Ahaz ben Joatham 12th King of Judea

• Preferred Name: Ahaz ben Joatham 12th King of Judea^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Nickname:
  
• Birth: in Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel at LATI: N1.7804 LONG: E5.2177 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Death: 727 BC in Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel at LATI: N1.7804 LONG: E5.2177 with note: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology pg 140
  
• Burial: 716 BC with note: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology pg 140 He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (2 Chronicles 28:27). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days.[9]
  
• Clan Name: with note: Description: Solomonic line - from King David
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 12th King of JudahBET 732 BC AND 716 BC in Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire at LATI: N1.7833 LONG: E5.2333 with note: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology pg 140 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz
  
• Tribe Name: with note: Description: Judah - Davidic kingly line from Solomon to Mary's father Joseph Matt 1
  
• Temple+closed+during+Ahaz's+reign: BET 732 BC AND 716 BC in Jerusalem, Ottoman Empire at LATI: N1.7833 LONG: E5.2333 with note: https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7668-hezekiah
  
• FSID: 9HYW-F3B
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7668-hezekiah
  
  Ahaz (Hebrew: אָחָז, ʼAḥaz, "has held"; Greek: Ἄχαζ, Ἀχάζ Akhaz; Latin: Achaz)[1] an abbreviation of Jehoahaz II (of Judah), "Yahweh has held" (Hebrew: יְהוֹאָחָז‎, Modern: Yəhō’aḥaz, Tiberian: Yehō’āḥāz; Akkadian: 𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣 Ia-ú-ḫa-zi)[2] was the twelfth king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years.
  
  Ahaz is portrayed as an evil king in the Second Book of Kings (2 Kings 16:2).
  
  Edwin R. Thiele concluded that Ahaz was co-regent with Jotham from 736/735 BC, and that his sole reign began in 732/731 and ended in 716/715 BC.[3] William F. Albright has dated his reign to 744–728 BC.
  
  The Gospel of Matthew lists Ahaz of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. He is also mentioned in Isaiah 14:28.
  
  Reign
  Ahaz's reign commenced at the age of 20, in the 17th year of the reign of Pekah of Israel. It is described in 2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7–9; and 2 Chronicles 28.
  
  Destruction of Northern Kingdom
  Immediately upon his accession, Ahaz had to meet a coalition formed by northern Israel, under Pekah, and Damascus (Syria), under Rezin. These kings wished to compel him to join them in opposing the Assyrians, who were arming a force against the Northern Kingdom under Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul). Isaiah counsels Ahaz to trust in God rather than foreign allies, and tells him to ask for a sign to confirm that this is a true prophecy (verse 7:11). Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13–14).[4]
  
  To protect himself Ahaz called in the aid of the Assyrians. Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and annexed Aram.[5] According to 2 Kings 16:9, the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. Tiglath-Pileser then attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions.[6]
  
  Through Assyria's intervention, and as a result of its invasion and subjection of the kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel, Ahaz was relieved of his troublesome neighbors; but his protector henceforth claimed and held suzerainty over his kingdom. This war of invasion lasted two years (734–732 BC), and ended in the capture and annexation of Damascus to Assyria and of the territory of Israel north of the border of Jezreel. Ahaz in the meanwhile furnished auxiliaries to Tiglath-Pileser. This appeal to Assyria met with stern opposition from the prophet Isaiah, who counseled Ahaz to rely upon the Lord and not upon outside aid. Ahaz, during his whole reign, was free from troubles with which the neighboring rulers were harassed, who from time to time revolted against Assyria. Thus it was that, in 722, Samaria was taken and northern Israel wholly incorporated into the Assyrian empire.[7]
  
  Religious observance
  Ahaz yielded readily to the glamour and prestige of the Assyrians in religion as well as in politics. In 732, he went to Damascus to swear homage to Tiglath-Pileser and his gods; and, taking a fancy to an altar which he saw there, he had one like it made in Jerusalem, which, with a corresponding change in ritual, he made a permanent feature of the Temple worship. Changes were also made in the arrangements and furniture of the Temple, "because of the king of Assyria" (2 Kings 16:18). Furthermore, Ahaz fitted up an astrological observatory with accompanying sacrifices, after the fashion of the ruling people. In other ways Ahaz lowered the character of the national worship.
  
  2 Kings 16:3 records that Ahaz offered his son by fire to Moloch (or made his son pass through fire), a practice condemned by Leviticus 18:21.[7] The words may refer to a ceremony of purification or a sacrificial offering.[8] The account in 2 Chronicles 28:3 refers to sons (plural).
  
  His government is considered by the Deuteronomistic historian as having been disastrous for the religious state of the country, and a large part of the reforming work of his son Hezekiah was aimed at undoing the evil that Ahaz had done.[7]
  
  Succession
  He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (2 Chronicles 28:27). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days.[9]
  
  Rabbinic literature
  According to the rabbis, who refer to II Chron. xxviii. 19–25, Ahaz was the king who persisted in his wickedness even in the face of all the trials to which he was subjected, and would not repent (Sanh. 103a, Meg. 11a). Worse than this, he threatened Israel's religion to its very foundation, in order to destroy all hope of regeneration. He closed the schools and houses of worship so that no instruction should be possible, and the Shekinah (or Glory of God) should abandon the land. It was for this reason that Isaiah had to teach in secret (Yer. Sanh. x. 28b; Gen. R. xlii.), though Ahaz always humbly submitted to the prophet's rebukes—his only redeeming feature (Sanh. 104a).[10] Abi saved the life of her son Hezekiah, whom her godless husband, Ahaz, had designed as an offering to Moloch. By anointing him with the blood of the salamander, she enabled him to pass through the fire of Moloch unscathed (Sanh. 63b).[11]
  
  Chronological notes
  There has been considerable academic debate about the actual dates of reigns of the Israelite kings. Scholars have endeavored to synchronize the chronology of events referred to in the Bible with those derived from other external sources.
  
  The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in the spring). Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. For Ahaz, the Scriptural data allow dating the beginning of his coregency with Jotham to some time in the six-month interval beginning of Nisan 1 of 735 BC. By the Judean calendar that started the regnal year in Tishri (a fall month), this could be written as 736/735, or more simply 736 BC. His father was removed from responsibility by the pro-Assyrian faction at some time in the year that started in Tishri of 732 BC.[12] He died some time between Tishri 1 of 716 BC and Nisan 1 of 715 BC, i.e. in 716/715, or more simply 716 BC.
  
  Rodger Young offers a possible explanation of why four extra years are assigned to Jotham in 2 Kings 15:30 and why Ahaz's 16-year reign (2 Kings 16:2) is measured from the time of Jotham's death in 732/731, instead of when Jotham was deposed in 736/735. Taking into account the factionalism of the time, Young writes:
  
  [A]ny record such as 2 Kings 16:2 that recognized these last four years for Jotham must have come from the annals of the anti-Assyrian and anti-Ahaz court that prevailed after the death of Ahaz. Ahaz is given sixteen years in these annals, measuring from the start of his sole reign, instead of the twenty or twenty-one years that he would be credited with if the counting started from 736t [i.e. 736/735 BC], when he deposed Jotham.[13]
  
  Ahaz of Judah
  House of David
  Regnal titles
  Preceded by
  Jotham King of Judah
  Coregency: 736–732 BC
  Sole reign: 732–729 BC
  Coregency: 729–716 BC Succeeded by
  Hezekiah
  Surviving artifacts
  Main article: King Ahaz's Seal
  In the mid-1990s a bulla appeared on the antiquities market. This bulla measures .4 inches (10 mm) wide. The back of the bulla bears the imprint of the papyrus it once sealed, as well as the double string which held it together. It contains a fingerprint on the left edge. Like many bullae, it was preserved due to being baked by fire, presumably incidentally (house or city was burned), as in a kiln. The inscription reads: “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah.” Given the process that created and preserved bullae, they are virtually impossible to forge, so most scholars believe this bulla to be authentic. It bears the seal of King Ahaz of Judah, who ruled from 732-716 BC.[14][15]
  
  An orange carnelian scaraboid seal dating to the 8th century BC also mentions Ahaz. Its inscription reads, "Belonging to Ushna servant of Ahaz." While Ushna is unknown, the seal refers to Ahaz, king of Judah, who is mentioned in 2 Kings 16. This artifact is currently part of the Yale University's collection of ancient seals.[16]
  
  Another important source regarding the historicity of Ahaz comes from the Tiglath-Pileser III annals, mentioning tributes and payments he received from Ahaz, king of Judah and Menahem, king of Israel.[17][18] Furthermore, in 2015, Eilat Mazar discovered a royal bulla of the Judean king Hezekiah, biblical son of Ahaz, that reads "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah", and dates to between 727–698 BC.[19]
  
  See also
  List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
  References
  "Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible, Isaias (Isaiah) Chapter 7". www.drbo.org.
  Hayim Tadmor and Shigeo Yamada, The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria. (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011), Tiglath-Pileser III 47 r 11'.
  Edwin R. Thiele (1994-10-01). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0-8254-3825
  
  Notes from my PAF
  NOTES: A Robert S Lawson, of Corea, ME, 20 Aug 1991, told Robert G Marshall of Pensacola, FL and was transcribed from personal notes the information about the children, etc. Suposedly John and Sylvi
  
  Luke 2:23-38 Joseph's lineage to God
  23 And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph (M1XP-LBX), which was the son of Heli (LD83-JVG),
  24 Which was the son of Matthat (LDYV-R4Z), whic
  
  === 1st Chapter of Matthew ===
  1st Chapter of Matthew
  
  === Ahaz ===
  Ahaz
  
  === !Geneology back to Adam. ===
  !Geneology back to Adam.
  
  === ermordet ===
  ermordet
  
  === Kg. v. Juda 801-773 ===
  Kg. v. Juda 801-773
  
  === --Other Fields Ref Number: 5759 ===
  --Other Fields Ref Number: 5759
  
  === INFORMATION: 1st Chapter of Matthew ===
  INFORMATION: 1st Chapter of Matthew
  
  === Ahaz an abbreviation of Jehoahaz II, "Ya ===
  Ahaz an abbreviation of Jehoahaz II, "Yahweh has held" was the twelfth king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years.
  
  Jehoahaz II
  This article is about the second king by this name of the Kingdom of Judah. For the three other kings known by this name, see Jehoahaz (disambiguation)
  Jehoahaz II (Hebrew: יהואחז, Yehōʼākhāz; Greek: Ιωαχαζ, Iōachaz; "Name means::YHWH has held"), or Shallum (Hebrew: שלום, Shallūm; "Name means::retribution") (633 BC-r. 610 BC-610 BC according to Ussher[1], or 632 BC-r. 609 BC-609 BC according to Thiele[2][3]), was the sixteenth king of the Kingdom of Judah and the first of its kings to die in exile (King Hoshea of the Kingdom of Israel also died in exile).
  
  grandson of::Jedidah
  
  grandson of::Amon
  Unknown
  
  Zebidah
  
  son of::Josiah
  
  son of::Hamutal
  
  brother of::Johanan
  
  Nehushta
  
  brother of::Jehoiakim
  
  brother of::Zedekiah
  
  Jehoahaz II
  
  Jehoiachin
  His birth name was Shallum, (1_Chronicles 3:15 ) but his father changed it to Jehoahaz later in his life. Why Josiah so acted, the Bible does not say. Perhaps Josiah did this after reading the full history of the Shallum of the Kingdom of Israel, who was a regicide and who died at the hand of still another regicide (Menahem).
  
  He was born in the eighteenth year of his father's reign. His mother was Hamutal (2_Kings 24:31 ). He had three known brothers. The first-born, Johanan[4], probably died in action at Megiddo. Another, Jehoiakim, was his half-brother by Zebidah and was in fact two years older than he. His third, full brother was Zedekiah.
  
  Accession
  He acceded to the throne of the Kingdom of Judah after his father died in battle against Pharaoh Necho II of Egypt (2_Kings 24:29-30 , 2_Chronicles 25:23-24 ). Ussher says that the people of the kingdom acclaimed him in order to have a king in the land, in fear of an invasion by Necho. Why the people acclaimed him instead of his older brother, again the Bible does not say[5] (2_Chronicles 36:1 ).
  
  Shortly after Jehoahaz came to the throne, the prophet Jeremiah came to call on him, and warned him that God was angry with the kings of the Kingdom of Judah and that he, Jehoahaz, would be taken prisoner and deported to Egypt and would never see his native land again[6] (Jeremiah 22:1-2,10-12 ).
  
  Reign, Exile, and Succession
  Jehoahaz II
  Member of::House of David
  Born: Born:: Abib 3372 AM Died: Died::25 Sivan 3395 AM
  Preceded by
  Successor of::Josiah King of Ruler of::Kingdom of Judah
  Accession::25 Adar 3395 AM–Died::25 Sivan 3395 AM Succeeded by
  Succeeded by::Jehoiakim
  Jehoahaz reigned only three months, and seems not to have listened to Jeremiah. He practiced all of the idolatrous evils that many of his forbears (Manasseh, Ahaz, and others) had practiced.[7][8][5] (2_Kings 24:32 , 2_Chronicles 36:2 )
  
  Then Necho returned from his action at Megiddo and elsewhere and apparently exacted a severe punishment for all the trouble that Josiah had caused him. He exacted a tribute of one hundred silver talents and one gold talent. He removed Jehohaz from his throne and made him his prisoner. Then he placed his older brother Jehoiakim on the throne instead of him.[9][10][11][12] (2_Kings 24:33-34 , 2_Chronicles 36:3-4 )
  
  Jehoahaz was forcibly removed to Egypt, and there he eventually died.
  
  See Also
  Necho II
  Nebuchadnezzar II
  Biblical chronology dispute
  
  References
  James Ussher, The Annals of the World, Larry Pierce, ed., Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003 (ISBN 0890513600), pghh. 732, 760-761
  Leon J. Wood, A Survey of Israel's History, rev. ed. David O'Brien, Grand Rapids, MI: Academie Books, 1986 (ISBN 031034770X), p. 315
  Jones, Floyd N., The Chronology of the Old Testament, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2003, Chart 5.
  Ussher, op. cit., pgh. 732
  Ussher, op. cit., pgh. 760
  Ussher, op. cit., pgh. 762
  David Holt Boshert, Jr., and David Ettinger, Jehoahaz King of Judah, Christ-Centered Mall. Retrieved April 10, 2007
  Jehoahaz at the WebBible Encyclopedia
  Ussher, op. cit., pgh. 761
  Jehoahaz in the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., Columbia University Press, 2000. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  George Konig, Jehoahaz, King of Judah, AboutBibleProphecy.com, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  Dennis Bratcher, The Rise of Babylon and Exile (640-538 BC), 2006. Retrieved April 10, 2007.

• m. BEF 741 BC

1. Hezekiah son of Ahaz, b. in Jerusalem, Yahūdhā, West Bank, Israel     d. 699 BC in Jerusalem, Yahūdhā, West Bank, Palestine

1. Title: Wikiwand: Ahaz
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ahaz;
   Note: Ahaz (Hebrew: אָחָז, ʼAḥaz, "has held"; Greek: Ἄχαζ, Ἀχάζ Akhaz; Latin: Achaz; an abbreviation of Jehoahaz, "Yahweh has held" (Hebrew: יְהוֹאָחָז, Modern: Yəhō’aḥaz, Tiberian: Yehō’aḥaz; Akkadian: 𒅀𒌑𒄩𒍣 Ia-ú-ḫa-zi) was king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years. Ahaz is portrayed as an evil king in the Second Book of Kings (2 Kings 16:2). Edwin R. Thiele concluded that Ahaz was co-regent with Jotham from 736/735 BC, and that his sole reign began in 732/731 and ended in 716/715 BC. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 744 – 728 BC. The Gospel of Matthew lists Ahaz of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. He is also mentioned in Isaiah 14:28. Reign Ahaz's reign commenced at the age of 20, in the 17th year of the reign of Pekah of Israel. It is described in 2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7-9; and 2 Chronicles 28. Destruction of Northern Kingdom Immediately upon his accession, Ahaz had to meet a coalition formed by northern Israel, under Pekah, and Damascus (Syria), under Rezin. These kings wished to compel him to join them in opposing the Assyrians, who were arming a force against the Northern Kingdom under Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul). Isaiah counsels Ahaz to trust in God rather than foreign allies, and tells him to ask for a sign to confirm that this is a true prophecy (verse 7:11). Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13-14). To protect himself Ahaz called in the aid of the Assyrians. Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and annexed Aram. According to 2 Kings 16:9, the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. Tiglath-Pileser then attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions. Through Assyria's intervention, and as a result of its invasion and subjection of the kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel, Ahaz was relieved of his troublesome neighbors; but his protector henceforth claimed and held suzerainty over his kingdom. This war of invasion lasted two years (734-732 BC), and ended in the capture and annexation of Damascus to Assyria and of the territory of Israel north of the border of Jezreel. Ahaz in the meanwhile furnished auxiliaries to Tiglath-Pileser. This appeal to Assyria met with stern opposition from the prophet Isaiah, who counseled Ahaz to rely upon the Lord and not upon outside aid. The sequel seemed to justify the king and to condemn the prophet. Ahaz, during his whole reign, was free from troubles with which the neighboring rulers were harassed, who from time to time revolted against Assyria. Thus it was that, in 722, Samaria was taken and northern Israel wholly incorporated into the Assyrian empire. Religious observance Ahaz yielded readily to the glamour and prestige of the Assyrians in religion as well as in politics. In 732 he went to Damascus to swear homage to Tiglath-Pileser and his gods; and, taking a fancy to an altar which he saw there, he had one like it made in Jerusalem, which, with a corresponding change in ritual, he made a permanent feature of the Temple worship. Changes were also made in the arrangements and furniture of the Temple, "because of the king of Assyria" (II Kings, xvi. 18). Furthermore, Ahaz fitted up an astrological observatory with accompanying sacrifices, after the fashion of the ruling people. In other ways Ahaz lowered the character of the national worship. 2 Kings 16:3 records that Ahaz offered his son by fire to Moloch (or made his son pass through fire), a practice condemned by Leviticus 18:21. The words may refer to a ceremony of purification or a sacrificial offering. The account in 2 Chronicles 28:3 refers to sons (plural). His government is considered by the Deuteronomistic historian as having been disastrous for the religious state of the country, and a large part of the reforming work of his son Hezekiah was aimed at undoing the evil that Ahaz had done. Succession He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (2 Chronicles 28:27). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days. Chronological notes There has been considerable academic debate about the actual dates of reigns of the Israelite kings. Scholars have endeavored to synchronize the chronology of events referred to in the Bible with those derived from other external sources. The calendars for reckoning the years of kings in Judah and Israel were offset by six months, that of Judah starting in Tishri (in the fall) and that of Israel in Nisan (in the spring). Cross-synchronizations between the two kingdoms therefore often allow narrowing of the beginning and/or ending dates of a king to within a six-month range. For Ahaz, the Scriptural data allow dating the beginning of his coregency with Jotham to some time in the six-month interval beginning of Nisan 1 of 735 BC. By the Judean calendar that started the regnal year in Tishri (a fall month), this could be written as 736/735, or more simply 736 BC. His father was removed from responsibility by the pro-Assyrian faction at some time in the year that started in Tishri of 732 BC. He died some time between Tishri 1 of 716 BC and Nisan 1 of 715 BC, i.e. in 716/715, or more simply 716 BC. Rodger Young offers a possible explanation of why four extra years are assigned to Jotham in 2 Kings 15:30 and why Ahaz's 16-year reign (2 Kings 16:2) is measured from the time of Jotham's death in 732/731, instead of when Jotham was deposed in 736/735. Taking into account the factionalism of the time, Young writes: [A]ny record such as 2 Kings 16:2 that recognized these last four years for Jotham must have come from the annals of the anti-Assyrian and anti-Ahaz court that prevailed after the death of Ahaz. Ahaz is given sixteen years in these annals, measuring from the start of his sole reign, instead of the twenty or twenty-one years that he would be credited with if the counting started from 736t [i.e. 736/735 BC], when he deposed Jotham. Surviving artifacts In the mid-1990s a bulla appeared on the antiquities market. This bulla measures .4 inches (10 mm) wide. The back of the bulla bears the imprint of the papyrus it once sealed, as well as the double string which held it together. It contains a fingerprint on the left edge. Like many bullae, it was preserved due to being baked by fire, presumably incidentally (house or city was burned), as in a kiln. The inscription reads: “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah.” Given the process that created and preserved bullae, they are virtually impossible to forge, so most scholars believe this bulla to be authentic. It bears the seal of King Ahaz of Judah, who ruled from 732-716 BC. Another important source regarding the historicity of Ahaz comes from the Tiglath-Pileser III annals, mentioning tributes and payments he received from Ahaz, king of Judah and Menahem, king of Israel. Furthermore, in 2015, Eilat Mazar discovered a royal bulla of the Judean king Hezekiah, biblical son of Ahaz, that reads "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah," and dates to between 727 - 698 BC.
   
2. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ahaz King of Judah -
   Author: Holy Bible, The Second Book of The Kings, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah: Oct 1993, Page number: 15:38 16:1,2,19,20 17:1,2 18:1
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2684060743
   
3. Title: Biblical Archaeology 15: Ahaz Bulla
   Publication: Name: https://theosophical.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/biblical-archaeology-14-ahaz-bulla/;
   Note: In the mid-1990s a very important bulla showed up on the antiquities market. A bulla is a flattened lump of hardened clay bearing the impression of a seal. They were used to seal papyrus documents. The papyrus would be folded and tied with a string. A soft lump of clay would then be placed on the string and impressed with a signet ring or pendant bearing the seal of the sender. The clay would harden, thus securing the contents of the document. Bullae are usually small. This one measures a mere 2/5” wide. The back of the bulla still bears the imprint of the papyrus it once sealed, as well as the double string which held it together. It even contains a fingerprint on the left edge. Like many bullae, it was preserved due to fire. When a city was burned by an invading army, it would cause the destruction of most artifacts, but would cause the bullae to be preserved. Just as in a kiln, these bullae were baked to perfection. Many bullae have been discovered. What makes this bulla remarkable is its inscription. It reads: “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah.” Given the process that created and preserves bullae, they are virtually impossible to forge, so most scholars believe this bulla to be authentic. It bears the seal of King Ahaz of Judah, who ruled from 732-716 BC. Significance: This is another extra-biblical confirmation of the existence of King Ahaz. This find puts us in much closer touch to the Biblical king than a mere mention of his name in extra-biblical documents/artifacts. This was the seal he himself used to certify official court documents! It is possible that the fingerprint is that of Ahaz himself. If so, it would be the only fingerprint evidence of a Biblical king. Around the edge of the bulla is a 1mm thick groove, indicating that the seal which made the impression was encased in a ring or pendant.
   
4. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ahaz King of Judah -
   Author: Holy Bible, Matthew, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah: Oct 1993, Page number: 1:9
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2684060737
   
5. Title: Matthew 1, Bible
   
6. Title: Biblica > 2 Kings 16 NIV: Ahaz King of Judah
   Publication: Name: https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2_Kings.16%E2%80%9316;
   Note: Ahaz King of Judah In the seventeenth year of Pekah son of Remaliah, Ahaz son of Jotham king of Judah began to reign. Ahaz was twenty years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem sixteen years. Unlike David his father, he did not do what was right in the eyes of the Lord his God. He followed the ways of the kings of Israel and even sacrificed his son in the fire, engaging in the detestable practices of the nations the Lord had driven out before the Israelites. He offered sacrifices and burned incense at the high places, on the hilltops and under every spreading tree. Then Rezin king of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel marched up to fight against Jerusalem and besieged Ahaz, but they could not overpower him. At that time, Rezin king of Aram recovered Elath for Aram by driving out the people of Judah. Edomites then moved into Elath and have lived there to this day. Ahaz sent messengers to say to Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria, “I am your servant and vassal. Come up and save me out of the hand of the king of Aram and of the king of Israel, who are attacking me.” And Ahaz took the silver and gold found in the temple of the Lord and in the treasuries of the royal palace and sent it as a gift to the king of Assyria. The king of Assyria complied by attacking Damascus and capturing it. He deported its inhabitants to Kir and put Rezin to death. Then King Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria. He saw an altar in Damascus and sent to Uriah the priest a sketch of the altar, with detailed plans for its construction. So Uriah the priest built an altar in accordance with all the plans that King Ahaz had sent from Damascus and finished it before King Ahaz returned. When the king came back from Damascus and saw the altar, he approached it and presented offerings on it. He offered up his burnt offering and grain offering, poured out his drink offering, and splashed the blood of his fellowship offerings against the altar. As for the bronze altar that stood before the Lord, he brought it from the front of the temple—from between the new altar and the temple of the Lord—and put it on the north side of the new altar. King Ahaz then gave these orders to Uriah the priest: “On the large new altar, offer the morning burnt offering and the evening grain offering, the king’s burnt offering and his grain offering, and the burnt offering of all the people of the land, and their grain offering and their drink offering. Splash against this altar the blood of all the burnt offerings and sacrifices. But I will use the bronze altar for seeking guidance.” And Uriah the priest did just as King Ahaz had ordered. King Ahaz cut off the side panels and removed the basins from the movable stands. He removed the Sea from the bronze bulls that supported it and set it on a stone base. He took away the Sabbath canopy that had been built at the temple and removed the royal entryway outside the temple of the Lord, in deference to the king of Assyria. As for the other events of the reign of Ahaz, and what he did, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? Ahaz rested with his ancestors and was buried with them in the City of David. And Hezekiah his son succeeded him as king. Footnotes 2 Kings 16:12 Or and went up 2 Kings 16:18 Or the dais of his throne (see Septuagint)
   
7. Title: The genealogy of the kings of Judah, along with the kings of Israel
   Publication: Name: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Genealogy_of_the_kings_of_Israel_and_Judah.svg/800px-Genealogy_of_the_kings_of_Israel_and_Judah.svg.png;
   
8. Title: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology; Old Testament dates calculated from date Solomon Temple construction commences. 4th year of Solomons 40 year reign from 972 to 931 BC
   Author: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology by Andrew Steinmann ISBN: 9780758627995 https://www.cph.org/p-18805-from-abraham-to-paul-a-biblical-chronology.aspx
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Steinmann;
   Note: Author Andrew Steinmann establishes two very strong chronological anchor points in the Old Testament era, from which most of the other Old Testament Chronological dates can be pinned down. One: The date the Solomon temple construction commenced was on: 2 Iyyar 2793 or 26 April 967BC from this he adds the 480 years that 1 Kings 6:1 / 8:2 states said construction was from Israel's exodus from Egypt. Brings us to... Two: 14 Nisan 2314 / 22 March 1446 BC
   Page: Abraham to Paul: A Biblical Chronology pg 140
   
9. Title: "The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings," by Edwin R. Thiele
   Author: Kregel Academic, 1983
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx4GsZH3dzAC&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=ahaz&f=false;
   
10. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ahaz King of Judah -
    Author: Holy Bible, The Second Book of The Chronicles, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah: Oct 1993, Page number: 27:9 28:1,27
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2684060744
    
11. Title: Biblesearchers.com- ROYAL KING DAVID LINE
    Publication: Name: http://www.biblesearchers.com/yahshua/davidian/dynasty6A.shtml;
    
12. Title: Wikiwand: Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum;
    Note: Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum (full title: Prima pars Promptuarii iconum insigniorum à seculo hominum, subiectis eorum vitis, per compendium ex probatissimis autoribus desumptis) (About this soundpronunciation (help·info)) is an iconography book by Guillaume Rouillé. It was published in Lyon, France, in 1553. The work includes portraits designed as medals, and brief biographies of many notable figures. Although Julian Sharman, author of The library of Mary Queen of Scots, judges the work to be "not one of much numismatic interest," he notes that, "This work has been pronounced to be one of the marvels of early wood-engraving." The book includes a total of 950 woodcut portraits. Many of the figures portrayed are of English origin. The images begin with Adam and Eve. In the preface, the publisher praises the work.
    
13. Title: Biblica > Isaiah 7-9 NIV: The Sign of Immanuel
    Publication: Name: https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah.7%E2%80%939;
    Note: When Ahaz son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah, was king of Judah, King Rezin of Aram and Pekah son of Remaliah king of Israel marched up to fight against Jerusalem, but they could not overpower it. Now the house of David was told, “Aram has allied itself with[a] Ephraim”; so the hearts of Ahaz and his people were shaken, as the trees of the forest are shaken by the wind. Then the Lord said to Isaiah, “Go out, you and your son Shear-Jashub,[b] to meet Ahaz at the end of the aqueduct of the Upper Pool, on the road to the Launderer’s Field. Say to him, ‘Be careful, keep calm and don’t be afraid. Do not lose heart because of these two smoldering stubs of firewood—because of the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram and of the son of Remaliah. Aram, Ephraim and Remaliah’s son have plotted your ruin, saying, “Let us invade Judah; let us tear it apart and divide it among ourselves, and make the son of Tabeel king over it.” Yet this is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘It will not take place, it will not happen, for the head of Aram is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is only Rezin. Within sixty-five years Ephraim will be too shattered to be a people. The head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is only Remaliah’s son. If you do not stand firm in your faith, you will not stand at all.’” Again the Lord spoke to Ahaz, “Ask the Lord your God for a sign, whether in the deepest depths or in the highest heights.” But Ahaz said, “I will not ask; I will not put the Lord to the test.” Then Isaiah said, “Hear now, you house of David! Is it not enough to try the patience of humans? Will you try the patience of my God also? Therefore the Lord himself will give you[c] a sign: The virgin[d] will conceive and give birth to a son, and[e] will call him Immanuel.[f] He will be eating curds and honey when he knows enough to reject the wrong and choose the right, for before the boy knows enough to reject the wrong and choose the right, the land of the two kings you dread will be laid waste. The Lord will bring on you and on your people and on the house of your father a time unlike any since Ephraim broke away from Judah—he will bring the king of Assyria.” Assyria, the Lord’s Instrument In that day the Lord will whistle for flies from the Nile delta in Egypt and for bees from the land of Assyria. They will all come and settle in the steep ravines and in the crevices in the rocks, on all the thornbushes and at all the water holes. In that day the Lord will use a razor hired from beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria—to shave your head and private parts, and to cut off your beard also. In that day, a person will keep alive a young cow and two goats. And because of the abundance of the milk they give, there will be curds to eat. All who remain in the land will eat curds and honey. In that day, in every place where there were a thousand vines worth a thousand silver shekels,[g] there will be only briers and thorns. Hunters will go there with bow and arrow, for the land will be covered with briers and thorns. As for all the hills once cultivated by the hoe, you will no longer go there for fear of the briers and thorns; they will become places where cattle are turned loose and where sheep run. Isaiah and His Children as Signs The Lord said to me, “Take a large scroll and write on it with an ordinary pen: Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz.”[h] So I called in Uriah the priest and Zechariah son of Jeberekiah as reliable witnesses for me. Then I made love to the prophetess, and she conceived and gave birth to a son. And the Lord said to me, “Name him Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz. For before the boy knows how to say ‘My father’ or ‘My mother,’ the wealth of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried off by the king of Assyria.” The Lord spoke to me again: “Because this people has rejected the gently flowing waters of Shiloah and rejoices over Rezin and the son of Remaliah, therefore the Lord is about to bring against them the mighty floodwaters of the Euphrates— the king of Assyria with all his pomp. It will overflow all its channels, run over all its banks and sweep on into Judah, swirling over it, passing through it and reaching up to the neck. Its outspread wings will cover the breadth of your land, Immanuel[i]!” Raise the war cry,[j] you nations, and be shattered! Listen, all you distant lands. Prepare for battle, and be shattered! Prepare for battle, and be shattered! Devise your strategy, but it will be thwarted; propose your plan, but it will not stand, for God is with us.[k] This is what the Lord says to me with his strong hand upon me, warning me not to follow the way of this people: “Do not call conspiracy everything this people calls a conspiracy; do not fear what they fear, and do not dread it. The Lord Almighty is the one you are to regard as holy, he is the one you are to fear, he is the one you are to dread. He will be a holy place; for both Israel and Judah he will be a stone that causes people to stumble and a rock that makes them fall. And for the people of Jerusalem he will be a trap and a snare. Many of them will stumble; they will fall and be broken, they will be snared and captured.” Bind up this testimony of warning and seal up God’s instruction among my disciples. I will wait for the Lord, who is hiding his face from the descendants of Jacob. I will put my trust in him. Here am I, and the children the Lord has given me. We are signs and symbols in Israel from the Lord Almighty, who dwells on Mount Zion. The Darkness Turns to Light When someone tells you to consult mediums and spiritists, who whisper and mutter, should not a people inquire of their God? Why consult the dead on behalf of the living? Consult God’s instruction and the testimony of warning. If anyone does not speak according to this word, they have no light of dawn. Distressed and hungry, they will roam through the land; when they are famished, they will become enraged and, looking upward, will curse their king and their God. Then they will look toward the earth and see only distress and darkness and fearful gloom, and they will be thrust into utter darkness. [l]Nevertheless, there will be no more gloom for those who were in distress. In the past he humbled the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the future he will honor Galilee of the nations, by the Way of the Sea, beyond the Jordan— The people walking in darkness have seen a great light; on those living in the land of deep darkness a light has dawned. You have enlarged the nation and increased their joy; they rejoice before you as people rejoice at the harvest, as warriors rejoice when dividing the plunder. For as in the day of Midian’s defeat, you have shattered the yoke that burdens them, the bar across their shoulders, the rod of their oppressor. Every warrior’s boot used in battle and every garment rolled in blood will be destined for burning, will be fuel for the fire. For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, and the government will be on his shoulders. And he will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the greatness of his government and peace there will be no end. He will reign on David’s throne and over his kingdom, establishing and upholding it with justice and righteousness from that time on and forever. The zeal of the Lord Almighty will accomplish this. The Lord’s Anger Against Israel The Lord has sent a message against Jacob; it will fall on Israel. All the people will know it— Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria— who say with pride and arrogance of heart, “The bricks have fallen down, but we will rebuild with dressed stone; the fig trees have been felled, but we will replace them with cedars.” But the Lord has strengthened Rezin’s foes against them and has spurred their enemies on. Arameans from the east and Philistines from the west have devoured Israel with open mouth. Yet for all this, his anger is not turned away, his hand is still upraised. But the people have not returned to him who struck them, nor have they sought the Lord Almighty. So the Lord will cut off from Israel both head and tail, both palm branch and reed in a single day; the elders and dignitaries are the head, the prophets who teach lies are the tail. Those who guide this people mislead them, and those who are guided are led astray. Therefore the Lord will take no pleasure in the young men, nor will he pity the fatherless and widows, for everyone is ungodly and wicked, every mouth speaks folly. Yet for all this, his anger is not turned away, his hand is still upraised. Surely wickedness burns like a fire; it consumes briers and thorns, it sets the forest thickets ablaze, so that it rolls upward in a column of smoke. By the wrath of the Lord Almighty the land will be scorched and the people will be fuel for the fire; they will not spare one another. On the right they will devour, but still be hungry; on the left they will eat, but not be satisfied. Each will feed on the flesh of their own offspring[m]: Manasseh will feed on Ephraim, and Ephraim on Manasseh; together they will turn against Judah. Yet for all this, his anger is not turned away, his hand is still upraised. Footnotes Isaiah 7:2 Or has set up camp in Isaiah 7:3 Shear-Jashub means a remnant will return. Isaiah 7:14 The Hebrew is plural. Isaiah 7:14 Or young woman Isaiah 7:14 Masoretic Text; Dead Sea Scrolls son, and he or son, and they Isaiah 7:14 Immanuel means God with us. Isaiah 7:23 That is, about 25 pounds or about 12 kilograms Isaiah 8:1 Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz means quick to the plunder, swift to the spoil; also in verse 3. Isaiah 8:8 Immanuel means God with us. Isaiah 8:9 Or Do your worst Isaiah
    
14. Title: Jerusalem Post: FIRST EVER SEAL IMPRESSION OF AN ISRAELITE OR JUDEAN KING EXPOSED NEAR TEMPLE MOUNT
    Publication: Name: https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/First-ever-seal-impression-of-an-Israelite-or-Judean-king-exposed-near-Temple-Mount-436061;
    Note: Jerusalem Post Israel News Culture News FIRST EVER SEAL IMPRESSION OF AN ISRAELITE OR JUDEAN KING EXPOSED NEAR TEMPLE MOUNT Unprecedented King Hezekiah royal seal discovered in Ophel excavations brings to life Biblical narratives of Jerusalem’s First Temple period. BY DANIEL K. EISENBUD DECEMBER 2, 2015 15:58 > 8-year-old 'Indiana Jones' makes First Temple era archaeological find in Beit Shemesh > Archaeologists discover four pre-Incan tombs in Lima site Share on facebook Share on twitter Israel archeology The seal impression of King Hezekiah unearthed during the Ophel excavations at the foot of the southern wall of the Temple Mount. (photo credit: COURTESY OF DR. EILAT MAZAR AND OURIA TADMOR) An unprecedented impression of the royal seal of King Hezekiah from the First Temple period was unearthed by a Hebrew University of Jerusalem archeological team during excavations at the foot of the southern wall of the Temple Mount, the university announced on Wednesday. Dating back to 727–698 BCE and measuring 9.7 mm by 8.6 mm., the oval impression – discovered amid Jerusalem’s noted Ophel excavations under the direction of the university’s Dr. Eilat Mazar – was imprinted on a 3-mm.- thick piece of clay, measuring 13 mm. by 12 mm. Be the first to know - Join our Facebook page. The excavation site is situated within the Ophel Archeological Park, which is part of the national park surrounding the walls of Jerusalem, under the auspices of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Around the impression is a depression left by the frame of the ring in which the seal was set. The impression bears an inscription in ancient Hebrew script stating: “Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz king of Judah,” accompanied by a two-winged sun with wings turned downward, flanked by two ankh symbols serving as emblems of life. The bulla – or impression of the seal – originally sealed a document written on a papyrus rolled and tied with thin cords, which left their mark on the reverse of the bulla. According to the university, the rare bulla was discovered with numerous pottery shards and other finds, such as figurines and seals, in Area A of the 2009 excavation season, which was supervised by Haggai Cohen Klonymus. “The bulla was discovered in a refuse dump dated to the time of King Hezekiah or shortly after, and originated in the royal building that stood next to it, and appears to have been used to store foodstuffs,” the university said in a statement. “This building, one of a series of structures that also included a gatehouse and towers, was constructed in the second half of the 10th century BCE (the time of King Solomon) as part of the fortifications of the Ophel – the new governmental quarter that was built in the area that connects the City of David with the Temple Mount.” The bulla, the university noted, was found together with 33 additional bullae imprinted from other seals, some bearing Hebrew names, their reverse showing marks of coarse fabric and thick cords that probably sealed sacks containing foodstuffs. “This is the first time that a seal impression of an Israelite or Judean king has ever come to light in a scientific archeological excavation,” said Mazar, a third-generation archeologist working at the university. An internationally recognized archeologist, Mazar directs excavations on the City of David’s summit and in the Ophel to the south of the Temple Mount’s southern wall. Among her many archeological finds over the years is an ancient golden treasure discovered at the Ophel site in 2013. The seal impression was found during the wet-sifting of earth layers from the excavation in the Emek Tzurim wet-sifting facility, directed by Dr. Gabriel Barkai and Zachi Dvira, under the auspices of the Nature and Parks Authority and the Ir David Foundation. The bulla was discovered by Efrat Greenwald, a member of the Ophel expedition, who supervised the wet-sifting of the excavation material. American students and alumni of the Herbert W. Armstrong College from Edmond, Oklahoma, also participated in the excavation. King Hezekiah is described favorably in the Bible (II Kings, Isaiah, II Chronicles) as well as in the chronicles of the Assyrian kings Sargon II and his son, Sennacherib, who ruled during his time. “Hezekiah is depicted as both a resourceful and daring king, who centralized power in his hands,” the university said. “Although he was an Assyrian vassal, he successfully maintained the independent standing of the Judean kingdom and its capital, Jerusalem, which he enhanced economically, religiously and diplomatically.” The Bible states of Hezekiah: “There was none like him among all the kings of Judah after him, nor among those before him” (II Kings 18:5). The symbols on the seal impression suggest that they were made late in his life, Mazar said, when both the royal administrative authority and the king’s personal symbols changed from the winged scarab (dung beetle) – the symbol of power and rule that had been familiar throughout the ancient Near East – to that of the winged sun. The latter symbol embodied God’s protection, which gave the regime its legitimacy and power, which was also widespread throughout the ancient Near East and used by the Assyrian kings, Mazar said. “The change most likely reflected both the Assyrian influence and Hezekiah’s desire to emphasize his political sovereignty, and Hezekiah’s own profound awareness of the powerful patronage given his reign by the God of Israel,” she explained. While the royal administrative symbol imprinted on the king’s jars used the motif of a sun with wings extended to the sides, Hezekiah personally changed the symbol to a sun with sheltering wings turned down, and a life symbol at the end of each wing, noted Mazar. “This special addition of the symbol of life may support the assumption that the change on the king’s personal seal was made after Hezekiah had recovered from the life-threatening illness of leprosy [II Kings 20:1-8], when the life symbol became especially significant for him [in 704 BCE],” she said. The discovery of Hezekiah’s royal seal impression in the Ophel excavations “vividly brings to life the biblical narratives about King Hezekiah and the activity conducted during his lifetime in Jerusalem’s royal quarter,” the university added. In the meantime, the full research about Hezekiah’s bulla is included in the first volume of the Ophel Excavations 2009-2013 Final Reports, published Wednesday, with the support of the David Berg Foundation. The renewed Ophel excavations and the processing of the finds, as well as the preservation and preparation of the excavated area for tourists by the Antiquities Authority, were made possible through funding provided by Daniel Mintz and Meredith Berkman of New York.
    
15. Title: PEDIGREE-Achaz; Ahaz 14th King of JUDAH
    Publication: Name: http://fabpedigree.com/s060/f676649.htm;
    
16. Title: Biblica > 2 Chronicles 28:27 NIV:
    Publication: Name: https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2_Chronicles.28:27%E2%80%9328:27;
    Note: Ahaz rested with his ancestors and was buried in the city of Jerusalem, but he was not placed in the tombs of the kings of Israel. And Hezekiah his son succeeded him as king.