Nabopolassar King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire

• Preferred Name: Nabopolassar King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Occupation: Governor of Babylon626 BC
  
• Birth: 658 BC in Uruk, Sumer, Kingdom of Babylon at LATI: N2.54 LONG: E4.42
  
• Death: 605 BC in Kingdom of Babylon at LATI: N2.54 LONG: E4.42 with note: Wikiwand: Nabopolassar
  
• FSID: LRZN-DCZ
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 1st King of the 10th (Chaldean) Dynasty - Neo-Babylonian EmpireBET 23 NOV 626 BC AND JUL 605 BC in Babylonia at LATI: N2.54 LONG: E4.42 with note:
  
• Tribe Name: with note: Description: founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
  
• MilitaryService: rebelled against and defeated Sinsharishkun, the last King of 9th (Assyrian) Dynasty626 BC
  
• Clan Name: with note: Description: Chaldean Dynasty
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of Babylon, King of Sumer, Akkad King of the Universe in Babylonia at LATI: N2.54 LONG: E4.42 with note: Wikiwand: Nabopolassar
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Nabopolassar was a Chaldean king of Babylonia and a central figure in the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The death of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 631 BC resulted in political instability. In 626 BC, a native dynasty arose under Nabopolassar. He made Babylon his capital and ruled over Babylonia for a period of about twenty years. He is credited with founding the Neo-Babylonian Empire. By 616 BC, Nabopolassar had united the entire area under his rule.
  
  Nabopolassar formed an alliance with Cyaxares of the Medes to confront the Assyrians and their Egyptian allies. By 615 BC he had seized Nippur. He then led his forces to assist the Medes besieging the city of Ashur, but the Babylonian army did not reach the battlefield until after the city had fallen.
  
  Weakened by internal strife and ineffectual rule, Assyria was unable to resist the Babylonians and the Medes, who united to sack the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in 612 BC. Following a prolonged siege at the Battle of Nineveh, Nabopolassar took control of the city. Ashur-uballit II was a member of the Assyrian royal family and a tartan (general) in the army. He became king after Sin-shar-ishkun, who may have been his brother, and who probably died during the fall of Nineveh.
  
  Ashur-uballit II rallied his troops at the city of Harran in northern Syria. The following year the Babylonians plundered the region of Harran, and in 610 BC, Nabopolassar captured the city. In the spring of 609 BC, Necho II of Egypt led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. At the head of a large army, consisting mainly of mercenaries, Necho took the coastal Via Maris into Syria, supported by his Mediterranean fleet along the shore. He prepared to cross the ridge of hills that shuts in on the south the great Jezreel Valley, but he found his passage blocked by the army of the Kingdom of Judah. Their king, Josiah, sided with the Babylonians and attempted to block his advance at the Battle of Megiddo, where a fierce battle was fought and Josiah was killed. Necho continued on and joining forces with Ashur-uballit, they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Failing to capture Harran, they retreated to northern Syria.
  
  In 605 BC, Nabopolassar's son, crown prince Nebuchadnezzar fought Necho and the remnants of the Assyrian army at the Battle of Carchemish. Within months of his abdication in 605 BC, Nabopolassar died of natural causes at about 53 years of age, and Nebuchadnezzar II hurried to Babylon to secure the throne.
  
  During Nabopolassar's reign, there was a boom of Neo-Babylonian building projects that would continue through the reign of his son, Nebuchadnezzar II. Temples and ziggurats were repaired or rebuilt in almost all the old dynastic cities, while Babylon itself was enlarged and surrounded by a double enceinte, or line of fortification, consisting of towered and moated fortress walls. The first mention of Nebuchadnezzar II comes from the records of Nabopolassar, saying he was a laborer in the restoration of the temple of Marduk.
  
  A cylinder found in 1921 in Baghdad, Iraq, is attributed to Nabopolassar. He is described therein as extremely pious, and that he "sought out the temples... and the complete performance of their rites." He attributes his success to Shazu (one of the names associated with Marduk). Throughout the inscription, Nabopolassar describes some of his greatest military conquests and submits himself to Marduk and other deities.
  
  -- Wikiwand: Nabopolassar
  
  === https://fabpedigree.com/s004/f777416.htm ===
  https://fabpedigree.com/s004/f777416.htm
  
  === https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar ===
  
  D. Brendan Nagle, The Ancient World: A Social and Cultural History, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 58.
  ^ Jump up to:a b Van De Mieroop, Marc, 2007, A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC, Blackwell Publishing

1. Nebuchadnezzar King of Neo Babylon II, b. 642 BC in Uruk, Sumer, Kingdom of Neo Babylon, Mesopotamia     d. 7 OCT 562 BC in Kingdom of Neo Babylon, Mesopotamia

1. Title: Iranicaonline.org -The History of Babylon in the Mediean and Achaemenid period
   Author: Bibliography: Given in the text. See also Camb Hist. Iran II, esp. chaps. 3, 5, 10. (M. A. Dandamayev) Originally Published: December 15, 1988 Last Updated: August 19, 2011
   Publication: Name: https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babylonia-i;
   Note: This article is extensive covering the period of 729 BC to about 0481BC... Babylonia came into being early in the second millennium B.C. and lasted until it was conquered by the Persians in 539 B.C. For the early history of Babylonia see ASSYRIA and ELAM. In 729 B.C. Babylonia was taken by the Assyrians and, with a few brief interludes, remained dependent for a century. A revolt against Assyrian domination flared up in 626, headed by Nabopolassar, who had been appointed governor of the southern part of the country. Nabopolassar revitalized the traditional alliance of the Chaldean tribes of southern Babylonia with Elam. In November, 626, he was crowned in Babylon, thereby founding the Chaldean, or Neo-Babylonian, dynasty. There followed a protracted war between Babylonia and Assyria, with the advantage shifting from one side to the other and back again. No clear result emerged until 614, when Assyria was attacked by the Medes. The Medes, under their king Cyaxares, first seized the Assyrian province of Arrapha. Then, in the autumn of the same year, and after a fierce battle, they gained control of Assyria’s ancient capital, Assur. Nabopolassar brought his Babylonian army and joined the Medes after Assur had fallen. The Medes and the Babylonians formed an alliance and cemented it through the marriage of Nabopolassar’s son Nebuchadnezzar to Cyaxares’ daughter Amytis. Greek tradition derived from the Babylonian historian Berossus records that behind his palace in Babylon, on terraces cut to look like natural hills, Nebuchadnezzar constructed the famous hanging gardens, in imitation of the mountain gardens of Media, so that Amytis would not pine for the scenery of her homeland.
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Nabopolassar, Chaldean King of Babylon
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nabopolassar;
   Note: Nabopolassar (/ˌnæboʊpəˈlæsər/; cuneiform: "𒀭𒀝𒌉𒍑𒌶," dAG.IBILA.URU3 Akkadian: "Nabû-apla-uṣur"; c. 658 BC – 605 BC) was a Chaldean king of Babylonia and a central figure in the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The death of Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 631 BC resulted in political instability. In 626 BC, a native dynasty arose under Nabopolassar. He made Babylon his capital and ruled over Babylonia for a period of about twenty years (626–605 BC). He is credited with founding the Neo-Babylonian Empire. By 616 BC, Nabopolassar had united the entire area under his rule. Nabopolassar formed an alliance with Cyaxares of the Medes to confront the Assyrians and their Egyptian allies. By 615 BC he had seized Nippur. He then led his forces to assist the Medes besieging the city of Ashur, but the Babylonian army did not reach the battlefield until after the city had fallen. Nineveh Assyria, weakened by internal strife and ineffectual rule, was unable to resist the Babylonians and the Medes, who united to sack the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in 612 BC. Following a prolonged siege at the Battle of Nineveh, Nabopolassar took control of the city. Ashur-uballit II was a member of the Assyrian royal family and a tartan (general) in the army. He became king after Sin-shar-ishkun, who may have been his brother, and who probably died during the fall of Nineveh. Harran Ashur-uballit II rallied his troops at the city of Harran in northern Syria. The following year the Babylonians plundered the region of Harran, and in 610 BC, Nabopolassar captured the city. In the spring of 609 BC, Necho II of Egypt led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. At the head of a large army, consisting mainly of mercenaries, Necho took the coastal Via Maris into Syria, supported by his Mediterranean fleet along the shore. He prepared to cross the ridge of hills which shuts in on the south the great Jezreel Valley, but he found his passage blocked by the army of the Kingdom of Judah. Their king, Josiah, sided with the Babylonians and attempted to block his advance at the Battle of Megiddo, where a fierce battle was fought and Josiah was killed. Necho continued on and joining forces with Ashur-uballit, they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Failing to capture Harran, they retreated to northern Syria. In 605 BC, Nabopolassar's son, crown prince Nebuchadnezzar fought Necho and the remnants of the Assyrian army at the Battle of Carchemish. Within months of his abdication in 605 BC, Nabopolassar died of natural causes at about 53 years of age, and Nebuchadnezzar II hurried to Babylon to secure the throne. During Nabopolassar's reign, there was a boom of Neo-Babylonian building projects that would continue through the reign of his son, Nebuchadnezzar II. Temples and ziggurats were repaired or rebuilt in almost all the old dynastic cities, while Babylon itself was enlarged and surrounded by a double enceinte, or line of fortification, consisting of towered and moated fortress walls. The first mention of Nebuchadnezzar II comes from the records of Nabopolassar, saying he was a laborer in the restoration of the temple of Marduk. A cylinder found in 1921 in Baghdad, Iraq is attributed to Nabopolassar. He is described therein as extremely pious, and that he "sought out the temples... and the complete performance of their rites." He attributes his success to Shazu (one of the names associated with Marduk). Throughout the inscription, Nabopolassar describes some of his greatest military conquests and submits himself to Marduk and other deities.
   
3. Title: K. C. Hanson's Collection of Mesopotamian Documents: The Cyrus Cylinder
   Author: SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahlström, Gösta. "The History of Ancient Palestine." Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. Briant, Pierre. "From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire." Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1999. Gershevitch, Ilya. "The Cambridge History of Iran." Vol. 2: "The Median and Achaemenian Periods." Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985. Oppenheim, A. Leo. "Babylonian and Assyrian Historical Texts." In "Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament." Edited by J. B. Pritchard, 265-317. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969. (315-16) Rawlinson, H. C. and T. G. Pinches. "A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia." Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia 5. London: Harrison, 1909. Rogers, Robert William. "Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament." 1912. Reprinted, Ancient Texts and Translations. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2005. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen. "Darius I and the Persian Empire." In "Civilizations of the An.."
   Publication: Name: http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/cyrus.html;
   Note: DESCRIPTION Language: Akkadian Medium: clay cylinder Size: 23 cm long 11 cm wide Length: 40+ lines of writing (although broken) Genre: Date: 538 BCE Cyrus's reign: 557–529 BCE Place of Discovery: Nineveh, Iraq Date of Discovery: 1879 Discoverer: Hormuzd Rassam Current Location: British Museum Inventory number: ME 90920 (formerly BM WAA 90920 (BM = British Museum; WAA = Western Asiastic Antiquities) Alternative Designation: V R 35 (Rawlinson 1909: pl. 35) TEXT TRANSLITERATION (Rogers 1912:380-84) TRANSLATION (Adapted from Rogers 1912:380-84) [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]-ni-Šu 1 [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] his troops [ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]-ki-ib-ra-tim 2 [ . . . . . . . . . . . . four] quarters of the world [. . . ]-ka gal ma tu-û i Š -Šak-na a-na e-nu-tu ma-ti- Šu 3 [ . . . ] a weakling was established as ruler over his land Ši-[ . . . . . . . . . . ta-am]-Ši-li ú- Ša-aŠ-ki-na si-ru-Š u-un 4 and [ . . . . . ] a similar one he appointed over them, ta-am-Ši-li É-sag-ila i-te-[. . . . . . -ti]m a-na Uriki ù si-it-ta-tim ma-ha-za 5 like Esagila he made [ . . . ] to Ur and the rest of the cities, pa-ra-as la si-ma-a-ti- Šu-nu ta-[ . . . . . l]i û-mi- Šá-am-ma id-di-ni-ib-bu-ub ù ana na-ak-ri-tim 6 a command dishonoring them [ . . . . . ] he planned daily and in enmity, sat-tuk-ku ù-Šab-ti-li ú-ad-[di . . . . . . iŠ] -tak-ka-an ki-rib ma-ha-zi pa-la-ha iluMarduk Šar ilâni [Šá]-qi- Še a-Šu-uŠ- Šu 7 he caused the daily offering to cease; he appointed [ . . . ] he established within the city. The worship of Marduk, king of the gods [ . . . ] li-mu-ut-ti ali-Šu [i-te]-ni-ip-pu-uŠ û-mi- Šá-am-ma na-[. . . . niŠe ] i-na ab-Ša-a-ni la ta-ap-Š ú-úh -tim ú-hal-li-iq kul-lat-si-in 8 he showed hostility toward his city daily [ . . . ] his people; he brought all of them to ruin through servitude without rest. a-na ta-zi-im-ti-Ši-na iluEllil lililani iz-zi-iŠ i-gu-ug-ma [ . . . ] ki-su-úr-Šú-un ilâni a- Ši-ib lib-bi-Š ú-nu i-zi-bu ad-ma-an- Šú-un 9 On account of their complaints, the lords of the gods became furiously angry and left their land; the gods, who dwelt among them, left their homes, i-na ug-ga-ti Šá ú- Še-ri-bi a-na ki-rib Babili ilu Marduk ti-[ . . . . ] li-sa-ah-ra a-na nap-har da-ád-mi Šá in-na-du-ú Šú-bat-su-un 10 in anger over his bringing into Babylon. Marduk [ . . . ] to all the dwelling places, which had become ruins, ù niŠe mât Šú-me-ri ù Ak-ka-dikiŠ a i-mu-ú Ša-lam-ta-aŠ ú-sa-ah-hi-ir ka- [ . . . . ]- Ši ir-ta-Š i ta-a-a-ra kul-lat ma-ta-a-ta ka-li- Ši-na i-h i-it ib-ri-e-Šu 11 and the people of Sumer and Akkad, who were like corpses [ . . . . ] he turned and granted mercy. In all lands everywhere iŠ-te-'-e-ma ma-al-ki i- Ša-ru bi-bil lib-bi Šá it-ta-ma-a h qa-tu-uŠ-Šú m Ku-ra-aŠŠar ali An- Šá-an it-ta-bi ni-bi-it-su a-na ma-li-ku-tim kul-la-ta nap- h ar iz-zak-ra Šú-[ma- Š u] 12 he searched; he looked through them and sought a righteous prince after his own heart, whom he took by the hand. He called Cyrus, king of Anshan, by name; he appointed him to lordship over the whole world. mâtQu-ti-i gi-mir Um-man Man-da ú-ka-an-ni- Ša a-na Š e-pi-Šu ni Še sal-mat qaqqaduduŠa ú- Š á-ak-Ši-du ka-ta-a-Šu 13 The land of Qutu, all the Umman-manda, he cast down at his feet. The black-headed people, whom he gave his hands to conquer, i-na ki-it-tim ú mi-Š a-ru iŠ-te-ni-'e-Ši-na-a-tim iluMarduk belu rabu ta-ru-ú niŠ e- Šu ip-Še-e-ti Šá dam-qa-a-ta ù lib-ba-Šú i-Šá-ra ha-di-i Š ip-pa-al-li-is 14 he took them in justice and righteousness. Marduk, the great lord, looked joyously on the caring for his people, on his pious works and his righteous heart. a-na ali-Šú Bab-ilani ki a-la-ak-Šú ik-bi ú- Š a-as-bi-it-su-ma har-ra-nu Babili ki-ma ib-ri ú tap-pi-e it-tal-la-ka i-da-a-Šu 15 To his city, Babylon, he caused him to go; he made him take the road to Babylon, going as a friend and companion at his side. um-ma-ni-Šu rap- Ša-a-tim Šá ki-ma me-e nari la ú-ta-ad-du-ú ni-ba-Šú-un kakke-Š ú-nu sa-an-du-ma i-Šá-ad-di- ha i-da-a- Šú 16 His numerous troops, in unknown numbers, like the waters of a river, marched armed at his side. ba-lu qab-li ù ta-ha-zi ú- Še-ri-ba-aŠ ki-rib Babili ala- Šú Bab-ilaniki i-ti-ir i-na Š ap-Šá-ki m, iluNabu-na'id Šarru la pa-li-hi-Š ú ú-ma-al-la-a qa-tu-u Š- Šu 17 Without battle and conflict, he permitted him to enter Babylon. He spared his city, Babylon, a calamity. Nabonidus, the king, who did not fear him, he delivered into his hand. niŠe Babili ka-li- Šú-nu nap-har mâtŠ ú-me-ri u Ak-ka-diki ru-bi-e ù Š ak-ka-nak-ka Šá-pal-Š ú ik-mi-sa ú-na-aŠ -Š i-qu Še-pu-u Š- Šú ih-du-ú a-na Š arru-ú-ti- Šú im-mi-ru pa-nu-uŠ - Šú-un 18 All the people of Babylon, Sumer, and Akkad, princes and governors, fell down before him and kissed his feet. They rejoiced in his sovereignty; their faces shone. be-lu Šá i-na tu-kul-ti- Šá ú-bal-li-tu mi-tu-ta-an i-na bu-ta-qu ú pa-ki-e ig-mi-lu kul-la-ta-an ta-bi-iŠ ik-ta-ar-ra-bu- Šu iŠ-tam-ma-ru zi-ki-ir-Š ú 19 The lord, who by his power brings the dead to life, who amid destruction and injury had protected them, they joyously blessed him, honoring his name. a-na-ku mKu-ra-aŠ Šar kiŠ-Š at Šarru rabu Šarru dan-nu Š ar Babili Šar mât Š ú-me-ri ú Ak-ka-di Šar kib-ra-a-ti ir-bit-tim 20 I am Cyrus, king of the world, the great king, the powerful king, king of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters of the world, mar mKa-am-bu-zi-ia Šarru rabu Šar alu An-Š á-an mar mari mKu-ra-aŠ Šarru rabu Šar alu An-Š á-an ŠA.BAL.BAL m Š i-iŠ-pi-iŠ Š arru rabu Šar alu An-Š a-an 21 son of Cambyses, the great king, king of the city of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, the great king, king of the city of Anshan; great-grandson of Teispes, the great king, king of the city of Anshan; ziru da-ru-ú Ša Šarru-ú-tu Ša iluBel u ilu Nabu ir-a-mu pa-la-a-Š ú a-na tu-ub lib-bi- Šú-nu i h-Ši-ha Šarru-ut-su e-nu-ma a-na ki-rib Babili e-ru-bu sa-li-mi-i Š 22 eternal seed of royalty whose rule Bel and Nabu love, in whose administration they rejoice in their heart. When I made my triumphal entrance into Babylon, i-na ul-si ù ri- Š á-a-tim i-na ekal ma-al-ki ar-ma-a Š ú-bat be-lu-tim iluMarduk belu rabu lib-bi ri-it-pa- Š ú Šá mare Babili ú . . . an-ni-ma û-mi- Šam a-Š e-'-a pa-la-ah- Šú 23 I took up my lordly residence in the royal palace with joy and rejoicing; Marduk, the great lord, moved the noble heart of the residents of Babylon to me, while I gave daily attention to his worship. um-ma-ni-ia rap-Ša-tim i-na ki-rib Babili i-Šá-ad-di-ha Šú-ul-ma-niŠ nap-har mat [ Šu-me-ri] ù Akkadiki mu-gal-[l]i-tim ul ú- Šar-Ši 24 My numerous troops marched peacefully into Babylon. In all Sumer and Akkad I permitted no enemy to enter. dannat Babili ù kul-lat ma-ha-zi- Šu i-na Šà-li-im-tim a Š -te-'-e mare Babi[li . . .] ki ma-la lib-[. . .]-ma ab- Š a-a-ni la si-ma-ti-Šu-nu Š ú-bat-su-un 25 The needs of Babylon and of all its cities I gladly attended to. The people of Babylon [and . . . ], and the shameful yoke was removed from them. Their dwellings, an-hu-ut-su-un ú-pa-a Š -Ši-ha ú-Š á-ap-ti-ir sa-ar-ba- Šu-nu a-na ip- Še-e-ti-[ia] iluMarduk belu rabu ú-ih-di-e-ma 26 which had fallen, I restored. I cleared out their ruins. Marduk, the great lord, rejoiced in my pious deeds, and a-na ia-a-ti mKu-ra-a ŠŠarru pa-li-ih-Š u ù mKa-am-bu-zi-ia mari si-it lib-bi-[ia ù a]-na nap- har um-ma-ni-ia 27 graciously blessed me, Cyrus, the king who worships him, and Cambyses, my own son, and all my troops, da-am-ki-iŠ ik-ru-ub-ma i-na Ša-lim-tim ma-har-Š a ta-bi-iŠ ni-it-ta-['-id i-lu-ti- Šu] sir-ti nap-har Šarri a- Ši-ib parakke 28 while we, before him, joyously praised his exalted godhead. All the kings dwelling in palaces, Ša ka-li-i Š kib-ra-a-ta iŠ-tu tam-tim e-li-tim a-di tam-tim Šap-li-tim a-Ši-ib kul-[. . . .] Šar-ra-ni mati A-mur-ri-i a- Ši-ib kuŠ-ta-ri ka-li-Š u-un 29 of all the quarters of the earth, from the Upper to the Lower sea dwelling [ . . . ] all the kings of the Westland dwelling in tents bi-lat-su-nu ka-bi-it-tim ú-bi-lu-nim-ma ki-ir-ba Babili ú-na-aŠ-Š i-qu Še-pu-ú-a iŠ-tu [. . . .] a-di alu A ŠŠurki ù Šu-Š anki 30 brought me their heavy tribute, and in Babylon kissed my feet. From [ . . . ] to Asshur and Susa, A-ga-deki mâtu E Š -nu-nak aluZa-am-ba-an aluMe-túr-nu Deriki a-di pa-at mât Qu-ti-i ma-ha-za [ Šá e-bir]-ti nâruDiqlat Š á i Š-tu ap-na-ma na-du-ú Šú-bat-su-un 31 Agade, Eshnunak, Zamban, Meturnu, Deri, with the territory of the land of Qutu, the cities on the other side of the Tigris, whose sites were of ancient foundation— ilâni a-Ši-ib lib-bi- Šu-nu a-na aŠ-ri-Šú-nu ú-tir-ma ú-Šar-ma-a Š ú-bat da-er-a-ta kul-lat niŠe- Šu-nu ú-pa-ah -hi-ra-am-ma ú-te-ir da-ád-mi- Šu-un 32 the gods, who resided in them, I brought back to their places, and caused them to dwell in a residence for all time ù ilâni mât Šú-me-ri ù AkkadikiŠ á m, iluNabu-na'id a-na ug-ga-tim bel ilâni ú- Še-ri-bi a-na ki-rib Babili i-na ki-bi-ti iluMarduk belu rabû i-na Š á-li-im-tim 33 And the gods of Sumer and Akkad—whom Nabonidus, to the anger of the lord of the gods, had brought into Babylon—by the command of Marduk, the great lord, i-na maŠ-ta-ki- Šu-nu ú-Še-Ši-ib Šú-ba-at tu-ub lib-bi kul-la-ta ilâni Š a ú-Še-ri-bi a-na ki-ir-bi ma-ha-zi- Šu-un 34 I caused them to take up their dwelling in residences that gladdened the heart. May all the gods, whom I brought into their cities, û-mi-Ša-am ma- h ar iluBel ù iluNabu Š a a-ra-ku ume-ia li-ta-mu-ú lit-taŠ-ka-ru a-ma-a-ta du-un-ki-ia ù a-na iluMarduk beli-ia li-iq-bu-ú Ša mKu-ra-aŠ Šarri pa-li- hi-ka u mKa-am-bu-zi-ia mari- Šu 35 pray daily before Bêl and Nabû for long life for me, and may they speak a gracious word for me and say to Marduk, my lord, "May Cyrus, the king who worships you, and Cambyses, his son, da [ . . . ] ib-Šu-nu lu-ú [ . . . ] ka-li-Ši-na Š ú-ub-ti ni-ih-tim ú-Še- Ši-ib [ . . . ] paspase u TU.KIR.HU [ . . . ] 36 their [ . . . ] I permitted all to dwell in peace [ . . . ] DISCUSS..
   
4. Title: Livius.org - Naboplassar, 1st King of Babylon
   Author: Sources Early Years of Nabopolassar Chronicle (ABC 2) Fall of Nineveh Chronicle (ABC 3) Late Years of Nabopolassar Chronicle (ABC 4)
   Publication: Name: https://www.livius.org/articles/person/nabopolassar/;
   Note: Nabopolassar: first king of the Late Babylonian Empire, ruled 626-605. Relatives ABC 4: The Late Nabopolassar Chronicle Son: Nebuchadnezzar II Main deeds After the death of the Assyrian king Aššurbanipal in 631, the situation was confused, and the Babylonians revolted against their two Assyrian governors, Sin-šum-lišir and Sin-šar-iškun. The rebels defeated an Assyrian army, and the Babylonian general Nabopolassar was recognized as king on 23 November 626. 625: Battle of Raqmat; after a victory, Nabopolassar retreats 624: Inconclusive fighting near the Banitu Canal 623: Fighting in Der 616: Nabopolassar defeats the Assyrians near Gablini 615: Winter: Babylonian victory at Arraphu; fighting at Takrita'in 614: Sack of Aššur; rendez-vous between Nabopolassar and the Median leader Cyaxares. According to Berossus, Nebuchadnezzar marries the Median princess Amytis. 612: Sack of Nineveh; continued war 610: Capture of Harran 608: Campaign against Urartu 607: Campaign against Kimuhu (Commagene); Nebuchadnezzar campaigns in Biranati 605: Nebuchadnezzar, the crown prince, defeats the Egyptian king Necho at Karchemish August 605: Death of Nabopolassar; Nebuchadnezzar becomes king Succeeded by: his son Nebuchadnezzar II
   
5. Title: Wikiwand: Sinsharishkun, King of Assyria
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Sinsharishkun;
   Note: Sinsharishkun or Sin-shar-ishkun (Akkadian: "Sîn-šar-iškun" or "Sîn-šarru-iškun," meaning "Sin has established the king") was the penultimate king of Assyria, reigning from the death of his brother and predecessor Ashur-etil-ilani in 627 BC to his own death at the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. Succeeding his brother in uncertain, but not necessarily violent, circumstances, Sinsharishkun was faced immediately by the revolt of one of his brother's chief generals, Sin-shumu-lishir, who attempted to usurp the throne for himself. Though this threat was dealt with relatively quickly, the instability caused by the brief civil war may be what made it possible for another general, Nabopolassar, to rise up and seize power in Babylonia. Sinsharishkun's inability to defeat Nabopolassar, despite repeated attempts over the course of several years, allowed Nabopolassar to conslidate power and form the Neo-Babylonian Empire, restoring Babylonian independence after more than a century of Assyrian rule. The Neo-Babylonian Empire, and the newly formed Median Empire under King Cyaxares, then invaded the Assyrian heartland. In 614 BC, the Medes captured and sacked Assur, the ceremonial and religious heart of the Assyrian Empire, and in 612 BC their combined armies attacked and razed Nineveh, the Assyrian capital. Sinsharishkun's fate is unknown but it is assumed that he died in the defense of his capital. He was succeeded as king only by Ashur-uballit II, possibly his son, who rallied what remained of the Assyrian army at the city of Harran. He also historically and erroneously sometimes has been known as Esarhaddon II after a king once believed to have existed on account of a letter written by Serua-eterat, daughter of King Esarhaddon, who was assumed to have been too young to refer to the famous Esarhaddon. The idea of a separate Esarhaddon II as king has been abandoned by Assyriologists since the late 19th century, but the name sometimes appears as a synonym for Sinsharishkun. Background and chronology The period from a few years before the death of King Ashurbanipal to the Fall of Nineveh in 612 BC suffers from a distinct lack of surviving sources. The annals of Ashurbanipal, the primary sources for his reign, go no further than 636 BC. Although Ashurbanipal's final year is often repeated as 627 BC, this follows an inscription at Harran made by the mother of the Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus nearly a century later. The final contemporary evidence for Ashurbanipal being alive and reigning as king is a contract from the city of Nippur made in 631 BC. To get the attested lengths of the reigns of his successors to match, most scholars agree that Ashurbanipal either died, abdicated or was deposed in 631 BC. Of the three options, a death in 631 BC is the most accepted. If Ashurbanipal's reign would have ended in 627 BC, the inscriptions of his successors Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun in Babylon, covering several years, would have been impossible since the city was seized by the Neo-Babylonian king Nabopolassar in 626 BC to never again fall into Assyrian hands. Ashurbanipal had named his successor as early as 660 BC, when documents referencing a crown prince (probably Ashur-etil-ilani) were written. He had been the father of at least one son, and probably two, early on in his reign. These early sons were likely Ashur-etil-ilani and Sinsharishkun. Ashur-etil-ilani succeeded Ashurbanipal as king in 631 BC and ruled until his own death in 627 BC. It is frequently assumed, without any supporting evidence, that Sinsharishkun fought with Ashur-etil-ilani for the throne. Reign Rise to the throne and revolt of Sin-shumu-lishir In the middle of 627 BC, King Ashurbanipal's son and successor Ashur-etil-ilani died, leading to Ashur-etil-ilani's brother Sinsharishkun ascending to the Assyrian throne. Although it has been suggested by several historians, there is no evidence to prove the idea that Ashur-etil-ilani was deposed in a coup by his brother. Sinsharishkun's inscriptions state that he was selected for the kingship from among several of "his equals" (e.g. brothers) by the gods. Also dying at roughy the same time as Ashur-etil-ilani was the vassal king of Babylon, Kandalanu, which led to Sinsharishkun also becoming the king of Babylon, as proven by inscriptions by him in southern cities such as Nippur, Uruk, Sippar and Babylon itself. Sinsharishkun's rule of Babylon did not last long, and almost immediately in the wake of him coming to the throne, the general Sin-shumu-lishir rebelled. Sin-shumu-lishir had been a key figure in Assyria during Ashur-etil-ilani's reign, putting down several revolts and possibly being the "de facto" leader of the country. The rise of another king might have endangered his position and as such led him to revolt and attempt to seize power for himself. Sin-shumu-lishir successfully seized control of some cities in northern Babylonia, including Nippur and Babylon itself and would rule there for three months before Sinsharishkun defeated him. Rise of Babylon Main article: Revolt of Babylon (626 BC) Some months after Sin-shumu-lishir's revolt, another revolt began in Babylon. A general called Nabopolassar, possibly using the political instability caused by the previous revolt, assaulted both Nippur and Babylon. Nabopolassar's armies took the cities from the garrisons left there by Sinsharishkun but the Assyrian response was swift and in October of 626 BC, the Assyrian army recaptured Nippur and besieged Nabopolassar at Uruk. A simultaneous Assyrian attempt at recapturing Babylon itself, the last ever Assyrian action against the city, was repulsed by Nabopolassar's garrison and the attack at Uruk also failed. In the aftermath of the failed Assyrian counterattack, Nabopolassar was formally crowned King of Babylon on November 22/23 626 BC, restoring Babylonia as an independent kingdom. In 625–623 BC, Sinsharishkun's forces again attempted to defeat Nabopolassar, campaigning in northern Babylonia. Initially, these campaigns were successful; in 625 BC the Assyrians took the city of Sippar and Nabopolassar's attempted reconquest of Nippur failed. Another of Assyria's vassals, Elam, also stopped paying tribute to Assyria during this time and several Babylonian cities, such as Der, revolted and joined Nabopolassar. Realizing the threat this posed, Sinsharishkun led a massive counterattack himself which saw the successful recapture of Uruk in 623 BC. Sinsharishkun might have ultimately been victorious had it not been for another revolt, led by an Assyrian general in the empire's western provinces in 622 BC. This general, whose name remains unknown, took advantage of the absence of Sinsharishkun and the Assyrian army to march on Nineveh, met a hastily organized army which surrendered without fighting and successfully seized the Assyrian throne. The surrender of the army indicates that the usurper was an Assyrian and possibly even a member of the royal family, or at least a person that would be acceptable as king. Understandably alarmed by this development, Sinsharishkun abandoned his Babylonian campaign and though he successfully defeated the usurper after a hundred days of civil war, the absence of the Assyrian army saw the Babylonians conquer the last remaining Assyrian outposts in Babylonia in 622–620 BC. The Babylonian siege of Uruk had begun by October 622 BC and though control of the ancient city would shift between Assyria and Babylon, it was firmly in Nabopolassar's hands by 620 BC. Nippur was also conquered in 620 BC and Nabopolassar consolidated his rule over the entirity of Babylonia. Fall of the Assyrian Empire Main article: Medo-Babylonian war against the Assyrian Empire The next few years saw repeated Babylonian victories against the Assyrians. By 616 BC, Nabopolassar's armies had reached as far north as the Balikh River. Realizing that the situation was dire, Assyria's ally, Pharaoh Psamtik I of Egypt, marched his troops to aid Sinsharishkun. Psamtik had over the last few years campaigned to establish dominance over the small city-states of the Levant and it was in his interests that Assyria survived as a buffer state between his own empire and those of the Babylonians and Medes in the east. A joint Egyptian-Assyrian campaign to capture the city of Gablinu was undertaken in October of 616 BC, but ended in failure after which the Egyptian allies kept to the west of the Euphrates, only offering limited support. Following this failure, Assyria quickly collapsed. In March 615 BC, Nabopolassar inflicted a crushing defeat at the Assyrian army at the banks of the Tigris, pushing them back to the Little Zab. Although Nabopolassar's attempt at taking the city of Assur, the ceremonial and religious center of Assyria, in May of that same year failed and he retreated to the city of Takrit, the Assyrians also failed to assault Takrit and put an end to him. After yet another failure, the Assyrian army returned to Assur. In October or November 615 BC, the Medes under King Cyaxares entered Assyria and conquered the region around the city Arrapha in preparation for a great final campaign against Sinsharishkun. In July or August of 614 BC, the Medes mounted attacks on the cities of Kalhu and Nineveh and successfully conquered the city Tarbisu. They then besieged Assur. This siege was successful and the Medes captured the ancient heart of Assyria, plundering it and killing many of its inhabitants. Nabopolassar only arrived at Assur after the plunder had already begun and met with Cyaxares, allying with him and signing an anti-Assyrian pact. Shortly after Assur's fall, Sinsharishkun made his last attempt at a counterattack, rushing to rescue the besieged city of Rahilu, but Nabopolassar's army had retreated before a battle could take place In April or May 612 BC, at the start of Nabopolassar's fourteenth year as King of Babylon, the combined Medo-Babylonian army marched on Nineveh. From June to August of that..