Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso

• Preferred Name: Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Occupation: Quaestor65 BC in Hispania Criterior, Roman Republic at LATI: N6.9224 LONG: E6.926
  
• Occupation: Pro-Praetor65 BC in Hispania Criterior, Roman Republic at LATI: N6.9224 LONG: E6.926
  
• FSID: GZPY-73J
  
• Catiline+Conspiracy: 63 BC in Roma, Roman Empire at LATI: N1.9 LONG: E2.4833 with note: Description: Charged as a co-conspirator in the Catiline Conspiracy
  
• Death: AFT 63 BC in Hispania Criterior, Roman Republic at LATI: N6.9224 LONG: E6.926 with note: Murdered by mutinous Spanish horsemen
  
• Birth: ABT 100 BC in Roma, Roman Republic at LATI: N1.9 LONG: E2.4833
  

1. Title: The Pisoni Name
   Author: 1,2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_Calpurnia 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy
   Publication: Name: https://sites.google.com/site/thesurnamepisani/history/the-name/pisani-in-italy/connection-to-rome?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1;
   Note: Connection to Rome It is hypothesised that the name Pisani is branched from the orignal Roman family name of Piso (Pisoni/Pisonis/Pisone/Pisones), which was a prominent branch of the gens Calpurnia. For example, Calpurnia Pisonis was the 3rd and final wife of Julius Caesar. Descended from Calpus the son of Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome, there are at least 50 prominent family members. Like many other cognomina, the Piso name is connected with agriculture, and comes from the verb pisere or pinsere, which refers to the pounding or grinding of corn. The family first rose from obscurity during the Second Punic War, and from that time it became one of the most distinguished in the Roman state. It preserved its celebrity under the empire, and during the first century A.D. was second to the imperial family alone. Many of the Pisones bore this cognomen alone, but others bore the agnomina Caesoninus and Frugi 1. The gens Calpurnia were a Roman noble plebeian family. The first of the gens to obtain the consulship was Gaius Calpurnius Piso in 180 B.C., but from this time their consulships were very frequent, and the family of the Pisones became one of the most illustrious in the Roman state 2. Gaius Calpurnius Piso was a Roman senator in the 1st century. He was the focal figure in the Pisonian Conspiracy of 65 A.D., the most famous and wide-ranging plot against the throne of Emperor Nero 3.The plot signified the growing discontent among the upper social strata of the Roman state with regards to Nero's increasingly despotic leadership, and as a result is a significant event in the road towards his eventual suicide, and the chaos that followed 4. Below is a list of well known Romans who carried the the Piso cognomen. Calpurnii Pisones Gaius Calpurnius C. f. Piso, praetor in 211 B.C. Gaius Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso, consul in 180 B.C., triumphed over the Lusitani and Celtiberi. Lucius Calpurnius (C. f. C. n.) Piso, sent as ambassador to the Achaeans at Sicyon in 198 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius C. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, originally a member of the gens Caesonia, and adopted by one of the Calpurnii; consul in 148 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 112 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, manufactured arms at Rome during the Social War. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 58 B.C., and father-in-law of Caesar. Calpurnia L. f. L. n., the last wife of the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, consul in 15 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Caesoninus, elder son of the consul of 15 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. C. n. Piso Frugi, consul in 133 B.C. [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (propraetor circa 112 BC)|Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi]], propraetor in Hispania Ulterior circa 112 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi, praetor in 74 B.C., frustrated some of the schemes of his colleague, Verres. Gaius Calpurnius L. f. L. n. Piso Frugi, quaestor in 58 B.C., married Tullia, the daughter of Cicero. Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 139 B.C. Quintus Calpurnius Piso, consul in 135 B.C., sent against Numantia, but instead of attacking the city, plundered the territory of Pallantia.Calpurnius Piso, praetor circa 135, defeated during the slaves. Calpurnius Piso, fought successfully against the Thracians circa 104 B.C. Gaius Calpurnius Piso, consul in 67 B.C. Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, legate of Gnaeus Pompeius during the war against the pirates and the Mithridatic War. Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, one of Catiline's conspirators, propraetor in Hispania Citerior in 65 B.C. Marcus Pupius Piso, originally one of the Calpurnii, adopted by Marcus Pupius. Marcus Piso, praetor in 44 B.C., opposed Marcus Antonius, for which he was praised by Cicero. Gnaeus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, a partisan of Pompeius, and subsequently of Brutus and Cassius; subsequently pardoned, and made consul in 23 B.C. Gnaeus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in 7 B.C., accused of murdering Germanicus. Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul in 1 B.C. Lucius Calpurnius Piso, accused of plotting against the life of Tiberius in A.D. 24. Lucius Calpurnius Piso, praetor in Hispania Citerior in A.D. 25 Lucius Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in A.D. 27. Marcus Calpurnius Cn. f. Cn. n. Piso, the younger son of the consul of 7 B.C., accused with his father, but pardoned by Tiberius. Gaius Calpurnius Piso, consul in A.D. 41 with the emperor Claudius, and the author of the conspiracy against Nero in A.D. 65. Lucius Calpurnius L. f. Cn. n. Piso, consul in A.D. 57 with the emperor Nero. Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, named heir by the emperor Galba, and murdered on the orders of Otho in A.D. 69. Calpurnius Galerianus, son of Licinianus, murdered by Gaius Licinius Mucianus, the praefectus of Vespasian. Calpurnius Piso, consul in A.D. 175, during the reign of Commodus. Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, a third century usurper described in the Historia Augusta.
   
2. Title: World History.org - The Catiline Cnspiracy
   Author: Beard, M. SPQR. Liveright, 2015. Everitt, A. Cicero. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2003. Freeman, P. Julius Caesar. Simon & Schuster, 2008. Grant, M. ( Translated & Introduced By ). Cicero. Penguin Books Ltd, 1975. Holland, T. Rubicon. Anchor, 2003. Hornblower, S. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2012. Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Penguin Classics, 1957
   Publication: Name: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/861/cicero--the-catiline-conspiracy/;
   Note: The Roman Republic was in death's throes. Within a few short years, the “dictator for life” Julius Caesar would be assassinated, and, as a result, the government would descend into chaos. The consequence of a long civil war would bring the birth of an empire under the watchful eye of an emperor; however, it would also witness the loss of many personal liberties - liberties that were the pride of the people and the result of a long history of struggle and strife. Nevertheless, that was in the future - the year is 63 BCE and the city of Rome and the foundation of the Republic is being threatened. Luckily, one man would rise amidst the disorder, at least in his mind, to save it. Rome's Economic Crisis The year 63 BCE saw Rome as a city of almost one million residents, governing an empire that ranged from Hispania in the west to Syria in Middle East and from Gaul in the north to the deserts of Africa. Outside the eternal city, in the provinces, the next few decades would bring a strengthening of the borders - Pompey battling King Mithridates of Pontus in the East while Julius Caesar fought the assorted tribes of Gaul and Germany to the north, but at home Rome was facing an internal threat. The difficulties on the home front stemmed from troubles developing in the eastern provinces. A significant decrease in trade and the resulting loss of tax revenue resulted in an increase in debt among many of the more affluent Romans. Unemployment in the city was high. The Roman Senate stood silent, unable or unwilling to come to a solution. The people longed for a hero, namely the ever-popular Pompey, to return and bring a remedy. In the meantime, however, there was serious - or so it appeared - unrest, an unrest that led to a conspiracy, a supposed conspiracy that threatened not only the lives of the people who lived within the walls of Rome but also the city itself. Catiline verSus Cicero At the center of this turmoil were two men - Lucius Sirgius Catiline and Marcus Tullius Cicero. Catiline was a near bankrupt aristocrat, while Cicero, his most outspoken adversary, was a renowned orator and statesman as well as a philosopher and poet. Catiline was from a distinguished patrician family - his great-grandfather had fought against Hannibal in the Second Punic War - whereas Cicero came from a wealthy landed family outside Rome, Arpinum, a small city southeast of the capital. He had had a brilliant career in law where he was able to use his famed skills as an orator. It was said that people would stop what they were doing to hear Cicero speak. Catiline verSus Cicero At the center of this turmoil were two men - Lucius Sirgius Catiline and Marcus Tullius Cicero. Catiline was a near bankrupt aristocrat, while Cicero, his most outspoken adversary, was a renowned orator and statesman as well as a philosopher and poet. Catiline was from a distinguished patrician family - his great-grandfather had fought against Hannibal in the Second Punic War - whereas Cicero came from a wealthy landed family outside Rome, Arpinum, a small city southeast of the capital. He had had a brilliant career in law where he was able to use his famed skills as an orator. It was said that people would stop what they were doing to hear Cicero speak. Catiline's Dark Past The two men initially came to blows during the election for the consulship in 64 BCE. Catiline used his own money as well as the money of others - he actually went further into debt - to win the election, only to finish third. Unfortunately, he lost to an “outsider” Cicero and Gaius Antonius Hybrida. In actuality Hybrida's reputation was little better than of Catiline. Considered by many to be corrupt, he once had been expelled by the Senate and stripped of his rank. Cicero had used his superior oratory skills to put Catiline's sullied character into question, costing Catiline the election. Even before the exposure of the conspiracy, Cicero had seen Catiline as a serious threat to the troubled city. While Cicero believed both in the “rule of law and the maintenance of the constitution,” Catiline saw himself as the champion of the poor, the bankrupt veterans and dispossessed. Further information on the status of the plot forming outside the city came from an unlikely source. The Allobroges from Gaul were in the city appealing to the Senate for relief from the burdensome taxes they were being forced to pay. Several conspirators confronted them, urging them to join in their plans by instigating a revolt in Gaul. After the Gauls left the city, they were intercepted by Caius Pomptinus and forced to return, eventually telling all they had learned to Cicero - names, places, and plans. At last the Senate was convinced of the seriousness of the plot; arrests of those conspirators remaining in Rome soon followed. At the home of one of the conspirators, Gaius Cornelius Cethegus, a number of weapons including spears, knives and swords were found. On December 5 the Senate was convened at the Temple of the goddess of Harmony and Concord to discuss the punishment of the five conspirators in custody. Julius Caesar, a friend of Catiline and someone who had at one point been accused of being a conspirator, opposed Cicero's suggestion for immediate execution, that is, execution without a trial. Even the consul-elect Junius Silanus supported execution. Cicero had the proceedings recorded in shorthand, so he could defend his position to the public gathering outside in the Forum. Caesar suggested the conspirators should be imprisoned until a trial could be held. Since there were no Roman prisons, fines, exile, or death were the usual punishments. He declared that while he was not sympathetic to the conspirators they, the Senate, must not act in haste. Aftermath All of Catiline's plans had failed. He and his army tried to escape across the Apennine Mountains but were intercepted. Of his supposed 20,000 troops, three-fourths had deserted him. He was defeated and killed. The plot came to an end. Although he had success as a consul, a writer and poet, Cicero always believed his fight against Catiline was his greatest achievement. In a much-quoted speech made several weeks earlier on November 8, 63 BCE (the day after his assassination attempt) Cicero expressed his disdain for Catiline, Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? which translated means “How long, Catiline, will you go on abusing our patience?”
   Page: The above is an excerpt, original article goes into further detail
   
3. Title: Wikipedia Gens Calpurnia
   Author: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 582 ("Calpurnia Gens"). ^ Plutarch "The Life of Numa", 21. ^ Horace, Ars Poetica, 292. ^ Festus, s. v. Calpurni. ^ Eckhel, v. p. 160. ^ Syme, "Missing Senators", p. 59. ^ Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Bestia, Bibulus, Flamma. ^ Livy, xxxii. 19.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpurnia_gens;
   Note: Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, one of Catiline's conspirators, quaestor pro praetore in Hispania Citerior in 65 BC. He was murdered by mutinous Spanish horsemen.[19]
   
4. Title: Wikipedia - The Catiline Conspiracy
   Author: Cicero, Pro Sulla XLIX; Sallust, Bellum Catilinae XVIII.2 ^ Sallust, Bellum Catilinae XVIII.5; Asconius 92C; Dio Cassius XXXVI.44.3 ^ Suetonius, Divus Julius IX ^ Cicero, Pro Sulla LXVIII ^ Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae XII.12.2-4
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy;
   Note: In the history of the Roman Republic, the first Catilinarian conspiracy was a plot to murder the consuls of 65 BC, Lucius Manlius Torquatus and Lucius Aurelius Cotta. Supposedly, Catiline intended to seize power following an electoral dispute, in which the original set of candidates elected to the office were deemed ineligible. Historians consider it unlikely that Catiline would have been involved in the first Catilinarian conspiracy or, indeed, that the conspiracy existed at all.[citation needed] Two years later, Catiline would lead the Second Catilinarian conspiracy, better known as the Catiline Conspiracy, to overthrow Cicero and his co-consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida. History In all likelihood, Catiline was not involved in the so-called first Catilinarian conspiracy, although several historical sources implicate him in it. There does not seem to be a single account that is represented in all of the sources: rather, it seems that the accounts represent a collection of rumors accusing different political figures in attempts to tarnish their names. As it pertains to Catiline, much of the information originates in Cicero's speech In Toga Candida which was given during his election campaign in 64 BC. Only fragments of this speech still exist, in the later writing of Asconius Pedianus.[citation needed] The consuls-designate of 65 BC, Publius Autronius Paetus and Publius Cornelius Sulla, were accused and convicted of ambitus, electoral corruption, preventing them from entering office under the Lex Acilia Calpurnia.[1] Thus, the two other leading candidates, Lucius Manlius Torquatus and Lucius Aurelius Cotta, were elected in a second election and were to enter office on January 1, 65 BC. Supposedly, Catiline, incensed because he was not allowed to stand for the consulship, conspired with Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and the former consuls-designate to slaughter many of the senators and the new consuls the day they assumed office. Then they would name themselves the consuls for the year and then Piso would have been sent to organize the provinces in Hispania.[2] Alternatively, Suetonius claims that Julius Caesar and Marcus Licinius Crassus directed the conspiracy, but he fails to mention Catiline's involvement. Instead of assuming the consulship, Crassus is accused of planning to become dictator and intending to name Caesar magister equitum.[3] In 62 BC, after Catiline's death, Cicero defended Publius Sulla in court after he was indicted for being a member of the second conspiracy. In order to free his client of implication in the first Catilinarian conspiracy, he places the blame solely on Catiline who, conveniently, had waged war against the Republic in the previous months.[4] In the end, Publius Sulla was acquitted, Catiline's name was further tarnished, and Cicero received a large loan to purchase a home.[5] It is not clear who participated in this alleged conspiracy, as the different accounts accuse different people, but Catiline's association with it appears to have been developed after the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy. Cicero's accusations prior to 63 BC are likely unfounded, since Rome had no penalty for libel. Furthermore, Catiline had little motive to participate in this conspiracy, especially since he had been denied very little. He still held the aspiration of obtaining the consulship legitimately the next year, and the conspiracy involved the murder of the consul, Manlius Torquatus, who supported Catiline.