Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus Pulcher

• Preferred Name: Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus Pulcher ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
  
• Alternate Name: Appius Claudius Pulcher
  
• Gender: M
  
• Nickname:
  
• Burial: in Evrípedhon, Drama, Greece at LATI: N1.1038 LONG: E4.2795 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Death: 24 JUN 42 BC in BC, Philippi, Macedonia, Greece at LATI: N1 LONG: E3 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Occupation: Roman Senator
  
• FSID: G6RP-YX6
  
• Birth: BEF 93 BC in BC, Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy at LATI: N1.9051 LONG: E2.4971 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (born no later than 93 BC[1] - died 42 BC) was a senator of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii. According to Suetonius, Drusus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus. He was descended from Caecus via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Caecus's great-grandson. His daughter Livia became the wife of the first Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was a direct ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero not through this marriage, which produced no children, but through Livia's first marriage.
  
  Biography
  Background
  As a Pulchri, Claudianus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus through his son Publius Claudius Pulcher. Claudianus descended via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Publius Claudius Pulcher's son or grandson.
  
  Antiquarian Bartolomeo Borghesi suggested that his biological father could have been either Appius Claudius Pulcher (military tribune in the year 87 BC) or the Gaius Claudius Pulcher (legate or preator in 73 BC); both of these men were sons of Gaius Claudius Pulcher (consul in 130 BC).[2] Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul of 79 BC); and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (the consul of 92 BC), have been postulated by Ronald Syme.[3][a] Susan Treggiari has speculated that his mother might have been a sister of Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, this explaining his adoption by Drusus,[5] since Drusus had at least two other nephews whom he chose Claudianus over.[b] Adopted fathers and sons were often closely related[8] and adoption of a sororal nephew was especially common in Rome.[9][10]
  
  Early life
  Little is known about the circumstances leading to Claudianus's adoption by Marcus Livius Drusus.[3] He was unusually young at the time of adoption (likely a small child, if not an infant),[11][c] as most other adoption in ancient Rome happened with the adoptee as adults. In accordance with convention, his name was changed from Appius Claudius Pulcher to Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, in honour of his adoptive father.[12] Drusus may have been married to a Servilia at the time, whom would have been Claudianus adoptive mother.[13] Since the death of his adopted father's sister Livia Drusa, he was likely raised together with her children Servilia Major, Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, Servilia Minor, Porcia and Cato in Drusus's household.[14] Drusus was assassinated in 91 BC[15] and Claudianus presumably inherited all his immense wealth.[1]
  
  Career
  Claudianus was praetor of Rome in 50 BC and presided over a court case brought under the Lex Scantinia. Caelius, writing to Cicero, seems to find the situation ironic.[16]
  
  In 45 BC, Cicero had purchased gardens owned by Claudianus in Rome. Claudianus was a supporter of the Roman Republic and was among those who opposed the rule and dictatorship of Julius Caesar, assassinated in 44 BC by Brutus and Cassius.
  
  In 42 BC, Claudianus arranged for his daughter Livia Drusilla to marry his kinsman Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became the parents of future Roman Emperor Tiberius and the general Nero Claudius Drusus. Through this second grandson, Claudianus was a direct ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius, and Nero.
  
  Death
  Claudianus became a supporter of Brutus and Cassius and joined them in the war against Octavian and Mark Antony. The decision would have serious consequences for him and for Livia's family. He fought alongside Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. When Brutus and Cassius were defeated, they committed suicide. Claudianus killed himself in his tent to avoid being captured alive by the victors.
  
  Family
  Claudianus married a woman of plebeian status called Alfidia. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC–29). The usage of the nickname "Drusilla" might imply that she had an older sister.[17] Claudianus relatively advanced age at the time of his marriage to Alfidia could indicate that he had been married before.[1]
  
  It is also probable that he had a biological son named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two daughters named Livia Pulchra[18] and Livia Livilla. This son may have died in battle after the assassination of Julius Caesar, or been proscribed and killed by the Second
  Triumvirate.[19]
  
  He also adopted as his son Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.[20][21] This was likely a testamentary adoption. Adoptions of that sort was mostly carried out because a man lacked legitimate sons who could carry on their name and estate,[22] perhaps implying that if Claudianus had ever had a son, he was likely dead before his father wrote his will.[d]

1. Livia Julia Drusilla Augusta of Rome, b. 30 JAN 59 BC in Roma, Roman Republic     d. 28 SEP 29 BC in Roma, Roman Republic

1. Title: Wikipedia - Gens Claudia
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_gens;
   Note: Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, consul in 54 BC, and censor in 50. Gaius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, praetor in 56 BC. Publius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, contrived to become tribune of the plebs; he was adopted by a plebeian, and affected the nomen Clodius, obtaining the tribunician power in 58 BC. Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., married, around her father's consulship in 54 BC, Brutus, who later divorced her without explanation.[59] Gaius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, adopted by his uncle, Appius, whose praenomen he assumed. He and his brother prosecuted Titus Annius Milo in 51 BC. He is probably the same Appius Claudius Pulcher who was consul in 38 BC, but that may have been his brother. Appius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, joined his brother in prosecuting Milo; he was later impeached for extortion by the Servilii.
   
2. Title: Web: Netherlands, GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-Current
   Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.ca/collections/9289/records/25957047;
   
3. Title: Wikipedia -Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus aka Appius Claudius Pulcher
   Author: Dennison, Matthew (2011). Livia, Empress of Rome: A Biography. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 9781429989190. ^ Cornelius Tacitus, Publius (1872). The Annals of Tacitus with a Commentary by the Rev. Percival Frost, M.A. Whittaker & Company. p. 228. ^ Jump up to: a b Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Livia: First Lady of Imperial Rome (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9780300127164. ^ Istituto italiana per la storia antica (1968). Miscellanea Greca e Romana. Studi pubblicati dall'Istituto italiano per la storia antica. 2–3. Rome: University of Wisconsin - Madison. p. 353. ^ Treggiari, Susan (2019). Servilia and her Family. Oxford University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780192564641. ^ Münzer, Friedrich (1999). Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families. Translated by Ridley, Thirhse; Ridley, Therese (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 275.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_Claudianus;
   Note: Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus (born no later than 93 BC[1] - died 42 BC) was a senator of the Roman Republic. He was born with the name Appius Claudius Pulcher, into the patrician family of the Claudii. According to Suetonius, Drusus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus. He was descended from Caecus via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Caecus's great-grandson. His daughter Livia became the wife of the first Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was a direct ancestor of the Julio-Claudian emperors Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero not through this marriage, which produced no children, but through Livia's first marriage. Biography Background As a Pulchri, Claudianus was a direct descendant of the consul and censor Appius Claudius Caecus through his son Publius Claudius Pulcher. Claudianus descended via the first Appius Claudius Pulcher, who was consul in 212 BC and Publius Claudius Pulcher's son or grandson. Antiquarian Bartolomeo Borghesi suggested that his biological father could have been either Appius Claudius Pulcher (military tribune in the year 87 BC) or the Gaius Claudius Pulcher (legate or preator in 73 BC); both of these men were sons of Gaius Claudius Pulcher (consul in 130 BC).[2] Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul of 79 BC); and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (the consul of 92 BC), have been postulated by Ronald Syme.[3][a] Susan Treggiari has speculated that his mother might have been a sister of Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, this explaining his adoption by Drusus,[5] since Drusus had at least two other nephews whom he chose Claudianus over.[b] Adopted fathers and sons were often closely related[8] and adoption of a sororal nephew was especially common in Rome.[9][10] Early life Little is known about the circumstances leading to Claudianus's adoption by Marcus Livius Drusus.[3] He was unusually young at the time of adoption (likely a small child, if not an infant),[11][c] as most other adoption in ancient Rome happened with the adoptee as adults. In accordance with convention, his name was changed from Appius Claudius Pulcher to Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, in honour of his adoptive father.[12] Drusus may have been married to a Servilia at the time, whom would have been Claudianus adoptive mother.[13] Since the death of his adopted father's sister Livia Drusa, he was likely raised together with her children Servilia Major, Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, Servilia Minor, Porcia and Cato in Drusus's household.[14] Drusus was assassinated in 91 BC[15] and Claudianus presumably inherited all his immense wealth.[1] Career Claudianus was praetor of Rome in 50 BC and presided over a court case brought under the Lex Scantinia. Caelius, writing to Cicero, seems to find the situation ironic.[16] In 45 BC, Cicero had purchased gardens owned by Claudianus in Rome. Claudianus was a supporter of the Roman Republic and was among those who opposed the rule and dictatorship of Julius Caesar, assassinated in 44 BC by Brutus and Cassius. In 42 BC, Claudianus arranged for his daughter Livia Drusilla to marry his kinsman Tiberius Claudius Nero, who became the parents of future Roman Emperor Tiberius and the general Nero Claudius Drusus. Through this second grandson, Claudianus was a direct ancestor to the Roman Emperors Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. Death Claudianus became a supporter of Brutus and Cassius and joined them in the war against Octavian and Mark Antony. The decision would have serious consequences for him and for Livia's family. He fought alongside Brutus and Cassius at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. When Brutus and Cassius were defeated, they committed suicide. Claudianus killed himself in his tent to avoid being captured alive by the victors. Family Claudianus married a woman of plebeian status called Alfidia. They had at least one child: a daughter Livia Drusilla (58 BC–29). The usage of the nickname "Drusilla" might imply that she had an older sister.[17] Claudianus relatively advanced age at the time of his marriage to Alfidia could indicate that he had been married before.[1] It is also probable that he had a biological son named Gaius Livius Drusus who had two daughters named Livia Pulchra[18] and Livia Livilla. This son may have died in battle after the assassination of Julius Caesar, or been proscribed and killed by the Second Triumvirate.[19] He also adopted as his son Marcus Livius Drusus Libo.[20][21] This was likely a testamentary adoption. Adoptions of that sort was mostly carried out because a man lacked legitimate sons who could carry on their name and estate,[22] perhaps implying that if Claudianus had ever had a son, he was likely dead before his father wrote his will.[d]
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_79_BC);
   Note: Appius Claudius Pulcher (97 BC – 49 BC) was a Roman patrician, politician and general in the first century BC. He was consul of the Roman Republic in 54 BC. He was an expert in Roman law and antiquities, especially the esoteric lore of the augural college of which he was a controversial member. He was head of the senior line of the most powerful family of the patrician Claudii. The Claudii were one of the five leading families ("gentes maiores" or "Greater Clans") which had dominated Roman social and political life from the earliest years of the republic. He is best known as the recipient of 13 of the extant letters in Cicero's "ad Familiares" corpus (the whole of book III), which date from winter 53-52 to summer 50 BC. Regrettably they do not include any of Appius' replies to Cicero as extant texts of any sort by members of Rome's ruling aristocracy are quite rare, apart from those of Julius Caesar. He is also well known for being the older brother of the infamous Clodius and Clodia. Augur, scholar, author, orator The date of his co-option into the augural college is not known, but more likely early in life than later owing to his acknowledged expertise in augural lore, upon which he published. Most likely he succeeded his father (if the latter was one of Sulla's new augurs created in 81 BC), but in any case since the augural college remained organized on a curiate (antique clan-based) system, he must have succeeded to a vacated patrician augurate. As an augur he engaged in heated debate with his senior colleague C. Claudius Marcellus (praetor 80 BC), who maintained that augury was established from a belief in divination but perpetuated through political expediency, while Appius strongly advocated an extreme traditionalist view upholding the authenticity of the craft and eventually published a noted Liber auguralis which included a good deal of polemic directed against "Marcelline" modernity. His typically Claudian arrogance, so evident from Cicero's correspondence with him and with Marcus Caelius Rufus, is also mentioned in a letter to Cicero from Publius Vatinius (consul 47 BC), who was Caesar's nominee to take Appius' place in the augural college after the latter's death: "Upon my word, I could not face it out, not if I had the impudence of Appius, in whose place I was elected." (translation by D.R. Shackleton Bailey) It was also characteristic of him that he was fascinated by Athenian antiquities, but not what attracted many prominent Romans to Athens at the time: its fame as the greatest university city in the Greek-inhabited world (the "oikoumene") where all the chief philosophical schools were based. He was busy in Greece in 62-61 BC when his wild youngest brother Publius Clodius Pulcher got himself into trouble for violating the rites of the Bona Dea and was prosecuted for "incestus," but it is not known in what capacity. Cicero wrote to Marcus Brutus as follows in his treatise on the history of Roman rhetoric and orators ("Brutus" 267): "Also of those who fell in that same war there are M. Bibulus, who wrote with accuracy as well, particularly since he was no orator, and resolutely conducted many suits; Appius Claudius your father-in-law, my colleague and friend. By then he was studious enough and both very learned and experienced as orator, as well as a true expert in augural and all public law, and in our antiquities." Lineage Eldest son and chief heir of Appius Claudius Pulcher (cos.79), whom he succeeded as head of the main line of Claudii Pulchri when Appius "pater" died campaigning in the Rhodope Mountains as Macedonian commander in 76 BC. Heir of a diverse political heritage: his father was an optimate, or Aristocratic party supporter of Sulla during the first civil war, his grandfather the leading supporter of the radical populares Tiberius Gracchus (tr.p. 133) who was his son-in-law. Early career, 76-67 BC His father's death left him head of his powerful family aged 20 or 21, but encumbered with two younger brothers, two unmarried sisters and little funds. This was only relative poverty, but it proves the integrity of his father, who obviously did not profit much, if at all, from the proscription period when less scrupulous characters, most notoriously Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Curio "pater," made enormous fortunes from the confiscated properties of Sulla's Marian victims. Appius found generous help from Lucius Licinius Lucullus, who upon returning from his African propraetorship in 75 BC agreed to marry the youngest sister without a dowry. He also handed over a significant legacy to Appius, who in later life marked his household's return to opulent circumstances from this gift. Appius quickly returned the favor in political life. A promising young orator, the same year he agreed to prosecute A. Terentius Varro (praetor 77), recently returned from his Asian command. Varro was a close friend and relative of Lucullus and of the chief advocate of his defence Quintus Hortensius, Rome's leading orator at the time. But Varro was apparently so guilty that Hortensius resorted to dirty tricks which involved marking the ballots of the judges he had bribed, which caused a public scandal. Appius' good relations with Varro's family endured. Varro's homonymous son (born c. 80 BC) was later one of his closest friends, serving as quaestor in the year of Appius' death, and later one of the most contentious and interesting characters of the early Augustan regime in modern scholarship: A. Terentius Varro Murena, who died in the early weeks (or days) of his consulate in 23 BC. He served on the staff of his brother-in-law Lucullus, commander-in-chief of the Roman armies in Asia during the first half of the Third Mithridatic War. Most likely Appius went with Lucullus from the beginning in early 73 BC, although he is not directly attested in the east until the autumn of 71 following the occupation of eastern Kappadokia Pontike (Pontus), when Lucullus sent him to the Armenian king Tigranes to demand the surrender of Mithridates VI. His manner and speech offended Tigranes, the self-styled King of Kings, who for more than twenty years had been accustomed to grovelling oriental court ceremony. This was not just every day Roman frankness, but Claudian arrogance and "appietas." The failure of this mission precipitated Rome's first war with Armenia, which Lucullus began in summer 69. Lucullus perhaps sent young Appius with deliberate purpose, knowing full well that his manner was likely to be ill-received at the court of the King of Kings. He might have sent L. Fannius or L. Magius, both of whom had experience at the Pontic court, and his letter to Tigranes addressing him simply as King, rather than King of Kings, was almost certainly a deliberate insult of the more refined diplomatic sort. Tigranes certainly regarded it as such. Propraetor of Sardinia, 56-55 BC After his praetorship in 57 BC Appius was allotted Sardinia as his propraetorial province. Appius' propraetorship in Sardinia was uneventful, and he was succeeded there in 55 by Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (II). On the other hand, he was politically engaged before and after, attending the packed conferences at Ravenna and Lucca in spring 56 when Julius Caesar patched up the tattered coalition with Crassus and Pompey, and in about summer 55 marrying his younger daughter to Pompeius' homonymous eldest son Gnaeus Pompeius (born c.79 BC), thus ensuring his election to the consulate for the following year. Consul, 54 BC He was elected second to the consulate for 54 along with Cato's energetic brother-in-law Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. Proconsul of Cilicia, 53-51 BC He was proconsul of Cilicia for a "biennium" after his consulate, a disaster for the region, not least because his younger brother Caius (pr.56) held the Asia province propraetorship for the three years 55-52, or possibly the "quadriennium" 55-51, so that Appius and his brother controlled most of Anatolia together for at least one year of overlap and perhaps two. His predecessor Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther was a good and honest administrator, and his successor Cicero one of the best in Roman history. But the intervening Claudian command was disorderly, harsh and corrupt. His correspondence with Cicero as the latter approached to succeed him exhibits many signs of the severe disruption, perhaps approaching horror at times, through which the country had passed under Appius' command. Cicero was certainly shocked by what he found, and by the bizarre manner in which Appius avoided him and eventually left the province for home without meeting his successor. The impression is that Cicero had caught a predator in the act of devouring a carcass raw. In 52 BC, during Appius’ proconsulship in Asia, his younger brother Publius (Clodius) was murdered by a political rival (Milo). In a cruel twist of irony the murder took place on the Appian Way (build by their ancestor Appius Claudius Caecus). On his way home Appius stopped at Athens once more, renewing his interest in the Eleusinian Mysteries and began preparations for restoring the gate of the Lesser Propylaea in Eleusis, a project later completed, according to the instructions in his testament, by his chief heirs Pulcher Claudius and Rex Marcius. Censor, 50 BC Elected censor in 50 with Caesar's father-in-law Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (cos.58), Appius was promptly prosecuted for electoral bribery by Cicero's new son-in-law Publius Cornelius Dolabella, but with the advocacy of his own son-in-law Brutus and Quintus Hortensius he was acquitted. This was the final speech of Rome's greatest orator after Cicero, and Hortensius died a few days later. After his selection by the Senate ("lectio senatus") as censor, Appius removed a senator of tribunician rank named C. Sallustius Crispus, the later famous historian Sallust. The Hollows of Euboea He went east with Pompey early in 49, conspicuously without the excuse of command righ..