the greatest philosophical impact [[6]] and made him a firm Stoic.[[7]] In the year 161 Marcus celebrated his fortieth birthday, a figure of noble appearance and unblemished character. He was leading a life which gave him as much honor and glory as he could have desired, probably much more than his private nature enjoyed, yet his life, and that of the empire, was soon to change. The emperor died on March 7, but not before clearly indicating to magistrates and senate alike his desire that Marcus succeed him by having the statue of Fortuna, which had been in his bedroom, transferred to Marcus.[[8]] There was no opposition, no contrary voice, to his succession. He immediately chose his brother as co-emperor, as Hadrian had planned. From the beginning of the year they were joint consuls and held office for the entire year. Their official titulature was now Imperator Caesar M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and Imperator Caesar L. Aurelius Verus Augustus. The military qualities adumbrated by the word Imperator were soon much in demand, for the empire was under pressure in the year 161 in Britain, in Raetia, and in the east, where Parthia once again posed a significant danger.[[9]] Family As part of Hadrian's plans for his succession, when Ceionius Commodus was his choice, Marcus was betrothed to the latter's daughter. But when Ceionius died and Antoninus became Hadrian's successor, that arrangement was nullified and Marcus was chosen for the Emperor's daughter, the younger Faustina (PIR2 A716). She had been born in 129, was hence eight years younger than he. They were married in 145; the marriage endured for thirty years. She bore him thirteen children, of whom several died young; the most important were a daughter, Lucilla, and a son Commodus. Lucilla was deployed for political purposes, married first to Lucius Verus in 164, when she was seventeen, and then, after his death, to Claudius Pompeianus Quintianus of Antioch, a much older man who was an important associate of her father (PIR2 C973).[[19]]Commodus became joint-emperor with his father in 177 and three years later ruled alone. Faustina's reputation suffered much abuse. She was accused of employing poison and of murdering people, as well as being free with her favors with gladiators, sailors, and also men of rank, particularly Avidius Cassius. Yet Marcus trusted her implicitly and defended her vigorously. She accompanied him on several campaigns and was honored with the title mater castrorum. She was with him in camp at Halala in southern Cappadocia in the winter of 175 when she died in an accident. Marcus dedicated a temple to her honor and had the name of the city changed to Faustinopolis. [[20]] Death and Succession In early 180, while Marcus and Commodus were fighting in the north, Marcus became ill. Which disease carried him off we do not know, but for some days Marcus took no food or drink, being now eager to die.[[21]] He died on March 17, in the city of Vindobona, although one source reports that it was in Sirmium. His ashes were brought to Rome and placed in Hadrian's mausoleum. Commodus succeeded to all power without opposition, and soon withdrew from the war, thereby stymieing his father's designs and ambitions. It was a change of rulers that proved disastrous for people and empire. Dio called the succession a change from a golden kingdom to one of iron and rust.[[22]] Reputation Gibbon called Marcus "that philosophic monarch,"[[23]] a combination of adjective and noun which sets Marcus apart from all other Roman emperors. His renown has, in subsequent centuries, suffered little, although he was by no means a "perfect" person. He was perhaps too tolerant of other people's failings,[[24]] he himself used opium.[[25]] The abundance of children whom his wife bore him included, alas, a male who was to prove one of Rome's worst rulers. How much better it would have been if Marcus had had no son and had chosen a successor by adoption, so that the line of the five good emperors, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus, could have been extended. It was not to be, and for that Marcus must accept some responsibility. Yet he was a man of ability and a sense of duty who sacrificed his own delights and interests to the well-being of the state. He was capax imperii, he did his best, and history has been kind to him. As Hamlet said to Horatio, when awaiting the appearance of the ghost of his father, "He was a man! Take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again." (I 2, 187-88) His memory remains vivid and tactile because of the famous column, the equestrian statue, and his slender volume of thoughts, written in Greek, the Meditations,[[26]] from which I choose two quotations with which to conclude: "If mind is common to us, then also the reason, whereby we are reasoning beings, is common. If this be so, then also the reason which enjoins what is to be done or left undone is common. If this be so, law also is common; if this be so, we are citizens; if this be so, we are partakers in one constitution; if this be so, the Universe is a kind of Commonwealth." (4.4) "At dawn of day, when you dislike being called, have this thought ready: 'I am called to man's labour; why then do I make a difficulty if I am going out to do what I was born to do and what I was brought into the world for?'" (5.1; both in Farquharson's translation)
   
4. Title: Find a Grave
   Publication: Name: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/35001023/marcus-aurelius;
   
5. Title: Wikipedia - Portuguese Life Sketch
   Note: Marcus Aurelius (/ ɔ ː ri ː liəs /; latim: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, [1] [nota 1] Espejo, 26 de abril de 121 AD - Viena, 17 de março de 180 dC). Era imperador romano 161-180 Governou com Lúcio Vero como co -imperador de 161 até a morte Verus 'em 169. Ele foi o último dos cinco bons imperadores, e também é considerado um dos mais importantes filósofos estóicos. Durante o seu reinado, o Império derrotado um Império Parto revitalizada no Oriente; Aurélio geral Avidius Cassius demitido da capital Ctesifonte em 164. Na Europa central, Aurélio combateu o Marcomanni, Quadi e sármatas com sucesso durante as Guerras Marcomannic, com a ameaça de as tribos germânicas que começam a representar uma realidade preocupante para o Império. A revolta no Oriente liderada por Avidius Cassius não conseguiu ganhar impulso e foi suprimido imediatamente. Meditações tome estóicos Marcus Aurelius ", escritos em grego, enquanto em campanha entre 170 e 180, ainda é reverenciado como um monumento literário a uma filosofia de serviço e dever, descrevendo como encontrar e preservar a serenidade no meio do conflito, seguindo a natureza como um fonte de orientação e inspiração. Ver artigo principal: Início da vida e carreira de Marco Aurélio Família de Marcus teve origem na Ucubi, uma pequena cidade ao sudeste de Córdoba em Baetica Ibérica. A família chegou à fama no final dos anos século 1 dC. Marcus bisavô Marcus Annius Verus (I) era um senador e (de acordo com a Historia Augusta) ex-pretor; em 73-74, o seu avô, Marcus Annius Verus (II), foi feito um patrício. [11] [nota 2] Verus 'mais velho filho Marco Aurélio' pai-Marcus Annius Verus (III) casado Domitia Lucilla. [14] Estátua de jovem Marco Aurélio de uma coleção particular no Museu de Arte San Antonio Lucila era a filha do patrício P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso eo ancião Domitia Lucilla. O ancião Domitia Lucilla tinha herdado uma grande fortuna (descrito no comprimento em uma das cartas de Plínio) a partir de seu avô materno e seu avô paterno por adoção. [15] O Lucilla mais jovem iria adquirir grande parte da riqueza de sua mãe, incluindo uma grande olarias no arredores de Roma-uma empresa rentável em uma época em que a cidade estava passando por um boom de construção. [16] Um busto de Marco Aurélio como um jovem rapaz (Museo Capitolino). Anthony Birley, biógrafo moderno de Marcus, escreve sobre o busto:. "Este é certamente um jovem túmulo" [17] Lucilla e Verus (III) tiveram dois filhos:. Um filho, Marcus, nascido em 26 de abril de 121, e uma filha, Annia Cornificia Faustina, provavelmente nasceu em 122 ou 123 [18] Verus (III) provavelmente morreu em 124, durante a sua pretor, quando Marcus tinha apenas três anos de idade. [19] [nota 3] Embora ele dificilmente pode tê-lo conhecido, Marco Aurélio escreveu em suas Meditações que tinha aprendido "modéstia e virilidade" de suas memórias de seu pai e do homem reputação póstuma [21]. Lucilla não se casar novamente. [19] Retrato do imperador Marcus Aurelius - Palazzo Nuovo (Musei Capitolini). Lucilla, seguindo prevalecente costumes aristocráticos, provavelmente não gastar muito tempo com seu filho. Marcus estava sob os cuidados de "enfermeiros". [22] Mesmo assim, Marcus credita sua mãe com a ensinar-lhe "piedade religiosa, a simplicidade na dieta" e como evitar "os caminhos do rico". [23] Em suas cartas, Marcus faz referência freqüente e carinhoso com ela; ele estava grato que, "embora ela estava fadado a morrer jovem, mas ela passou seus últimos anos comigo". [24] Após a morte de seu pai, Aurélio foi adotado por seu avô paterno Marcus Annius Verus (II). [25] Um outro homem, Lucius Catilius Severo, também participou de sua criação. Severo é descrito como Marcus "bisavô materno"; ele é provavelmente o padrasto da Lucilla mais velho. [25] Marcus foi criado na casa de seus pais no Monte Célio, um distrito que ele carinhosamente se referem como "o meu Célio". [26] Era uma região de alto nível, com poucos edifícios públicos, mas muitas moradias aristocráticas. Avô Marcus 'dono de seu próprio palácio ao lado do Latrão, onde Marcus iria gastar boa parte de sua infância. [27] Marcus graças seu avô para ensinar-lhe "bom caráter e prevenção de mau humor". [28] Ele foi menos gostava do amante seu avô tomou e viveu com após a morte de Rupilia Faustina, sua mulher. [29] Marcus estava grata que ele não tem que viver com ela mais do que ele. [30] From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Marcus_Aurelius_Antoninus_Augustus Marcus Aurelius (/ɔːˈriːliəs/; Latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus;[1][notes 1] Espejo, 26 April 121 AD – Vienna, 17 March 180 AD) was Roman Emperor from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors, and is also considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.
   
6. Title: Wikipedia Marcus Aurelius
   Author: The major sources for the life and rule of Marcus Aurelius are patchy and frequently unreliable. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the Historia Augusta, claim to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century, but are in fact written by a single author (referred to here as "the biographer") from the later 4th century
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius;
   Note: his life, early life, heir to the throne, rule, wars, and family.
   Page: to provide better information, conformation birth and death and family members.