wife of Einudd II

• Preferred Name: wife of Einudd II^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
  
• Gender: F
  
• Birth: ABT 15 BC in Nursia, Italy, Roman Empire at LATI: N1.9667 LONG: E2.6667
  
• FSID: LV9G-RHQ
  
• Death: Y
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  From Wikipedia -
  
  Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollia, born c. 15 BC, fl 1st century AD) was the mother of the Roman emperor Vespasian, and grandmother to the emperors Titus and Domitian. Polla came from an equestrian family at Nursia.
  
  Suetonius identifies her father as the Vespasius Pollio who was a three-time military tribune and a praefectus castrorum. Her brother rose as high as the praetorship. The Vespasii were regarded as an old family of great renown, and Suetonius notes a site called Vespasiae where many of their monuments had been built. This site was located on a mountaintop near the sixth milestone on the road between Nursia and Spoletum (present-day Spoleto).[1]
  
  Vespasia married a tax collector Titus Flavius Sabinus, and survived him. Their daughter Flavia Vespasia died in her infancy. One son, also named Titus Flavius Sabinus, served as consul in 47. After her husband died she never remarried.[citation needed]
  
  Sabinus achieved the senatorial rank, but Vespasian put off doing so. Suetonius (Life of Vespasian, 2.2) states that:
  
  “ only his mother could finally induce him to sue for it. She at length drove him to it, but rather by sarcasm than by entreaties or parental authority, since she constantly taunted him with being his brother's footman.
  
  === Connected to same person as father and son ===
  She is herself as mother and daughter

1. Flavia Titia Sabina, b. 10 in Roma, Roman Empire     d. in Roma, Roman Empire

1. Title: Wikiwand: Vespasia Polla
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ^ Suetonius, Life of Vespasian, 1.2-3.
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Vespasia_Polla;
   Note: Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollia, born c. 15 BC, fl 1st century AD) was the mother of the Roman emperor Vespasian, and grandmother to the emperors Titus and Domitian. Polla came from an equestrian family at Nursia. Suetonius identifies her father as the Vespasius Pollio who was a three-time military tribune and a "praefectus castrorum." Her brother rose as high as the praetorship. The Vespasii were regarded as an old family of great renown, and Suetonius notes a site called "Vespasiae" where many of their monuments had been built. This site was located on a mountaintop near the sixth milestone on the road between Nursia and Spoletum (present-day Spoleto). Vespasia married a tax collector Titus Flavius Sabinus, and survived him. Their daughter Flavia Vespasia died in her infancy. One son, also named Titus Flavius Sabinus, served as consul in 47. After her husband died she never remarried. Sabinus achieved the senatorial rank, but Vespasian put off doing so. Suetonius (Life of Vespasian, 2.2) states that: "only his mother could finally induce him to sue for it. She at length drove him to it, but rather by sarcasm than by entreaties or parental authority, since she constantly taunted him with being his brother's footman."
   
2. Title: FabPedigree: Vaspasiana Polla
   Publication: Name: http://fabpedigree.com/s061/f000537.htm;
   Note: lla (Vespasia) HM George I's 57-Great Grandmother. HRE Ferdinand I's 53-Great Grandmother. Poss. Agnes Harris's 41-Great Grandmother. `Osawatomie' Brown's 63-Great Grandmother. Husband/Partner: Titus Flavius SABINUS Children: Titus FLAVIUS II Sabinus ; Titus Flavius Vespasianus (EMPEROR) of ROME ; Titus Flavius Sabinus ; Domitilla (m. Julius Gnaes Agricola) __________ __________ _________ _________ _________ ______ ______ _____ / -- Vespasius POLLIO / - Vaspasiana Polla \ \ -- ? Her Grandchildren: Publius Flavius Sabinus ; Mariamne Caecina Arria ; Titus Flavius Vespasianus (EMPEROR) of ROME ; Titus Flavius DOMITIANUS (EMPEROR) of ROME ; Flavia Domitilla `the Younger' ; Flavia Titia Sabina ; Titus Flavius Sabinus Her Great Grandchildren: Titus Flavius SABINUS ; Arrius Antoninus Calpernius PISO ; Julia Sabine ; Flavia Domitilla ; Lucius Iunius Caesennius Paetus ; Titus Flavius Clemens
   
3. Title: Wikipedia - Vespasia Polla
   Author: Suetonius, Life of Vespasian, 1.2-3.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasia_Polla;
   Note: Vespasia Polla from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum. The abbreviation stands for: "Vespasia Polla Vespasiani Imperatoris Mater", which means: Vespasia Polla, mother of Emperor Vespasianus Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollia, born c. 15 BC, fl 1st century AD) was the mother of the Roman emperor Vespasian, and grandmother to the emperors Titus and Domitian. Polla came from an equestrian family at Nursia. Suetonius identifies her father as the Vespasius Pollio who was a three-time military tribune and a praefectus castrorum. Her brother rose as high as the praetorship. The Vespasii were regarded as an old family of great renown, and Suetonius notes a site called Vespasiae where many of their monuments had been built. This site was located on a mountaintop near the sixth milestone on the road between Nursia and Spoletum (present-day Spoleto).[1] Vespasia married a tax collector Titus Flavius Sabinus, and survived him. Their daughter Flavia Vespasia died in her infancy. One son, also named Titus Flavius Sabinus, served as consul in 47. After her husband died she never remarried.[citation needed] Sabinus achieved the senatorial rank, but Vespasian put off doing so. Suetonius (Life of Vespasian, 2.2) states that: only his mother could finally induce him to sue for it. She at length drove him to it, but rather by sarcasm than by entreaties or parental authority, since she constantly taunted him with being his brother's footman.
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Norcia
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Norcia;
   Note: Norcia (Italian pronunciation: [ˈnɔrtʃa]), traditionally known in English by its Latin name of Nursia (/ˈnɜːrsiə, ˈnɜːrʃ(i)ə/), is a town and comune in the province of Perugia (Italy) in southeastern Umbria. Unlike many ancient towns, it is located in a wide plain abutting the Monti Sibillini, a subrange of the Apennines with some of its highest peaks, near the Sordo River, a small stream that eventually flows into the Nera. The town is popularly associated with the Valnerina (the valley of that river). The area is known for its air and scenery, and is a base for mountaineering and hiking. It is also widely known for hunting, especially of the wild boar, and for sausages and ham made from wild boar and pork. Such products have been named after Norcia; in Italian, they are called "norcineria." History Traces of human settlement in Norcia's area date back to the Neolithic Age. The town's known history begins with settlement by the Sabines in the 5th century BC. After the conquest by the Romans in the 3rd century BC, it was an ally of ancient Rome in 205 BC, during the Second Punic War, when it was known in Latin as "Nursia," but the earliest extant Roman ruins date from around the 1st century. St. Benedict, the founder of the Benedictine monastic system, and his twin sister St. Scholastica, were born here in 480. In the 8th century, an oratory was built so pilgrims could pray at St. Benedict's birthplace. Monks came to Norcia in the 10th century. Contemporary monks care for the Monastery of St. Benedict, built over the Roman ruins of the house of Sts. Benedict and Scholastica. In the 6th century Norcia was conquered by the Lombards, becoming part of the Duchy of Spoleto. In the 9th century it suffered from Saracen attacks, which started a period of deep decadence. In the 11th century, it was part of the domain of St. Henry, Holy Roman Emperor. In the 12th century Norcia became an independent commune within the Papal territories, with an increasing political and economical prestige. The collaboration with the Benedictine abbey in Preci led to the creation of the Schola Chirurgica. Studies at this institution contributed to Norcia residents improving their swine breeding. The powerful Spoleto and the 1324 earthquake thwarted the city's ambitions, and in 1354 it was returned definitively to the Papal authority. On 24 August 2016, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake and numerous strong aftershocks struck near Norcia, causing major damage to the towns in the region. The people in the town of Norcia were not injured. The town of Norcia itself only suffered structural damage but this displaced many citizens. However, several small towns around the town received heavy damage and many collapsed buildings. On 30 October 2016, another magnitude 6.5 earthquake rocked Norcia, causing heavy damage to the city: among other buildings, the Basilica of St. Benedict was destroyed. Main sights The older core of Norcia is almost flat, which is relatively unusual among the towns of Umbria. It is completely enclosed by a full circuit of walls that has survived intact from the 14th century. They stood up despite many earthquakes, of which several were devastating (1763, 1859, 1979). After the earthquake of 22 August 1859, the Papal States, to which Norcia then belonged, imposed a stringent construction code forbidding structures of more than three storeys and requiring the use of certain materials and building techniques. Roman vestiges are observable throughout the city, especially in the walls of San Lorenzo, its oldest extant church. On via Umberto is a small aedicule or corner chapel, sometimes called a tempietto, with faded frescoes, painted by Vanni della Tuccia in 1354. Of greater interest are the two Romanesque arches, densely sculpted with zoomorphic, human, and geometric forms. The main basilica is dedicated to St. Benedict and is connected to a functioning Benedictine monastery, the Monastery of St. Benedict. Though this edifice was built in the 13th century, it stood on the remains of one or more small Roman buildings, sometimes considered to have been a Roman basilica, or alternately the house in which the twin saints were born. The façade, in Gothic style, is characterized by a central rose window and relief portraying the four Evangelists. Inside, the fresco of the "Resurrection of Lazarus" (1560) was painted by Michelangelo Carducci. The altar in the left-hand transept housed a "St Benedict and Totila" (1621) by Filippo Napoletano. The basilica was destroyed by an earthquake on 30 October 2016. The Renaissance church of Santa Maria Argentea is the Duomo or cathedral. It holds some works by Flemish masters, a richly decorated altar by Duquesnoy, a "Madonna and Saints" by Pomarancio, and a "St Vicent Ferrer and the Sick" (1756) by Giuseppe Paladini. The Gothic church of Sant'Agostino (14th century) has many votive frescoes of St Roch and St Sebastian. San Francesco, from the same century has a notable portal, surmounted by a Gothic rose window, with pink and white stone decorations. A fortress, the Castellina was built in 1555–1563 as the residence of the Papal governors, as designed by Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. It now houses a small museum with Roman and medieval artifacts, and documents of the Middle Ages and later periods. In the "frazioni" near the town proper are The "pieve" of San Salvatore, at Campi, with two rose windows and two portals of different ages. Also in Campi is the parish church of St. Andrew, with an original triangular loggiato. The Church of San Salvatore and that of Sant'Andrea were damaged or destroyed in the 2016 earthquake. The "frazione" of Savelli has the ruins of Madonna della Neve, an elegant octagonal church designed by Bramante in the 15th century. It was destroyed by the 1979 earthquake. In San Pellegrino is the convent of Santa Maria di Montesanto (14th century), now in poor condition. It has a noteworthy cloister and a church with 17th-century canvasses and a 14th-century wooden statue, "Madonna with Child." On 30 October 2016, a 6.6 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter near Norcia destroyed the basilica of St. Benedict Church as well as the town's cathedral, with only the facade remaining. "Frazioni" Agriano, Aliena, Ancarano, Biselli, Campi, Casali di Serravalle, Case sparse, Castelluccio, Cortigno, Forca Canapine, Forsivo, Frascaro, Legogne, Monte-Cappelletta, Nottoria, Ocricchio, Ospedaletto, Pescia, Pie' la rocca, Piediripa, Popoli, San Marco, San Pellegrino, Sant'Andrea, Savelli, Serravalle, Valcaldara. Serravalle (also known as Serravalle di Norcia) lies on the Sordo River a few hundred meters upstream from its confluence with the Corno.
   
5. Title: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN: THE HERODIANS, FLAVIANS, & THE PISOS
   Publication: Name: http://www.angelfire.com/biz5/piso/her-flav.html;
   Note: (06/26/00) [Note: Names of emperors are in captial letters] Herod the Great (K. of Palestine, 37BCE, d. 4 BCE)* M. Mariamne I | Aristobulus (d. 6 BCE) M. Berenice (Dr. of Salome) |______________________________________ | | Herod Agrippa I (K. of Palestine, 41-44 CE) Herod Pollio (aka Herod II, Vespasius Pollio I) M. Cypros (Dr. of Phasael) M. Mariamne (Dr. of Joseph) M. Berenice (Dr. of Herod Agrippa I) ______________________|_________ | | Vespasia Polla Vespasius Pollio II M. Titus Flavius Sabinus I M. ______________ |________________________ | | Titus Flavius Sabinus II Titus Flavius VESPASIAN (Caesar)** C. Caecina Paetus = M. Arria the Elder M. Flavia Domitilla I | ____|_____________ Flavia Sabina/Arria the Younger | | M. Thrasea Paetus/Gaius Calpurnius Piso TITUS DOMITIAN M. L. Caesennius Paetus/Lucius Calpurnius piso N. Berenice M. Domitia Longina*** | M. Arrecina Tert. | M. Marcia Furnilla ___________|_____________________________ | | | Arrius Calpurnius Piso Flavia Arria/Fannia L. Junius Caesennius Paetus M. (Niece of Vespasian) M. Lucan (?) M. ______________________ M. Boionia Procilla M. C.H. Priscus | | V V [Down to many, many emperors] [Down to PERTINAX] ___________________________________________________________ The name “Vespasian” (Vespasianus) could have been an alias name that was devised from a combination of two or more words. It could have been made from “bas”, which is short for “royal” (basilicos) and/or “King” (basileus). And “pas” being “pac” or “pax”, meaning “peace”. The name could indicate that (1) the person is a King or royal, and (2) it could stand for the phrase “royal peace” - which makes a statement. A rather potent one at a time when there was so much turmoil in the royal houses. There are other reasons for this connection having been found and indicated, but I will have to find those notes as well. There were a lot of things going on involving the persons who are seen as the founders of the “Vespasian” family line. Herod Pollio was Prince of Chalcis & Titular King of Palestine 44-48 CE. * King Herod (The Great) was descended from the Maccabees via Eleazar Auran. ** Flavia Domitilla I was also the wife of emperor VITELLIUS. *** Domitia Longina, the wife of Domitian was mother of TRAJAN, but Domitian was not his father.Trajan’s father was Lucius S. Titianus, the brother of OTHO. Copyright 2000, The Roman Piso Homepage (All Rights Reserved) ( =)=
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Equites
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Equites;
   Note: The "equites" (/ˈɛkwɪtiːz/; Latin: "eques" nom. singular; sometimes referred to as "knights" in modern times) constituted the second of the property-based classes of ancient Rome, ranking below the senatorial class. A member of the equestrian order was known as an "eques." Description During the Roman kingdom and the 1st century of the Roman Republic, legionary cavalry was recruited exclusively from the ranks of the patricians, who were expected to provide six "centuriae" of cavalry (300 horses for each consular legion). Around 400 BC, 12 more "centuriae" of cavalry were established and these included non-patricians (plebeians). Around 300 BC the Samnite Wars obliged Rome to double the normal annual military levy from two to four legions, doubling the cavalry levy from 600 to 1,200 horses. Legionary cavalry started to recruit wealthier citizens from outside the 18 "centuriae." These new recruits came from the first class of commoners in the "Centuriate Assembly" organisation and were not granted the same privileges. " By the time of the Second Punic War (218–202 BC), all the members of the first class of commoners were required to serve as cavalrymen. The presence of "equites" in the Roman cavalry diminished steadily in the period 200–88 BC as only "equites" could serve as the army's senior officers; as the number of legions proliferated fewer were available for ordinary cavalry service. After c. 88 BC, "equites" were no longer drafted into the legionary cavalry, although they remained technically liable to such service throughout the "principate" era (to AD 284). They continued to supply the senior officers of the army throughout the "principate." With the exception of the purely hereditary patricians, the "equites" were originally defined by a property threshold. The rank was passed from father to son, although members of the order who at the regular quinquennial census no longer met the property requirement were usually removed from the order's rolls by the Roman censors. In the late republic, the property threshold stood at 50,000 "denarii" and was doubled to 100,000 by the emperor Augustus (sole rule 30 BC – AD 14) – roughly the equivalent to the annual salaries of 450 contemporary legionaries. In the later republican period, Roman senators and their offspring became an unofficial elite within the equestrian order. As senators' abilities to engage in commerce was strictly limited by law, the bulk of non-agricultural activities were in the hands of non-senatorial equites. As well as holding large landed estates, "equites" came to dominate mining, shipping and manufacturing industry. In particular, tax farming companies (publicani) were almost all in the hands of "equites." Under Augustus, the senatorial elite was given formal status (as the "ordo senatorius") with a higher wealth threshold (250,000 "denarii," or the pay of 1,100 legionaries) and superior rank and privileges to ordinary "equites." During the "principate," "equites" filled the senior administrative and military posts of the imperial government. There was a clear division between jobs reserved for senators (the most senior) and those reserved for non-senatorial "equites." But the career structure of both groups was broadly similar: a period of junior administrative posts in Rome or Italy, followed by a period (normally a decade) of military service as a senior army officer, followed by senior administrative or military posts in the provinces. Senators and "equites' formed a tiny elite of under 10,000 members who monopolised political, military and economic power in an empire of about 60 million inhabitants. During the 3rd century AD, power shifted from the Italian aristocracy to a class of equites who had earned their membership by distinguished military service, often rising from the ranks: career military officers from the provinces (especially the Balkan provinces) who displaced the Italian aristocrats in the top military posts, and under Diocletian (ruled 284–305) from the top civilian positions also. This effectively reduced the Italian aristocracy to an idle, but immensely wealthy, group of landowners. During the 4th century, the status of "equites" was debased to insignificance by excessive grants of the rank. At the same time the ranks of senators were swollen to over 4,000 by the establishment of a second senate in Constantinople and the tripling of the membership of both senates. The senatorial order of the 4th century was thus the equivalent of the equestrian order of the "principate." Regal era (753–509 BC) According to Roman legend, Rome was founded by its first king, Romulus, in 753 BC. However, archaeological evidence suggests that Rome did not acquire the character of a unified city-state (as opposed to a number of separate hilltop settlements) until ca. 625 BC. Roman tradition relates that the Order of Knights was founded by Romulus, who supposedly established a cavalry regiment of 300 men called the "Celeres" ("Swift Squadron") to act as his personal escort, with each of the three Roman "tribes" (actually voting constituencies) supplying 100 horse. This cavalry regiment was supposedly doubled in size to 600 men by King Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (traditional dates 616–578 BC). That the cavalry was increased to 600 during the regal era is plausible, as in the early republic the cavalry fielded remained 600-strong (two legions with 300 horses each). However, according to Livy, King Servius Tullius (traditional reign-dates 578–535 BC) established a further 12 "centuriae" of "equites," a further tripling of the cavalry.[4] But this is probably anachronistic, as it would have resulted in a contingent of 1,800 horse, incongruously large, compared to the heavy infantry, which was probably only 6,000-strong in the late regal period. Instead, the additional 12 centuriae were probably created at a later stage, perhaps around 400 BC, but these new units were political not military, most likely designed to admit plebeians to the Order of Knights. Apparently, "equites" were originally provided with a sum of money by the state to purchase a horse for military service and for its fodder. This was known as an "equus publicus." Mommsen argues that the royal cavalry was drawn exclusively from the ranks of the patricians ("patricii"), the aristocracy of early Rome, which was purely hereditary. Apart from the traditional association of the aristocracy with horsemanship, the evidence for this view is the fact that, during the republic, six "centuriae" (voting constituencies) of "equites" in the "comitia centuriata' (electoral assembly) retained the names of the original six royal cavalry "centuriae." These are very likely the "'centuriae' of patrician nobles" in the "comitia" mentioned by the lexicologist Sextus Pompeius Festus. If this view is correct, it implies that the cavalry was exclusively patrician (and therefore hereditary) in the regal period. (However, Cornell considers the evidence tenuous). Early republic (509–338 BC) It is widely accepted that the Roman monarchy was overthrown by a patrician coup, probably provoked by the Tarquin dynasty's populist policies in favor of the plebeian class. Alfoldi suggests that the coup was carried out by the "celeres" themselves. According to the Fraccaro interpretation, when the Roman monarchy was replaced with two annually elected "praetores" (later called "consuls"), the royal army was divided equally between them for campaigning purposes, which, if true, explains why Polybius later said that a legion's cavalry contingent was 300-strong. The 12 additional "centuriae" ascribed by Livy to Servius Tullius were, in reality, probably formed around 400 BC. In 403 BC, according to Livy, in a crisis during the siege of Veii, the army urgently needed to deploy more cavalry, and "those who possessed equestrian rating but had not yet been assigned public horses" volunteered to pay for their horses out of their own pockets. By way of compensation, pay was introduced for cavalry service, as it had already been for the infantry (in 406 BC). The persons referred to in this passage were probably members of the 12 new "centuriae" who were entitled to public horses, but temporarily waived that privilege. Mommsen, however, argues that the passage refers to members of the first class of commoners being admitted to cavalry service in 403 BC for the first time as an emergency measure. If so, this group may be the original so-called "equites equo privato," a rank that is attested throughout the history of the republic (in contrast to "equites equo publico"). However, due to a lack of evidence, the origins and definition of "equo privato equites" remain obscure. It is widely agreed that the 12 new "centuriae" were open to non-patricians. Thus, from this date if not earlier, not all "equites" were patricians. The patricians, as a closed hereditary caste, steadily diminished in numbers over the centuries, as families died out. Around 450 BC, there are some 50 patrician "gentes" (clans) recorded, whereas just 14 remained at the time of Julius Caesar (dictator of Rome 48–44 BC), whose own Iulii clan was patrician. In contrast, the ranks of "equites," although also hereditary (in the male line), were open to new entrants who met the property requirement and who satisfied the Roman censors that they were suitable for membership. As a consequence, patricians rapidly became only a small minority of the equestrian order. However, patricians retained political influence greatly out of proportion with their numbers. Until 172 BC, one of the two consuls elected each year had to be a patrician. In addition, patricians may have retained their original six "centuriae," which gave them a third of the total voting-power of the equites, even though they constituted only a tiny minority of the order by 200 BC. Patricians also enjoyed official precedence, such as the right to speak first in senatorial debates, which were ..
   
7. Title: "The Twelve Caesars," by Suetonius
   Author: Penguin, Dec 31, 2002
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=GhCHtcyf9AcC&pg=PA281&lpg=PA281&dq=Vespasius+Pollio&source=bl&ots=UgrSQQD7vg&sig=ACfU3U0BEZwXSa2nFaR0j27U1VMLyWoQ-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiwxea12cnlAhXkguAKHYIACpMQ6AEwF3oECBIQAQ#v=snippet&q=Augustus&f=false;
   Note: As private secretary to the Emperor Hadrian, Suetonius gained access to the imperial archives and used them (along with carefully gathered eye-witness accounts) to produce one of the most colorful biographical works in history. 'The Twelve Caesars' chronicles the public careers and private lives of the men who wielded absolute power over Rome, from the foundation of the empire under Julius Caesar and Augustus, to the decline into depravity and civil war under Nero, and the recovery and stability that came with his successors. A masterpiece of anecdote, wry observation and detailed physical description, 'The Twelve Caesars' presents us with a gallery of vividly drawn - and all too human - individuals.