Cyaxares ben Phraortes, King of Media

• Preferred Name: Cyaxares ben Phraortes, King of Media^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Death: ABT 585 BC
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of the Median EmpireBET 653 BC AND 585 BC in Ectabana, Median Empire at LATI: N0.1167 LONG: E79.7167 with note: Scythian vassal 0653 BC-00625 BC
  
• Birth: ABT 670 BC in Ectabana, Median Empire at LATI: N0.1167 LONG: E79.7167
  
• FSID: LRJ9-72T
  

1. Title: Encyclopædia Iranica: ČIŠPIŠ
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2. Title: Wikiwand: Achaemenid family tree
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Achaemenid_family_tree;
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: Achaemenid kings
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Category:Achaemenid_kings;
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Teispes
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Teispes;
   
5. Title: Iranica online
   Author: G. G. Cameron, History of Early Iran, Chicago, 1936. I. M. D’yakonov (Diakonoff), Istoriya Midii ot drevneĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV veka do n.è. (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century b.c.e.), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. K. Kegavarz as Tārīḵ-eMād, Tehran, 1345 Š./1966. Idem, “Media,” Camb. Hist. Iran II, pp. 36-148, esp. pp. 112-19. E. A. Grantovskiĭ, Rannyaya istoriya iranskikh plemyon Peredneĭ Azii (The early history of the Iranian tribes of Near Asia) Moscow, 1970. A. K. Grayson, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Locust Valley, N.Y., 1975. W. Hinz, “Kyaxares,” RIA VI/5-6, pp. 399-­400. R. Labat, “Kaštariti, Phraorte et les débuts de l’histoire mède,” JA 249, 1961, pp. 1-12. A. T. Olmstead, History of the Persian Empire, Chicago, 1948, pp. 31-33. F. Thureau-Dangin, “La fin de l’empire assyrien,” RA 22, 1925, pp. 27-29. Weissbach, “Kyaxares,” Pauly-Wissowa, XI/2 (1922), col. 2246-50. S. Zawadski, The Fall of Assyria and Median-Babylonian
   Publication: Name: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cyaxares-gk;
   Note: CYAXARES (Gk. Kyaxárēs, Herodotus’ transcription of OIr. *hUvaxštra, a name rendered in Akkadian as mÚ-ak-sa-tar, mUk-sa-tar, mÚ-ma-ku-iš-tar, in Elamite as Ma-ki-iš-tur-ri, Ma-ak-iš-tar-ra [-m- to be read (-w-)], Old Phrygian ksuwaksaros; the etymology is obscure; see Iranisches Personennamenbuch I/2, p. 27, V/4, p. 34, cf. p. 27: evidence in Lycian?), king of Media in the 6th century b.c.e. The name is attested twice (Uksatar and Uaksatar, possibly the same person) among Median princes as early as the 8th century b.c.e. It was by no means a title, as argued, for example, by Walther Hinz, for Uksatar was mentioned as only one among a group of princes and chieftains who paid tribute to Sargon II of Assyria in 714; he was one of several from the “land of the river” (ša nārti; Grayson), which can hardly be identified with Ecbatana (OIr. *Hangmatāna, Gk. Agbátana, Ekbátana, Hebrew ʿAḥmēṯā, modern Hamadān), the later capital of the Median empire. This city was not mentioned at all in the very detailed Assyrian sources on northwestern Iran. Uksatar could thus not have belonged to the Median dynasty, nor can a relation be demonstrated between him and Dāyukku, whom Sargon II claimed to have deported to Syria in 715 (Grayson); Dāyukku was a provincial chieftain from the Mannean kingdom near Lake Urmia and thus cannot be identified with Herodotus’ Deioces (Gk. Dēiókēs), founder of the Median dynasty and the city of Ecbatana (1.96-101). The supposed Cyaxares “I,” proposed as a king of Media in the late 8th and early 7th centuries, is thus a phantom (Grantovskiĭ, pp. 249ff., 316).
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Achaemenid Empire
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Achaemenid_Empire;
   
7. Title: The Genealogy of the Achaemenids
   Publication: Name: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-dynasty#pt1;
   
8. Title: "The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]," by Mehrdad Kia
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163&lpg=PA163&dq=Arshama+%5BArsames%5D+of+Parthia+King&source=bl&ots=4bZ04psENX&sig=8j46bGv7h2rkC1EIUeSsd9Nnneg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJzL7bi5TSAhVK1oMKHcRZDWYQ6AEIMDAF#v=onepage&q=teispes&f=false;
   Note: ABC-CLIO, Jun 27, 2016
   
9. Title: Encyclopædia Iranica: CHRONOLOGY OF IRANIAN HISTORY PART 1
   Publication: Name: http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/chronology-1;
   
10. Title: Wikipedia - Cyaxares, King of the Medes
    Author: Sources[edit] Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Cyaxares". Diakonoff, I. M. (1993). "CYAXARES". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Media". In Gershevitch, Ilya (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–148. ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2. Hinz, Walther (1975). Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberleiferung [Old Iranian Language from Collateral Sources] (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz. p. 208. ISBN 978-3-447-01703-9. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2011). Iranisches Personennamenbuch [Book of Iranian Personal Names] (in German). Vol. 5.5a. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 978-3-700-17142-3. Sulimirski, Tadeusz; Taylor, T. F. (1991). "The Scythians". In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 547–590. ISBN 978-1-139-05429-4.
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares;
    Note: Cyaxares Qyzqapan tomb relief.jpg Likely relief of Cyaxares, Qyzqapan tomb, Sulaymaniyah. Iraqi Kurdistan.[1] King of the Median Empire Reign 653 – 585 BC (Scythian vassal: 653 - 625 BC) Predecessor Phraortes Successor Astyages Died 585 BC Burial Syromedia (present-day Qyzqapan)[3] Spouse Daughter (or granddaughter) of Nabopolassar Issue Astyages Amytis Median ᴴuvaxšϑra Dynasty Median dynasty Father Phraortes Religion Ancient Iranian religion Cyaxares (Median: ᴴuvaxšϑra;[4] Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼 ᴴuvaxštra;[5][6][7][8] Akkadian: Assyrian cuneiform U12079 MesZL 748 and MesZL 749.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12311 MesZL 490.svgAssyrian cuneiform U1201D MesZL 127.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12293 MesZL 172.svgAssyrian cuneiform U122EB MesZL 248.svgAssyrian cuneiform U12148 MesZL 726.svg Waksatar;[5] Old Phrygian: Ksuwaksaros;[5] Ancient Greek: Κυαξαρης, romanized: Kuaxarēs;[5] Latin: Cyaxarēs; reigned 625–585 BCE) was the third king of the Medes. Cyaxares collaborated with the Babylonians to destroy the Assyrian Empire, and united most of the Iranian tribes of ancient Iran, thereby transforming Media into a regional power.[9][10] Name The name Cyaxares is the Latinised form of the Greek Kuaxarēs (Κυαξαρης), which was itself the Hellenisation of the Median name ᴴuvaxšϑra (𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼), meaning "good ruler."[5][8] The Greek author Diodorus Siculus named Cyaxares as Astibaras (Αστιβαρας),[11] which is the Hellenisation of the Median name *R̥štibara, meaning "spear bearer."[12][13] This name is similar to the Median form of his son Astyages's name, *R̥štivaigah, meaning "spear thrower."[14][15] Life and reign Cyaxares' Media at the time of its maximum expansion. According to Herodotus, Cyaxares was the son of the Median king Phraortes. In the middle of the 7th century BCE, Phraortes led the Medes in a revolt against Assyria and was killed in battle, either against the Assyrians under their king Ashurbanipal, or against the Assyrians' Scythian allies, whose king Madyes invaded the Medes and imposed Scythian hegemony over them for twenty-eight years on behalf of the Assyrians, thus starting a period which Herodotus called the "Scythian rule over Asia".[16][17] Following the Scythian invasion, Cyaxares succeeded his father Phraortes as king of the Medes under the suzerainty of the Scythians.[18][19] Revolt against the Scythians By the 620s BCE, the Assyrian Empire began unravelling after the death of Ashurbanipal: in addition to internal instability within Assyria itself, Babylon revolted against the Assyrians in 626 BCE.[20] The next year, in 625 BCE, Cyaxares overthrew the Scythian yoke over the Medes by inviting the Scythian rulers to a banquet, getting them drunk, and then murdering them all, including possibly Madyes himself.[5][20][17] After freeing the Medes from the Scythian yoke, Cyaxares reorganised the Median armed forces in preparation for a war with Assyria: whereas the Medes previously fought as tribal militias divided into kinship groups and each warrior used whatever weapons they were the most skilled at, Cyaxares instituted a regular army modelled on the Assyrian and Urartian armies, fully equipped by the state and divided into strategic and tactical units.[21] Cyaxares might also have forced the Scythians into an alliance with the Medes after overthrowing their rule, since from 615 BCE onwards the Babylonian records mention the Scythians as the allies of the Medes.[22] War in Parthia At some point during his reign, Cyaxares conquered the countries Hyrcania and Parthia, which were located to the immediate east of Media.[23] According to Diodorus Siculus, at one point the Parthians revolted against Cyaxares and entrusted their country and their capital city to the Sacae[11] or the Dahae,[24] after which a war broke out between the Medes and the Saka, led by their queen Zarinaia, who founded multiple cities.[11] According to Diodorus, Zarinaia was the sister of the Saka king Cydraeus and initially his wife, but after his death she married the Parthian king Marmares. During the war against the Medes, Zarinaia was wounded in battle and captured by Cyaxares's son-in-law Stryngaeus, who listened to her pleas and spared her life; when Marmares later captured Stryngaeus, Zarinaia killed Marmares, and rescued Stryngaeus.[25] At the end of this war, the Parthians accepted Median rule,[11] and peace was made between the Medes and the Saka.[26] Diodorus's account suggests that the region of Parthia was influenced by both the Medes to their west, and by the Saka nomads of the region of the Caspian and Aral Seas.[11] War against Assyria Following the defeat of a joint Assyrian-Mannaean force at Gablinu by the new Babylonian rebel king and founder of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabopolassar, the next year Cyaxares conquered Mannae, which brought the Median armies to the frontiers of Assyria.[5] In November 615 BCE, six months after Nabopolassar had failed to seize the important Assyrian centre of Aššur, Cyaxares crossed the Zagros mountains and occupied the city of Arrapha. The next year, in July and August of 614 BCE, the Median armies performed a distractive manoeuvre by ostensibly marching on the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, which prompted the Assyrian king Sin-šar-iškun to go defend the city, after which the Medes marched north along the Tigris and seized Tarbiṣu, following which they crossed the river and marched down its right bank to Aššur, and thereby cut the Assyrian centres of Nineveh and Kalhu from outside help. The end result of this Median attack was the sacking of Aššur, during which the Medes' forces massacred the city's inhabitants, destroyed its temples, and seized its treasures.[27] Shortly after the fall of Aššur, the Babylonian king Nabopolassar met Cyaxares at the ruins of the city, and they concluded an alliance against Assyria which was sealed by diplomatic marriages, with Nabopolassar's son Nebuchadnezzar marrying Cyaxares's daughter Amytis,[28] and Cyaxares marrying a daughter or granddaughter of Nabopolassar.[5] Once the alliance between Cyaxares and Nabopolassar had been concluded, the Median and Babylonian forces acted in concert with each other in the war against Assyria. In 612 BCE, the Median and Babylonian armies together crossed the ʿAdhaim river at its mouth and marched on the Assyrian capital city, Nineveh, which was taken and sacked by the joint Medo-Babylonian forces after three months of siege. The Assyrian king Sin-šar-iškun likely died during the fall of Nineveh.[29] After the death of Sin-šar-iškun, an Assyrian leader who might have been his son, Aššur-uballiṭ II, proclaimed himself the new Assyrian king in Harran, where he ruled with the support of the remnant of the Assyrian army. In 610 BCE, the pro-Assyrian Egyptian pharaoh Necho II intervened in the Levant in support of the Assyrians, and went to Harran to support Aššur-uballiṭ. In 610 BCE, Cyaxares and Nabopolassar seized Harran from the Assyro-Egyptian force, which retreated to Carchemish on the west bank of the Euphrates.[29] Conquest of Urartu In 609 BCE, the Medes attacked the capital of the kingdom of Urartu in the Armenian Highlands. The attack on Urartu might have been carried out in alliance with the Babylonians, since Babylonian records mention a joint Medo-Babylonian attack on Bit Hanunia in Urartu in 608 BCE,[30] and a splinter Scythian group likely joined the Medes and participated in their conquest of Urartu.[31] This invasion did not result in the destruction of Urartu, but in it becoming a subject kingdom of the new Median state.[29] Median contingents might have helped the final Babylonian victory against the joint Assyrian-Egyptian force at Carchemish in 605 BCE, at which point the Medes' military collaboration with the Babylonian campaigns ended, and Median forces did not participate in any of the consequent Babylonian campaigns in Syria and Palestine.[30] Extent of the Median Kingdom According to older interpretations of the destruction of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, its territory was partitioned between the Babylonians and the Medes, the latter of whom obtained a territory which included Assyria proper and had a southern border which started at Carchemish and passed south of Harran and along the Jabal Sinjār till the Tigris to the south of Aššur, and then along the Jabāl Hamrīn and across the Diyala River valley until the northwestern borders of Elam.[30] However, according to more recent research, the Neo-Babylonian Empire obtained all of the former territories of the Assyrian Empire except for those on the Zagros mountains which the Assyrians had already lost to the Medes in earlier times, and the role of the Medes in the war against the Assyrians was largely to act as the main fighting force which handed over territory to the Babylonians and returned to Media once these military activities were completed.[32] Halys River Herodotus reported the wars of Cyaxares in The Histories War against the Lydians[edit] Following the destruction of the Assyrian Empire, the majority of the Scythians were expelled out of Western Asia and into the Pontic Steppe during the 600s BCE,[22] and the relations between the Medes and the Babylonians soon temporarily deteriorated in the 590s, but no hostilities erupted between the two.[30] Instead, a war broke out between Media and another group of Scythians, probably members of a splinter group who had formed a kingdom in what is now Azerbaijan. These Scythians left Median-ruled Transcaucasia and fled into the kingdom of Lydia, which had been allied to the Scythians. After the Lydian king Alyattes refused to accede to Cyaxares's demands that these Scythian refugees be handed to him, a war broke ou