Darius Ochus King of Persia II

• Preferred Name: Darius Ochus King of Persia II^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: 94BJ-V1K
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Predecessor: Sogdianus, Successor ; Artaxerxes II)BET 423 BC AND 404 BC with note: Wikiwand: Darius II
  
• House:+Achaemenid+Dynasty: with note: Wikiwand: Darius II
  
• Birth: 475 BC in Babylon, Persian Empire
  
• Burial: 404 BC in Naqsh-e Rostam, Fårs, Persian Empire at LATI: N9 LONG: E3
  
• Death: 404 BC in Persepolis, Fars, Persian Empire at LATI: N9 LONG: E3
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Pharaoh of EgyptBET 423 BC AND 404 BC with note: Wikiwand: Darius II
  
• Notes:

  === Kg. d. Perser 423-404 ===
  Kg. d. Perser 423-404

• m. 457 v. Chr. in Babylon

1. Arsaces "Artaxerxes II Mnemon" King of Kings of the Persian Empire, b. BET 424 BC AND 419 BC in Persepolis, Fars, Persian Empire     d. 358 BC in Persepolis, Fars, Persian Empire
2. Oxathres de Persia,    

1. Title: Wikiwand: Achaemenid Empire
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Achaemenid_Empire;
   Note: The Achaemenid Empire (/əˈkiːmənɪd/; "𐎧𐏁𐏂," "Xšāça" (Old Persian) "The Empire" c. 550–330 BC), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire based in Western Asia founded by Cyrus the Great. Ranging at its greatest extent from the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, it was larger than any previous empire in history, spanning 5.5 million square kilometers. Incorporating various peoples of different origins and faiths, it is notable for its successful model of a centralized, bureaucratic administration (through satraps under the King of Kings), for building infrastructure such as road systems and a postal system, the use of an official language across its territories, and the development of civil services and a large professional army. The empire's successes inspired similar systems in later empires. By the 7th century BC, the Persians had settled in the south-western portion of the Iranian Plateau in the region of Persis, which came to be their heartland. From this region, Cyrus the Great advanced to defeat the Medes, Lydia, and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, establishing the Achaemenid Empire. Alexander the Great, an avid admirer of Cyrus the Great, conquered most of the empire by 330 BC. Upon Alexander's death, most of the empire's former territory fell under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Seleucid Empire, in addition to other minor territories which gained independence at that time. The Iranian elites of the central plateau reclaimed power by the second century BC under the Parthian Empire. The Achaemenid Empire is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the Greek city-states during the Greco-Persian Wars and for the emancipation of the Jewish exiles in Babylon. The historical mark of the empire went far beyond its territorial and military influences and included cultural, social, technological and religious influences as well. Despite the lasting conflict between the two states, many Athenians adopted Achaemenid customs in their daily lives in a reciprocal cultural exchange, some being employed by or allied to the Persian kings. The impact of Cyrus's edict is mentioned in Judeo-Christian texts, and the empire was instrumental in the spread of Zoroastrianism as far east as China. The empire also set the tone for the politics, heritage and history of Iran (also known as Persia). Etymology The term Achaemenid means "of the family of the Achaemenis/Achaemenes" (Old Persian: "𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁," "Haxāmaniš"; a bahuvrihi compound translating to "having a friend's mind"). Achaemenes was himself a minor seventh-century ruler of the Anshan in southwestern Iran, and a vassal of Assyria. History See also: Achaemenid Kingdom Part of a series on the History of Iran Timeline Iran portal Achaemenid timeline Astronomical year numbering Origin Main articles: Achaemenes, Teispids, and Achaemenid family tree "The Persian nation contains a number of tribes as listed here. ... : the Pasargadae, Maraphii, and Maspii, upon which all the other tribes are dependent. Of these, the Pasargadae are the most distinguished; they contain the clan of the Achaemenids from which spring the Perseid kings. Other tribes are the Panthialaei, Derusiaei, Germanii, all of which are attached to the soil, the remainder—the Dai, Mardi, Dropici, Sagarti, being nomadic." — Herodotus, "Histories 1.101 & 125" The Achaemenid Empire was created by nomadic Persians. The name "Persia" is a Greek and Latin pronunciation of the native word referring to the country of the people originating from Persis (Old Persian: "𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿," "Pārsa"). The Persians were an Iranian people who arrived in what is today Iran c. 1000 BC and settled a region including north-western Iran, the Zagros Mountains and Persis alongside the native Elamites. For a number of centuries they fell under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC), based in northern Mesopotamia. The Persians were originally nomadic pastoralists in the western Iranian Plateau and by 850 BC were calling themselves the Parsa and their constantly shifting territory Parsua, for the most part localized around Persis. The Achaemenid Empire was not the first Iranian empire, as the Medes, another group of Iranian peoples, established a short-lived empire and played a major role in the overthrow of the Assyrian. The Achaemenids initially were rulers of the Elamite city of Anshan near the modern city of Marvdasht; the title "King of Anshan" was an adaptation of the earlier Elamite title "King of Susa and Anshan." There are conflicting accounts of the identities of the earliest Kings of Anshan. According to the Cyrus Cylinder (the oldest extant genealogy of the Achaemenids) the kings of Anshan were Teispes, Cyrus I, Cambyses I and Cyrus II, also known as Cyrus the Great, who created the empire (the later Behistun Inscription, written by Darius the Great, claims that Teispes was the son of Achaemenes and that Darius is also descended from Teispes through a different line, but no earlier texts mention Achaemenes). In Herodotus' "Histories," he writes that Cyrus the Great was the son of Cambyses I and Mandane of Media, the daughter of Astyages, the king of the Median Empire. Formation and expansion Further information: Battle of the Persian Border, Persian Revolt, Battle of Pteria, Battle of Opis, Battle of Pelusium (525 BC), Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley, and European Scythian campaign of Darius I Cyrus revolted against the Median Empire in 553 BC, and in 550 BC succeeded in defeating the Medes, capturing Astyages and taking the Median capital city of Ecbatana. Once in control of Ecbatana, Cyrus styled himself as the successor to Astyages and assumed control of the entire empire. By inheriting Astyages' empire, he also inherited the territorial conflicts the Medes had had with both Lydia and the Neo-Babylonian Empire. King Croesus of Lydia sought to take advantage of the new international situation by advancing into what had previously been Median territory in Asia Minor. Cyrus led a counterattack which not only fought off Croesus' armies, but also led to the capture of Sardis and the fall of the Lydian Kingdom in 546 BC. Cyrus placed Pactyes in charge of collecting tribute in Lydia and left, but once Cyrus had left Pactyes instigated a rebellion against Cyrus. Cyrus sent the Median general Mazares to deal with the rebellion, and Pactyes was captured. Mazares, and after his death Harpagus, set about reducing all the cities which had taken part in the rebellion. The subjugation of Lydia took about four years in total. When power in Ecbatana changed hands from the Medes to the Persians, many tributaries to the Median Empire believed their situation had changed and revolted against Cyrus. This forced Cyrus to fight wars against Bactria and the nomadic Saka in Central Asia. During these wars, Cyrus established several garrison towns in Central Asia, including the Cyropolis. Nothing is known of Persian-Babylonian relations between 547 BC and 539 BC, but it is likely that there were hostilities between the two empires for several years leading up to the war of 540–539 BC and the Fall of Babylon. In October 539 BC, Cyrus won a battle against the Babylonians at Opis, then took Sippar without a fight before finally capturing the city of Babylon on 12 October, where the Babylonian king Nabonidus was taken prisoner. Upon taking control of the city, Cyrus depicted himself in propaganda as restoring the divine order which had been disrupted by Nabonidus, who had promoted the cult of Sin rather than Marduk, and he also portrayed himself as restoring the heritage of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by comparing himself to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. The Hebrew Bible also unreservedly praises Cyrus for his actions in the conquest of Babylon, referring to him as Yahweh's anointed. He is credited with freeing the people of Judah from their exile and with authorizing the reconstruction of much of Jerusalem, including the Second Temple. In 530 BC, Cyrus died while on a military expedition against the Massagetae in Central Asia. He was succeeded by his eldest son Cambyses II, while his younger son Bardiya received a large territory in Central Asia. By 525 BC, Cambyses had successfully subjugated Phoenicia and Cyprus and was making preparations to invade Egypt with the newly created Persian navy. The great Pharaoh Amasis II had died in 526 BC and had been succeeded by Psamtik III, resulting in the defection of key Egyptian allies to the Persians. Psamtik positioned his army at Pelusium in the Nile Delta. He was soundly defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium before fleeing to Memphis, where the Persians defeated him and took him prisoner. Herodotus depicts Cambyses as openly antagonistic to the Egyptian people and their gods, cults, temples and priests, in particular stressing the murder of the sacred bull Apis. He says that these actions led to a madness that caused him to kill his brother Bardiya (who Herodotus says was killed in secret), his own sister-wife and Croesus of Lydia. He then concludes that Cambyses completely lost his mind, and all later classical authors repeat the themes of Cambyses' impiety and madness. However, this is based on spurious information, as the epitath of Apis from 524 BC shows that Cambyses participated in the funeral rites of Apis styling himself as pharaoh. Following the conquest of Egypt, the Libyans and the Greeks of Cyrene and Barca in Libya surrendered to Cambyses and sent tribute without a fight Cambyses then planned invasions of Carthage, the oasis of Ammon and Ethiopia. Herodotus claims that the naval invasion of Carthage was cancelled because the Phoenicians, who made up a large part of Cambyses' fleet, refused to take up arms against their own people, but modern historians doubt whether an invasion of Carthage was ever planned at all. Herodotus claims that the naval invasion of Cartha..
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Old Persian
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Old_Persian;
   Note: Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan). Like other Old Iranian languages, this language was known to its native speakers as Iranian language. Old Persian appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets and seals of the Achaemenid era (c. 600 BCE to 300 BCE). Examples of Old Persian have been found in what is now Iran, Romania (Gherla), Armenia, Bahrain, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt, with the most important attestation by far being the contents of the Behistun Inscription (dated to 525 BCE). Recent research (2007) into the vast Persepolis Fortification Archive at the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago have unearthed Old Persian tablets, which suggest Old Persian was a written language in use for practical recording and not only for royal display. Origin and overview As a written language, Old Persian is attested in royal Achaemenid inscriptions. It is an Iranian language and as such a member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The oldest known text written in Old Persian is from the Behistun Inscriptions. Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages which is attested in original texts. The oldest date of use of Old Persian as a spoken language is not precisely known. According to certain historical assumptions about the early history and origin of ancient Persians in southwestern Iran (where Achaemenids hailed from), Old Persian was originally spoken by a tribe called Parsuwash, who arrived in the Iranian Plateau early in the 1st millennium BCE and finally migrated down into the area of present-day Fārs province. Their language, Old Persian, became the official language of the Achaemenid kings. Assyrian records, which in fact appear to provide the earliest evidence for ancient Iranian (Persian and Median) presence on the Iranian Plateau, give a good chronology but only an approximate geographical indication of what seem to be ancient Persians. In these records of the 9th century BCE, "Parsuwash" (along with "Matai," presumably Medians) are first mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia in the records of Shalmaneser III. The exact identity of the Parsuwash is not known for certain, but from a linguistic viewpoint the word matches Old Persian "pārsa" itself coming directly from the older word "pārćwa." Also, as Old Persian contains many words from another extinct Iranian language, Median, according to P. O. Skjærvø it is probable that Old Persian had already been spoken before formation of the Achaemenid Empire and was spoken during most of the first half of the first millennium BCE. Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BCE, which is when Old Persian was still spoken and extensively used. He relates that the Armenian people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. Classification Main article: Old Iranian languages Old Persian belongs to the Iranian language family, which is a branch of the Indo-Iranian language family, itself within the large family of Indo-European languages. The common ancestors of Indo-Iranians came from Central Asia sometime in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The extinct and unattested Median language is another Old Iranian language related to Old Persian (for example, both are classified as Western Iranian languages and many Median names appeared in Old Persian texts) The group of Old Iranian languages was presumably a large group; however knowledge of it is restricted mainly to Old Persian, Avestan and Median. The former are the only languages in that group which have left written original texts while Median is known mostly from loanwords in Old Persian. Language evolution By the 4th century BCE, the late Achaemenid period, the inscriptions of Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III differ enough from the language of Darius' inscriptions to be called a "pre-Middle Persian," or "post-Old Persian." Old Persian subsequently evolved into Middle Persian, which is in turn the ancestor of New Persian. Professor Gilbert Lazard, a famous Iranologist and the author of the book "Persian Grammar" states: "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Parsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Pashto, etc., Old, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in northwestern and eastern Iran." Middle Persian, also sometimes called Pahlavi, is a direct continuation of Old Persian and was used as the written official language of the country. Comparison of the evolution at each stage of the language shows great simplification in grammar and syntax. However, New Persian is a direct descendant of Middle and Old Persian. Substrates Old Persian "presumably" has a Median language substrate. The Median element is readily identifiable because it did not share in the developments that were peculiar to Old Persian. Median forms "are found only in personal or geographical names [...] and some typically are from religious vocabulary and so could in principle also be influenced by Avestan." "Sometimes, both Median and Old Persian forms are found, which gave Old Persian a somewhat confusing and inconsistent look: 'horse,' for instance, is [attested in Old Persian as] both asa (OPers.) and aspa (Med.)." Script Main article: Old Persian cuneiform Old Persian texts were written from left to right in the syllabic Old Persian cuneiform script and had 36 phonetic characters and 8 logograms. The usage of logograms is not obligatory. The script was surprisingly not a result of evolution of the script used in the nearby civilisation of Mesopotamia. Despite the fact that Old Persian was written in cuneiform script, the script was not a direct continuation of Mesopotamian tradition and in fact, according to Schmitt, was a "deliberate creation of the sixth century BCE." The origin of the Old Persian cuneiform script and the identification of the date and process of introduction are a matter of discussion among Iranian scholars with no general agreement having been reached. The factors making the consensus difficult are, among others, the difficult passage DB (IV lines 88–92) from Darius the Great who speaks of a new "form of writing" being made by himself which is said to be "in Aryan": "King Darius says: By the grace of Ahuramazda this is the inscription which I have made. Besides, it was in Aryan ("ariyâ") script, and it was composed on clay tablets and on parchment. Besides, a sculptured figure of myself I made." — "Behistun Inscription (IV lines 88–92)" Also, the analysis of certain Old Persian inscriptions are "supposed or claimed" to predate Darius the Great. Although it is true that the oldest attested Old Persian inscriptions are from Behistun monument from Darius, the creation of this "new type of writing" seems, according to Schmitt, "to have begun already under Cyrus the Great." The script shows a few changes in the shape of characters during the period it was used. This can be seen as a standardization of the heights of wedges, which in the beginning (i.e. in DB) took only half the height of a line. Phonology The following phonemes are expressed in the Old Persian script: Vowels . Long: /aː/ /iː/ /uː/ . Short: /a/ /i/ /u/ Consonants Labial Dental/ Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n Plosive p b t d k ɡ Fricative f θ x h Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Sibilant s z ʃ Rhotic r Approximant l j w Notes: Lycian "𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀," "Kizzaprñna," "~ 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀," "Zisaprñna" for (genuine) Old Persian "Ciçafarnā" (besides the Median form "Ciθrafarnah") = Tissaphernes suggests "/t͡s/" as the pronunciation of "ç" (compare and Kloekhorst 2008, p. 125 in for this example, who, however, mistakenly writes "Çiçafarnā," which contradicts the etymology [PIIr. "Čitra-swarnas-"] and the Middle Persian form "Čehrfar" ["ç" gives Middle Persian "s"]). The phoneme /l/ does not occur in native Iranian vocabulary, only in borrowings from Akkadian (a new /l/ develops in Middle Persian from Old Persian /rd/ and the change of /rθ/ to /hl/). The phoneme /r/ can also form a syllable peak; both the way Persian names with syllabic /r/ (such as Brdiya) are rendered in Elamite and its further development in Middle Persian suggest that before the syllabic /r/, an epenthetic vowel [i] had developed already in the Old Persian period, which later became [u] after labials. For example, Old Persian "Vᵃ-rᵃ-kᵃ-a-nᵃ" /vrkaːna/ is rendered in Elamite as "Mirkānu-," rendering transcriptions such as "V(a)rakāna," "Varkāna" or even "Vurkāna" questionable and making "Vrkāna" or "Virkāna" much more realistic (and equally for "vrka-," "wolf," "Brdiya" and other Old Persian words and names with syllabic /r/). While "v" usually became /v/ in Middle Persian, it became /b/ word-initially, except before [u] (including the epenthetic vowel mentioned above), where it became /g/. This suggests that it was really pronounced as [w]. Grammar Nouns Old Persian stems: . a-stems (-a, -am, -ā) . i-stems (-iš, iy) . u- (and au-) stems (-uš, -uv) . consonantal stems (n, r, h) -a -am -ā Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Nominative -a -ā -ā, -āha -am -ā -ā -ā -ā -ā Vocative -ā -ā Accusative -am -ām Instrumental/ Ablative -ā -aibiyā -aibiš -ā -aibiyā -aibiš -āyā -ābiyā -ābiš Genitive -āyā ..
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: List of monarchs of Persia
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia;
   Note: This article lists the monarchs of Persia (Iran) from the establishment of the Median Empire by Medes around 705 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Earlier monarchs in the area of modern-day Iran are listed in: . List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran Minor dynasties and vassal monarchs can be found in: . List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms . Islamic dynasties of Iran Median Empire (678–549 BC) Main article: Medes Portrait Name Family relations Reign Notes Median Kingdom (678 BC–549 BC) Deioces 700–647 BC First known ruler of Media Phraortes Son of Deioces 647–625 BC Scythian rule (624–597 BC) Cyaxares Son of Phraortes 624–585 BC The dynasty of the Median kings was known as Cyaxarid dynasty, named after him or a pre-Deicoes king. Astyages Son of Cyaxares 585–549 BC Last king of the Medes Achaemenid Kingdom (~705–559 BC) Main article: Achaemenid Kingdom Portrait Name Family relations Reign Notes Achaemenid dynasty (~705–559 BC) Achaemenes ~705 BC First ruler of the Achaemenid kingdom Teispes Son of Achaemenes ~640 BC Cyrus I Son of Teispes ~580 BC Cambyses I Son of Cyrus I and father of Cyrus II ~550 BC Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC) Main article: Achaemenid Empire Portrait Titles Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes Achaemenid dynasty (559–334/327 BC) The Great King, King of Kings, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, King of the Four Corners of the World Cyrus the Great – 600 BC Son of Cambyses I king of Anshan and Mandana daughter of Astyages 559–530 BC 530 BC King of Anshan from 559 BC. Killed in battle with Massagetes The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Cambyses II – ? Son of Cyrus the Great 530–522 BC 521 BC Died while en route to put down a rebellion. Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Smatawy, Nswbty: Mesutire The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Bardiya Gaumata (?) ? Son of Cyrus the Great (possibly an imposter claiming to be Bardiya) 522 BC 522 BC Killed by Persian aristocrats The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius I – 550 BC Son of Hystaspes 522–486 BC 486 BC Pharaonic titulary: Horus: Menkhib Nswbty: Stutre The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes I – 519 BC Son of Darius I 485–465 BC 465 BC Most likely is the King Ahasuerus of the Book of Esther The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes I Arses ? Son of Xerxes I 465–424 BC 424 BC Believed by some to be the King Ahaseurus of the Book of Esther The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Xerxes II Artaxerxes ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424 BC 424 BC Only recognised in Persia itself, killed by Sogdianus The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt ? Sogdianus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–423 BC 423 BC Only recognised in Persia and Elam, killed by Darius II The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius II Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes I 424–404 BC 404 BC The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes II Arsaces 436 Son of Darius II 404–358 BC 358 BC The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes III Ochus ? Son of Artaxerxes II 358–338 BC 338 BC Killed The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Artaxerxes IV Arses ? Son of Artaxerxes III 338–336 BC 336 BC Killed The Great King, King of Kings, Pharaoh of Egypt Darius III Artashata 380 Son of Arsames son of Ostanes son of Darius II 336–330 BC 330 BC Killed by Artaxerxes V The Great King, King of Kings Artaxerxes V Bessus ? Probably a descendant of Artaxerxes II 330–329 BC 329 BC Killed by Alexander III "Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the Wars of Alexander the Great." Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC) Main article: Macedonian Empire Portrait Title Name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes Argead dynasty (336–306 BC) King Alexander the Great 356 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia 336–323 BC 13 June 323 BC King of Macedonia from 336 BC as Alexander III King Philip III c. 359 BC Son of Philip II of Macedonia June 323– 317 BC 317 BC Killed by Olympias King Alexander IV Sept. 323 BC Son of Alexander III Sept. 323–309 BC 309 BC King of Macedonia as Alexander IV until 309 BC. Killed by Cassander son of Antipater Regent Perdiccas ? June 323–321 BC 321 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III, Prince of Orestis Regent Antipater 398 BC Son of Iollas 321–319 BC 319 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III Regent Polyperchon 394 BC Son of Simmias 319–316 BC 303 BC Regent for Alexander IV & Philip III. Exercised no actual power in Persia. Regent Cassander c. 350 Son of Antipater 316–309 BC 297 BC Regent for and murderer of Alexander IV. Exercised no actual power in Persia. Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC) Main article: Seleucid Empire Portrait Title Regnal name Personal name Birth Family relations Reign Death Notes Seleucid dynasty (311–129 BC) King Seleucus I Nicator – c. 358 BC Son of Antiochus son of Seleucus 311–281 BC 281 BC Assumed title of "King" from 306 BC. King Antiochus I Soter – ? Son of Seleucus I 281–261 BC 261 BC Co-ruler from 291 King Antiochus II Theos – 286 BC Son of Antiochus I 261–246 BC 246 BC King Seleucus II Callinicus – ? Son of Antiochus II 246–225 BC 225 BC King Seleucus III Ceraunus Alexander c. 243 BC Son of Seleucus II 225–223 BC 223 BC Great King Antiochus III the Great – c. 241 BC Son of Seleucus II 223–187 BC 187 BC King Seleucus IV Philopator – ? Son of Antiochus III 187–175 BC 175 BC King Antiochus IV Epiphanes Mithridates c. 215 BC Son of Antiochus III 175–163 BC 163 BC Killed in Elymais King Antiochus V Eupator – c. 172 BC Son of Antiochus IV 163–161 BC 161 BC King Demetrius I Soter – 185 BC Son of Seleucus IV 161–150 BC 150 BC King Alexander Balas – ? Purported son of Antiochus IV 150–146 BC 146 BC King Demetrius II Nicator – ? Son of Demetrius I 146–139 BC 139 BC Defeated and captured by Parthians. He married Rhodogune daughter of Mithridates I King Antiochus VI Dionysus – 148 BC Son of Alexander III. 145–142 BC 138 BC In competition with Demetrius II. King Antiochus VII Sidetes – ? Son of Demetrius I 139–129 BC 129 BC Killed in battle with Phraates II Fratarakas Main article: Frataraka The Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the Seleucid Empire. Name Date Coinage Family Relations Note 1 Bagadates/ Baydād (bgdt) 3rd century BC Fratarakā dynasty - son of Baykard Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Coin legend bgdt prtrk’ zy ’lhy’ (“Baydād, fratarakā of the gods”) in Aramaic. 2 Ardaxšīr I (rtḥštry) mid-3nd century BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire 3 Vahbarz (whwbrz - called Oborzos in Polyenus 7.40) mid-3nd century BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire 4 Vādfradād I (wtprdt) 3nd century BC Fratarakā dynasty - son of Vahbarz Governor of the Seleucid Empire 5 Vadfradad II c. 140 BC Fratarakā dynasty Governor of the Seleucid Empire. Transition period. Eagle emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend wtprdt [p]rtrk’ zy ’ly’ (“Vādfradād, frataraka of the gods”). 6 ‘Unknown king I’ (Syknlt?) 2nd half of 2nd century BC ? Transition period. No inscription Kings of Persis Main article: Kings of Persis Name Date Coinage Family Relations Note 7 Darev I 2nd century BC (end) ? Darev I and his successors were sub-kings of the Parthian Empire. Crescent emblem on top of stylized kyrbasia. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk (𐡃‬𐡀𐡓𐡉‬‬𐡅‬ 𐡌𐡋‬𐡊‬, "King Darius").[5] 8 Vadfradad III 1st century BC (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Coin legend wtprdt mlk (𐡅‬𐡕‬𐡐‬𐡓‬𐡃‬𐡕 𐡌‬𐡋𐡊‬, "King Vadfradad") in Aramaic script. 9 Darev II 1st century BC son of Vadfradad III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Aramaic coin legend d’ryw mlk brh wtprdt mlk’ ("King Darius, son of King Vadfradad"). 10 Ardashir II 1st century BC (2nd half) son of Darev II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. Killed by his brother Vahshir I 11 Vahšīr/ Vahshir I (Oxathres) 1st century BC (2nd half) son of Darev II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 12 Pakor I 1st century CE (1st half) son of Vahshir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 13 Pakor II 1st century CE (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 14 Nambed 1st century CE (mid) son of Ardashir II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 15 Napad 1st century CE (2nd half) son of Nambed Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 16 ‘Unknown king II’ 1st century CE (end) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 17 Vadfradad IV 2nd century CE (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 18 Manchihr I 2nd century CE (1st half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 19 Ardashir III 2nd century CE (1st half) son of Manchihr I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 20 Manchihr II 2nd century CE (mid) son of Ardashir III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 21 Uncertain King III/ tentatively Pakor III 2nd century CE (2nd half) ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 22 Manchihr III 2nd century CE (2nd half) son of Manchihr II Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 23 Ardashir IV 2nd century CE (end) son of Manchihr III Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 24 Vahshir II (Oxathres) c. 206-210 CE ? Sub-king of the Parthian Empire. The last of Bazarangids. 25 Shapur 3rd century CE (beg.) Brother of the first Sasanian, Ardashir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire 26 Ardashir V (Sasanian Dynasty Ardashir I) 3rd century CE (beg.) First Sasanian ruler, under the name of Ardashir I Sub-king of the Parthian Empire Parthian Empire (247 BC – CE 228) Main article: Parthian Empire The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC. For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see: . List of rulers of Parthian sub-ki..
   
4. Title: Livius.org - Darius II Ochus
   Author: Sources Ecbatana: D2Ha Susa: D2Sa, D2Sb Ctesias of Cnidus, History of the Persians, §§51ff Diodorus of Sicily, Library of World History, Book 12-15 Thucydides Buildings Naqš-i Rustam: Tomb I (?) Susa: beginning of reconstruction works, completed by Artaxerxes II Babylon Succeeded by: Artaxerxes II Mnemon
   Publication: Name: https://www.livius.org/articles/person/darius-ii-nothus/;
   Note: Darius II Nothus: Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire, ruled from 423 to 404. Naqš-i Rustam, tomb 1, believed to be the final resting place of Darius II Nothus Relatives: Father: Artaxerxes I Makrocheir Mother: Cosmartidene, a lady from Babylon (therefore called Nothus, 'bastard') Wife: his half-sister Parysatis Sons: Arsaces (=Artaxerxes II Mnemon), Cyrus the Younger, Ostanes (father of Astanes and Sisygambis, grandfather of Darius III Codomannus, Statira, Oxyathres) Daughter: Amestris Main deeds Accession between 24 December 424 and 10 January 423; his real name, Ochus, is replaced by Darius 420: Revolt of Pissuthnes, satrap of Lydia Wars against the Cadusians 415: Tissaphernes suppresses the revolt of Pissuthnes; Amorges continues the rebellion 413: Outbreak of the Ionian or Decelean War between Athens and Sparta; Tissaphernes tries to use the two Greek city states against each other 412: Treaty with Sparta (text); the Spartans capture Amorges Intervention in the Peloponnesian War 410: Ethnic riots in Upper Egypt 407: Cyrus the Younger made satrap of Lydia; he unconditionally supports Sparta against Athens Death on 1, 2, or 3 April 404
   
5. Title: Wikiwand: Great King
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Great_King;
   Note: Great king and the equivalent in many languages is a semantic title for historical titles of monarchs, suggesting an elevated status among the host of kings and princes. This title is most usually associated with the shahanshah (shah of shahs, i.e. king of kings, indeed translated in Greek basileus tōn basileōn, later adopted by the Byzantine emperors) of Persia under the Achaemenid dynasty whose vast empire in Asia lasted for 200 years up to the year 330 BC, and later adopted by successors of the Achaemenid Empire whose monarchial names were also succeeded by "the great". In comparison, "high king" was used by ancient rulers in Great Britain and Ireland, as well as Greece. In the 2nd millennium BCE Near East, there was a tradition of reciprocally using such addresses between powers, as a way of diplomatically recognizing each other as an equal. Only the kings of countries who were not subject to any other king and powerful enough to draw the respect from their adversaries were allowed to use the title of "great king." Those were the kings of Egypt, Yamhad, Hatti, Babylonia, Mitanni (until its demise in the 14th century), Assyria (only after the demise of Mitanni), and for a brief time Myceneans. Great kings referred to each other as brothers and often established close relationships by means of marriages and frequent gift exchanges. Letters exchanged between these rulers, several of which has been recovered especially in Amarna and Hittite archives, provide details of this diplomacy. The case of "maharaja" ("great 'raja'," great king and prince, in Sanskrit and Hindi) on the Indian subcontinent, originally reserved for the regional hegemon such as the Gupta, is an example how such a lofty style of this or an alternative model can get caught in a cycle of devaluation by "title inflation" as ever more, mostly less powerful, rulers adopt the style. This is often followed by the emergence of one or more new, more exclusive and prestigious styles, as in this case "maharajadhiraja" (great king of kings"). The Turkic-Mongol title "khan" also came to be "augmented" to tiles like "chagan" or "hakan," meaning "khan of khans," i.e. equivalent to king of kings. The aforementioned Indian style "maharajadhiraja" also is an example of an alternative semantic title for similar "higher" royal styles such as "king of kings." Alternatively, a more idiomatic style may develop into an equally prestigious tradition of titles, because of the shining example of the original – thus various styles of emperors trace back to the Roman "imperator" (strictly speaking a republican military honorific), the family surname Caesar (turned into an imperial title since Diocletian's tetrarchy). As the conventional use of "king" and its equivalents to render various other monarchical styles illustrates, there are many roughly equivalent styles, each of which may spawn a "great X" variant, either unique or becoming a rank in a corresponding tradition; in this context "grand" is equivalent to "great" and sometimes interchangeable if convention does not firmly prescribe one of the two. Examples include grand duke and German "Grosswojwod." Examples . Antiochus III the Great, Hellenistic Greek king and the sixth ruler of the Seleucid Empire, bore the title "Basileus Megas" . In medieval Serbia, Stefan the First-Crowned, likely Stefan Uroš I, Stefan Dečanski and Stefan Dušan had the title of "great king" ("Велики краљ/Veliki kralj")
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Darius II
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Darius_II;
   Note: Darius II (Old Persian: "Dārayavahuš"), also called Darius II Nothus or Darius II Ochus, was king of kings of the Persian Empire from 423 BC to 404 or 405 BC. Artaxerxes I, who died in 424 BC, was followed by his son Xerxes II. After a month and a half Xerxes II was murdered by his brother Secydianus or Sogdianus (the form of the name is uncertain). His illegitimate brother, Ochus, satrap of Hyrcania, rebelled against Sogdianus, and after a short fight killed him, and suppressed by treachery the attempt of his own brother Arsites to imitate his example. Ochus adopted the name Darius (Greek sources often call him Darius Nothos, "Bastard"). Neither the names Xerxes II nor Sogdianus occur in the dates of the numerous Babylonian tablets from Nippur; here effectively the reign of Darius II follows immediately after that of Artaxerxes I. Historians know little about Darius II's reign. A rebellion by the Medes in 409 BC is mentioned by Xenophon. It does seem that Darius II was quite dependent on his wife Parysatis. In excerpts from Ctesias some harem intrigues are recorded, in which he played a disreputable part. The Elephantine papyri mention Darius II as a contemporary of the high priest Johanan of Ezra 10:6. Conflict with Athens As long as the power of Athens remained intact he did not meddle in Greek affairs. When in 413 BC, Athens supported the rebel Amorges in Caria, Darius II would not have responded had not the Athenian power been broken in the same year at Syracuse. As a result of that event, Darius II gave orders to his satraps in Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, to send in the overdue tribute of the Greek towns and to begin a war with Athens. To support the war with Athens, the Persian satraps entered into an alliance with Sparta. In 408 BC he sent his son Cyrus to Asia Minor, to carry on the war with greater energy. Darius II may have expelled various Greek dynasts who had been ruling cities in Ionia: Pausanias wrote that the sons of Themistocles, which include Archeptolis, Governor of Magnesia, "appear to have returned to Athens," and that they dedicated a painting of Themistocles in the Parthenon and erected a bronze statue to Artemis Leucophryene, the goddess of Magnesia, on the Acropolis. They may have returned from Asia Minor in old age, after 412 BC, when the Achaemenids took again firm control of the Greek cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid satrap Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC. In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the Aegean and had Tissaphernes enter into an alliance with Sparta against Athens, which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of Ionia. Darius is said to have received the visit of Greek athlete and Olympic champion Polydamas of Skotoussa, who made a demonstration of his strength by killing three Immortals in front of the Persian ruler. A sculpture representing the scene is visible in the Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity. Darius II died in 404 BC, in the nineteenth year of his reign, and was followed as Persian king by Artaxerxes II. Issue Prior to his accession, Darius II was married to the daughter of Gobryas. With the daughter of Gobryas, Darius II had four sons, one of whom fathered Artabazanes, who served as King of Media Atropatene in the second half of the 3rd century BC. By Parysatis (his half-sister) . Artaxerxes II . Cyrus the Younger . Oxathres or Oxendares or Oxendras . Artoxexes . Ostanes . Amestris wife of Teritouchmes & then Artaxerxes II . & seven other unnamed children By other wives . Artostes . The unnamed satrap of Media at 401 B.C.
   
7. Title: Wikipedia - Ochus Darius II
   Author: References ^ Brill's New Pauly, "Darius". ^ Jump up to: a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Meyer, Eduard (1911). "Darius". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 833. ^ Pritchard, James B. ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969, p. 492 ^ Bezalel Porten (Author), J. J. Farber (Author), C. J. F. Martin (Author), G. Vittmann (Author), The Elephantine Papyri in English (Documenta Et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, book 22), Koninklijke Brill NV, The Netherlands, 1996, p 125-153. ^ Jump up to: a b Harvey, David; Wilkins, John (2002). The Rivals of Aristophanes: Studies in Athenian Old Comedy. ISD LLC. p. 200. ISBN 9781910589595. ^ Paus. 1.1.2, 26.4 ^ Habicht, Christian (1998). Pausanias Guide to Ancient Greece. University of California Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780520061705.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_II;
   Note: Darius II 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 King of Kings Great King King of Persia Pharaoh of Egypt King of Countries Darius II as depicted on his tomb in Naqsh-e Rostam King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire Reign 423–404 BC Predecessor Sogdianus Successor Artaxerxes II Died 404 BC Spouse Parysatis Issue Artaxerxes II Cyrus the Younger Ostanes Dynasty Achaemenid Father Artaxerxes I Mother Cosmartidene of Babylon Religion Zoroastrianism Darius II (Old Persian: 𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 Dārayavaʰuš; Greek: Δαρεῖος Dareios), also known by his given name Ochus (Ὦχος Ochos), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 BC to 405[1] or 404 BC.[2] Artaxerxes I, who died in 424 BC, was followed by his son Xerxes II. After a month and half Xerxes II was murdered by his brother Sogdianus. His illegitimate brother, Ochus, satrap of Hyrcania, rebelled against Sogdianus, and after a short fight killed him, and suppressed by treachery the attempt of his own brother Arsites to imitate his example. Ochus adopted the name Darius (Greek sources often call him Darius Nothos, "Bastard"). Neither the names Xerxes II nor Sogdianus occur in the dates of the numerous Babylonian tablets from Nippur; here effectively the reign of Darius II follows immediately after that of Artaxerxes I.[2] Historians know little about Darius II's reign. A rebellion by the Medes in 409 BC is mentioned by Xenophon. It does seem that Darius II was quite dependent on his wife Parysatis. In excerpts from Ctesias some harem intrigues are recorded, in which he played a disreputable part.[2] The Elephantine papyri mention Darius II as a contemporary of the high priest Johanan of Ezra 10:6.[3][4] Conflict with Athens As long as the power of Athens remained intact he did not meddle in Greek affairs. When in 413 BC, Athens supported the rebel Amorges in Caria, Darius II would not have responded had not the Athenian power been broken in the same year at Syracuse. As a result of that event, Darius II gave orders to his satraps in Asia Minor, Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, to send in the overdue tribute of the Greek towns and to begin a war with Athens. To support the war with Athens, the Persian satraps entered into an alliance with Sparta. In 408 BC he sent his son Cyrus to Asia Minor, to carry on the war with greater energy. Darius II may have expelled various Greek dynasts who had been ruling cities in Ionia: Pausanias wrote that the sons of Themistocles, which include Archeptolis, Governor of Magnesia, "appear to have returned to Athens", and that they dedicated a painting of Themistocles in the Parthenon and erected a bronze statue to Artemis Leucophryene, the goddess of Magnesia, on the Acropolis.[5][6][7] They may have returned from Asia Minor in old age, after 412 BC, when the Achaemenids took again firm control of the Greek cities of Asia, and they may have been expelled by the Achaemenid satrap Tissaphernes sometime between 412 and 399 BC.[5] In effect, from 414 BC, Darius II had started to resent increasing Athenian power in the Aegean and had Tissaphernes enter into an alliance with Sparta against Athens, which in 412 BC led to the Persian conquest of the greater part of Ionia.[8] Darius is said to have received the visit of Greek athlete and Olympic champion Polydamas of Skotoussa, who made a demonstration of his strength by killing three Immortals in front of the Persian ruler.[9][10] A sculpture representing the scene is visible in the Museum of the History of the Olympic Games of antiquity.[11] Darius II died in 404 BC, in the nineteenth year of his reign, and was followed as Persian king by Artaxerxes II.[2] Issue Prior to his accession, Darius II was married to the daughter of Gobryas. With the daughter of Gobryas, Darius II had four sons, one of whom fathered Artabazanes, who served as King of Media Atropatene in the second half of the 3rd century BC.[12][13][14] By Parysatis Artaxerxes II Cyrus the Younger Oxathres or Oxendares or Oxendras Artoxexes Ostanes Amestris wife of Teritouchmes & then Artaxerxes II & seven other unnamed children By other wives Artostes The unnamed satrap of Media at 401 B.C.