Seleucus "Nicator" of Syria I

• Preferred Name: Seleucus "Nicator" of Syria I^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Occupation: Général d'Alexandre le Grand
  
• Death: SEP 281 BC in Babylon, Mesopotamia, Seleucid Empire at LATI: N2.5709 LONG: E4.4138
  
• Religion: Greek polytheism with note: Wikiwand: Seleucus I Nicator
  
• Birth: 358 BC in Europus, Macedonia at LATI: N1.645 LONG: E1.665
  
• FSID: L2G9-Q77
  
• Dynasty:+Seleucid+dynasty: with note: Wikiwand: Seleucus I Nicator
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  “Seleucus became the greatest king, was the most kingly in mind, and ruled over the greatest extent of land after Alexander himself”
  Arian, Anabasis Of Alexander 7.22
  
  History
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator
  
  Seleucid of Macedonia was my tentatively 80th GGF.
  Seleucid of Macedonia was my tentatively Great Grandfather 80th Great Grandfather.
  
  Seleucus I Nicator
  Seleucus I Nicator (/səˈljuːkəs naɪˈkeɪtər/; c. 358 – 281 BC; Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ Séleukos Nikátōr Attic Greek pronunciation: [sé.leu̯.kos], 'the Victorious') was a Macedonian Greek general who wa
  
  === https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator ===
  
  Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0
  Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1988) [first published in 1966], Chandragupta Maurya and his times (4th ed.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0433-3
  
  === BC before Christ ===
  BC before Christ
  
  === "BCE" Before Common Era "BC" before Christ no longer used ===
  "BCE" Before Common Era "BC" before Christ no longer used

• m. BET 300 BC AND 297 BC

1. Phila Queen of Macedonia, b. ABT 315 BC in Europa, Macedonia     d. 246 BC in Macedonia

• m. 324 BC in Susa, Mesopotamia, Seleucid Empire

1. Antiochus I Soter , King of the Seleucid Empire, b. 324 BC in Persia or Mesopotamia     d. 2 JUN 261 BC in Syria, tried to break the growing power of Pergamum by force of arms, but suffered defeat near Sardis and died soon afterwards
2. Achaeus Seleucid King of Syria, b. 320 BC     d. 274 BC

1. Title: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology
   Publication: Name: https://web.archive.org/web/20080423052756/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3103.html;
   Note: SELEUCUS I. (2e'\€uKos) surnamed nicator, king of syria, and the founder of the Syrian monarchy. He was the son of Antiochus, a Macedonian of distinction among the officers of Philip II., but fabulous stories were in circulation (evidently fabricated after he had attained to great­ness), which represented him as the offspring of a miraculous intercourse of his mother Laodice with Apollo. (Justin. xv. 4.) From the statements concerning his age at his death, his birth may be probably assigned to about b. c. 358, and he would thus be about twenty-four years old when he ac­companied Alexander on his expedition to Asia, as one of the officers of the eroupoi, or horse-guards. He was early distinguished for his great personal strength, as well as courage, of which he is said to have afforded a proof by overcoming a savage bull, unarmed and single-handed. (Appian. Syr. 57; Ael. V. H. xii. 16.) Of his services as an officer we hear nothing during the early campaigns of Alexander in Asia; but it is evident that he must have earned the confidence of that monarch, as at the passage of the Hydaspes, in b. c 327, we find him selected by the king, together with Ptolemy, Perdiccas, and Lysimachus, to accompany him with the body of troops which were to cross the river in the first instance. In the subsequent battle against Porus, also, he bore an important' part. (Arr. Anab. v. 13, 16.) But that these services were only a small portion of those actually rendered by him, during the Indian campaigns, may be inferred from the circumstance that, after the return of Alexander to Susa, Seleucus was one of the officers upon whom the king bestowed, as a reward, the hand of an Asiatic princess. His bride was Apama, the daughter, according to Arrian, of the Bactrian chief Spitamenes, though Strabo calls her father, probably erroneously, Ar-tabazus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Strab. xii. p. 578.) Seleucus was in close attendance upon Alexander during his last illness, and is mentioned as one of the officers who consulted the oracle of Serapis in regard to his recovery (Arr. Anab. vii. 26). During the dissensions which followed the death of the great king, he took part with Perdiccas and the other leaders of the cavalry, and was rewarded for his attachment to their cause by obtaining, in the arrangements ultimately adopted, the import­ant post of chiliarch of the ercupor, one of the most honourable appointments in the army, and which had previously been held by Perdiccas himself. (Arrian. ap. Phot. p. 69, a ; Diod. xviii. 3 ; Appian. Syr. 57 ; Justin. xiii. 4, who inaccurately terms it " castrorum tribunatus.") The regent, doubtless, thought that he could reckon with se­curity on the fidelity of Seleucus ; but the latter, though he adhered to him until the expedition against Egypt, and accompanied him on that occa­sion, was one of the first to join in the discontents which broke out on the disasters sustained at the passage of the Nile [perdiccas], and even put himself at the head of the mutineers who broke into the regent's tent, and transfixed him on their spears. (Corn. Nep. Eum. 5 ; Diod. xviii. 36.) During the troubles that followed, we find him interposing his influence and authority with the army, in favour of Antipater, when assailed by the invectives of Eurydice ; and, in the second parti­tion of the provinces (at Triparadeisus, b.c. 321), he obtained for his portion the wealthy and im­portant satrapy of Babylonia, of which he hastened to take possession. (Arr. ap. Ph-ot. p. 71, b ; Diod. xviii. 39, xix. 12 ; App. Syr. 57.) The ambitious designs of Pithon having involved that general in war with the neighbouring satraps, and ultimately led to his expulsion from his own government [pithon], Seleucus afforded him a refuge in Babylonia, and was preparing to support him by arms, when the approach of Eumenes at­tracted the attention of both the contending parties in another direction. Seleucus and Pithon imme­diately declared in favour of Antigonus, and endea­voured, though without success, to prevent Eu­menes from crossing the Tigris and effecting a junction with the forces assembled under Peucestes and his brother satraps. Seleucus, however, re­mained in possession of Babylon, and sent to Antigonus to hasten his march. On the arrival of the latter, he joined him with all his forces, and they advanced together into Susiana, which was annexed by Antigonus to the satrapy of Seleucus, and the latter was appointed to carry on the siege of Susa, while Antigonus himself advanced into Upper Asia against Eumenes. (limit of scanned pages)...
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Seleucus I Nicator
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Seleucus_I_Nicator;
   Note: Seleucus I Nicator[A] (/səˈljuːkəs naɪˈkeɪtər/; c. 358 BC – September 281 BC; Ancient Greek: Σέλευκος Α΄ Νικάτωρ Séleukos Α΄ Nikátōr; "Seleucus the Victor") was one of the Diadochi. Having previously served as an infantry general under Alexander the Great, he eventually assumed the title of basileus and established the Seleucid Empire over much of the territory in the Near East which Alexander had conquered. After the death of Alexander in June 323 BC, Seleucus initially supported Perdiccas, the regent of Alexander's empire, and was appointed Commander of the Companions and chiliarch at the Partition of Babylon in 323 BC. However, after the outbreak of the Wars of the Diadochi in 322, Perdiccas' military failures against Ptolemy in Egypt led to the mutiny of his troops in Pelusium. Perdiccas was betrayed and assassinated in a conspiracy by Seleucus, Peithon and Antigenes in Pelusium sometime in either 321 or 320 BC. At the Partition of Triparadisus in 321 BC, Seleucus was appointed Satrap of Babylon under the new regent Antipater. But almost immediately, the wars between the Diadochi resumed and Antigonus forced Seleucus to flee Babylon. Seleucus was only able to return to Babylon in 312 BC with the support of Ptolemy. From 312 BC, Seleucus ruthlessly expanded his dominions and eventually conquered the Persian and Median lands. Seleucus ruled not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's empire. Seleucus' wars took him as far as India, where, after two years of war (305–303 BC), he was defeated by the armies of the Maurya Empire and made peace by marrying his daughter to king Chandragupta, whereupon he was rewarded a considerable force of 500 war elephants, which would play a decisive role against Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC and against Lysimachus at the Battle of Corupedium in 281 BC. Seleucus' victories against Antigonus and Lysimachus left the Seleucid dynasty virtually unopposed in Asia and in Anatolia. However, Seleucus also hoped to take control of Lysimachus' European territories, primarily Thrace and Macedon itself. But upon arriving in Thrace in 281 BC, Seleucus was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court with his sister Lysandra. The assassination of Seleucus destroyed Seleucid prospects in Thrace and Macedon, and paved the way for Ptolemy Ceraunus to absorb much of Lysimachus' former power in Macedon. Seleucus was succeeded by his son Antiochus I as ruler of the Seleucid empire. Seleucus founded a number of new cities during his reign, including Antioch (300 BC) and in particular Seleucia on the Tigris (c. 305 BC), the new capital of the Seleucid Empire, a foundation that eventually depopulated Babylon. Youth and family Seleucus was the son of Antiochus. Historian Junianus Justinus claims that Antiochus was one of Philip II of Macedon's generals, but no such general is mentioned in any other sources, and nothing is known of his supposed career under Philip. It is possible that Antiochus was a member of an upper Macedonian noble family. Seleucus' mother was supposedly called Laodice, but nothing else is known of her. Later, Seleucus named a number of cities after his parents. Seleucus was born in Europos, located in the northern part of Macedonia. Just a year before his birth (if the year 358 BC is accepted as the most likely date), the Paeonians invaded the region. Philip defeated the invaders and only a few years later utterly subdued them under Macedonian rule. Seleucus' year of birth is unclear. Justin claims he was 77 years old during the battle of Corupedium, which would place his year of birth at 358 BC. Appianus tells us Seleucus was 73 years old during the battle, which means 354 BC would be the year of birth. Eusebius of Caesarea, however, mentions the age of 75, and thus the year 356 BC, making Seleucus the same age as Alexander the Great. This is most likely propaganda on Seleucus' part to make him seem comparable to Alexander. As a teenager, Seleucus was chosen to serve as the king's page (paides). It was customary for all male offspring of noble families to first serve in this position and later as officers in the king's army. A number of legends, similar to those told of Alexander the Great, were told of Seleucus. It was said Antiochus told his son before he left to battle the Persians with Alexander that his real father was actually the god Apollo. The god had left a ring with a picture of an anchor as a gift to Laodice. Seleucus had a birthmark shaped like an anchor. It was told that Seleucus' sons and grandsons also had similar birthmarks. The story is similar to the one told about Alexander. Most likely the story is merely propaganda by Seleucus, who presumably invented the story to present himself as the natural successor of Alexander. John Malalas tells us Seleucus had a sister called Didymeia, who had sons called Nicanor and Nicomedes. It is most likely the sons are fictitious. Didymeia might refer to the oracle of Apollo in Didyma near Miletus. It has also been suggested that Ptolemy (son of Seleucus) was actually the uncle of Seleucus. Early career under Alexander the Great In spring 334 BC, as a young man of about twenty-three, Seleucus accompanied Alexander into Asia. By the time of the Indian campaigns beginning in late in 327 BC, he had risen to the command of the élite infantry corps in the Macedonian army, the "Shield-bearers" (Hypaspistai, later known as the "Silvershields"). It is said by Arrian that when Alexander crossed the Hydaspes river on a boat, he was accompanied by Perdiccas, Ptolemy I Soter, Lysimachus and also Seleucus. During the subsequent Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC), Seleucus led his troops against the elephants of King Porus. It is likely[original research?] that Seleucus had no role in the actual planning of the battle. He is also not mentioned as holding any major independent position during the battle, unlike, for example, Craterus, Hephaistion, Peithon and Leonnatus – each of whom had sizable detachments under his control. Seleucus' Royal Hypaspistai were constantly under Alexander's eye and at his disposal. They later participated in the Indus Valley campaign, in the battles fought against the Malli and in the crossing of the Gedrosian desert. At the great marriage ceremony at Susa in the spring of 324 BC, Seleucus married Apama (daughter of Spitamenes), and she bore him his eldest son and successor Antiochus I Soter, at least two legitimate daughters (Laodice and Apama) and possibly another son (Achaeus). At the same event, Alexander married the daughter of the late Persian King Darius III while several other Macedonians married Persian women. After Alexander's death (323 BC), when the other senior Macedonian officers unloaded their "Susa wives" en masse, Seleucus was one of the very few who kept his, and Apama remained his consort (later Queen) for the rest of her life. Ancient sources mention Seleucus three times before the death of Alexander. He participated in a sailing trip near Babylon, took part in the dinner party of Medeios the Thessalian with Alexander and visited the temple of the god Serapis. In the first of these episodes, Alexander's diadem was blown off his head and landed on some reeds near the tombs of Assyrian kings. Seleucus swam to fetch the diadem back, placing it on his own head while returning to the boat to keep it dry. The validity of the story is dubious. The story of the dinner party of Medeios may be true, but the plot to poison the King is unlikely.[clarification needed insufficient details and context] In the final story, Seleucus reportedly slept in the temple of Serapis in the hope that Alexander's health might improve. The validity of this story is also questionable, as the Graeco-Egyptian Serapis had not been invented at the time. Senior officer under Perdiccas Alexander the Great died without a successor in Babylon on June 10, 323 BC. His general Perdiccas became the regent of all of Alexander's empire, while Alexander's physically and mentally disabled half-brother Arrhidaeus was chosen as the next king under the name Philip III of Macedon. Alexander's unborn child (Alexander IV) was also named his father's successor. In the "Partition of Babylon" however, Perdiccas effectively divided the enormous Macedonian dominion among Alexander's generals. Seleucus was chosen to command the Companion cavalry (hetairoi) and appointed first or court chiliarch, which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas. Several other powerful men supported Perdiccas, including Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Peithon and Eumenes. Perdiccas' power depended on his ability to hold Alexander's enormous empire together, and on whether he could force the satraps to obey him. War soon broke out between Perdiccas and the other Diadochi. To cement his position, Perdiccas tried to marry Alexander's sister Cleopatra. The First War of the Diadochi began when Perdiccas sent Alexander's corpse to Macedonia for burial. Ptolemy however captured the body and took it to Alexandria. Perdiccas and his troops followed him to Egypt, whereupon Ptolemy conspired with the satrap of Media, Peithon, and the commander of the Argyraspides, Antigenes, both serving as officers under Perdiccas, and assassinated him. Cornelius Nepos mentions that Seleucus also took part in this conspiracy, but this is not certain. Satrap of Babylon The most powerful man in the empire after the death of Perdiccas was Antipater. Perdiccas' opponents gathered in Triparadisos, where the empire of Alexander was partitioned again (the Treaty of Triparadisus 321 BC). At Triparadisos the soldiers had become mutinous and were planning to murder their master Antipater. Seleucus and Antigonus, however, prevented this.[13] For betraying Perdiccas, Seleucus was awarded the rich province of Babylon. This decision may have been Antigonus' idea. Seleucus' ..
   
3. Title: Wikimedia Commons: Tetradrachm
   Note: From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository Jump to navigationJump to search English: The tetradrachm (4 drachms) was a silver coin issued by various Greek mints from 600BE to 200AD when the area was under Roman rule. This also extended to Greek influenced areas of Iran and India until the 6th century. Français : Le tétradrachme (4 drachmes) était une pièce d'argent utilisée par les grecs de 600 av. JC à 200 ap. JC, lorsque leur territoire était sous domination romaine. L'usage de cette monnaie s'est étendu aux zones sous influence grecque, tels l'Iran et l'Inde jusqu'au VIème siècle. Athenae ca 490 BC Athens: Head of Athena r./ ΑΘΕ, owl r. (after 449 BC) Athens: Head of Athena r./ ΑΘΕ, owl r. - Classic period (ca. 393-355 BC) Athens: New style Tetradrachm. (152/1 BC) Gela. Biga / bull Katana (Catania). Quadriga / Apollo Lokroi under Pyrrhos: Zeus / Dione Rhegion (Reggio Calabria). Leone / Apollo Rhegion (Reggio Calabria). Quadriga / Lepre Syracuse (Siracusa). Quadriga / Arethusa. Hellenistic period Alexander the Great Eukratides Seleukos I. 312-280 BC Roman Empire Nero & Poppaea Sabina Volusianus This page was last edited on 11 March 2019, at 16:45. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Basileus
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Basileus;
   
5. Title: Wikimedia Commons > Seleucid dynasty: Seleucus I
   Publication: Name: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seleucus_I;
   Note: English: Seleucus I Nicator (ca. 358 BC – 281 BC), Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great and foundator of the Seleucid Empire. Français : Séleucos Ier Nicator (autour de 358 av. J.-C. - 281 av. J.-C.), officier macédonien d'Alexandre le Grand et fondateur de l'empire séleucide. Nederlands: Seleucus I Nicator (ca. 358 v.Chr. - 281 v.Chr.), Macedonische officier van Alexander de Grote en stichter van het Seleucidische Rijk. Subcategories This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. C Coins of Seleucus I‎ (20 F) M Seleucus I bust (MANN, 5590)‎ (4 F) S Seleucus I bust in Louvre (MND 2272)‎ (7 F)
   
6. Title: Attalus: Seleucus - in ancient sources
   Publication: Name: http://www.attalus.org/names/s/seleucus.html;
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Tetradrachm
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Tetradrachm;
   Note: The tetradrachm (Greek: τετράδραχμον, tetrádrakhmon) was an Ancient Greek silver coin equivalent to four drachmae. In Athens it replaced the earlier "heraldic" type of didrachms and it was in wide circulation from c. 510 to c. 38 BC. Early history and Athens The transition from didrachms to tetradrachms occurred during c. 525–510 BC; the abandonment of the "heraldic"-type didrachms and the Archaic tetradrachms (early "owls") of the polis of Athens apparently took place shortly after the Battle of Salamis, 480 BC. This transition is supported by the discovery of contemporary coin hoards, and more particularly of a coin hoard found on the Acropolis in 1886. The Athenian tetradrachm was widely used in transactions throughout the ancient Greek world, including in cities politically unfriendly to Athens. Athens had silver mines in state ownership, which provided the bullion. Most well known were the silver mines of Laurium at a close distance from Athens. The Athenian tetradrachm was stamped with the head of Athena on the obverse, and on the reverse the image of the owl of Athena, the iconographic symbol of the Athenian polis, with a sprig of olive and a crescent for the moon. According to Philochorus, it was known as glaux (γλαύξ, little owl) throughout the ancient world and "owl" in present-day English language numismatics. The design was kept essentially unchanged for over two centuries, by which time it had become stylistically archaic. To differentiate their currency from the rival coinage of Aegina using the Aeginetic stater of about 12.3 grams, Athens minted its tetradrachm based on the "Attic" standard of 4.3 grams per drachma. The vast number of "owls-tetradrachms" available those days mainly from the silver mines of Laurium financed the several achievements of Athens, such as the reconstruction of the Acropolis and building the Parthenon, as well as many wars, including the Peloponnesian War. In other polities The tetradrachm's use as a currency was soon adopted by many other city-states of the ancient Greece, Asia Minor, Magna Grecia and other Greek colonial cities throughout the Mediterranean Sea. With the armies of Alexander the Great it spread to other Greek-influenced areas of Asia. Tetradrachms were common as trade coins. [Gallery]
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: Diadochi
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Diadochi;
   Note: The Diadochi (/daɪˈædəkaɪ/; plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek: Διάδοχοι, Diádokhoi, "successors") were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BCE. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterranean to the Indus River Valley. Successors An army on campaign changes its leadership at any level frequently for replacement of casualties and distribution of talent to the current operations. The institution of the Hetairoi gave the Macedonian army a flexible capability in this regard. There were no fixed ranks of Hetairoi, except as the term meant a special unit of cavalry. The Hetairoi were simply a fixed pool of de facto general officers, without any or with changing de jure rank, whom Alexander could assign where needed. They were typically from the nobility, many related to Alexander. A parallel flexible structure in the Persian army facilitated combined units. Staff meetings to adjust command structure were nearly a daily event in Alexander's army. They created an ongoing expectation among the Hetairoi of receiving an important and powerful command, if only for a short term. At the moment of Alexander's death, all possibilities were suddenly suspended. The Hetairoi vanished with Alexander, to be replaced instantaneously by the Diadochi, men who knew where they had stood, but not where they would stand now. As there had been no definite ranks or positions of Hetairoi, there were no ranks of Diadochi. They expected appointments, but without Alexander they would have to make their own. For purposes of this presentation, the Diadochi are grouped by their rank and social standing at the time of Alexander's death. These were their initial positions as Diadochi. They are not necessarily significant or determinative of what happened next. The Diadochi In Hellenistic times the title Diadoch was actually the lowest in a system of official rank titles. It was first used in the 19th century to denote the immediate successors of Alexander. Craterus Main article: Craterus Craterus was an infantry and naval commander under Alexander during his conquest of Persia. After the revolt of his army at Opis on the Tigris River in 324, Alexander ordered Craterus to command the veterans as they returned home to Macedonia. Antipater, commander of Alexander's forces in Greece and regent of the Macedonian throne in Alexander's absence, would lead a force of fresh troops back to Persia to join Alexander while Craterus would become regent in his place. When Craterus arrived at Cilicia in 323 BC, news reached him of Alexander's death. Though his distance from Babylon prevented him from participating in the distribution of power, Craterus hastened to Macedonia to assume the protection of Alexander's family. The news of Alexander's death caused the Greeks to rebel in the Lamian War. Craterus and Antipater defeated the rebellion in 322 BC. Despite his absence, the generals gathered at Babylon confirmed Craterus as Guardian of the Royal Family. However, with the royal family in Babylon, the Regent Perdiccas assumed this responsibility until the royal household could return to Macedonia. Antipater Main article: Antipater Antipater was an adviser to King Philip II, Alexander's father, a role he continued under Alexander. When Alexander left Macedon to conquer Persia in 334 BC, Antipater was named Regent of Macedon and General of Greece in Alexander's absence. In 323 BC, Craterus was ordered by Alexander to march his veterans back to Macedon and assume Antipater's position while Antipater was to march to Persia with fresh troops. Alexander's death that year, however, prevented the order from being carried out. When Alexander's generals gathered in Babylon to divide the empire between themselves, Antipater was confirmed as General of Greece while the roles of Regent of the Empire and Guardian of the Royal Family were given to Perdiccas and Craterus, respectively. Together, the three men formed the top ruling group of the empire. Somatophylakes Main article: Somatophylakes Further information: Perdiccas, Ptolemy I Soter, Lysimachus, Peucestas, Peithon, and Leonnatus The Somatophylakes were the seven bodyguards of Alexander. Macedonian satraps Main article: Satrap Further information: Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Neoptolemus (general), Seleucus I Nicator, and Polyperchon Satraps (Old Persian: xšaθrapāwn) were the governors of the provinces in the Hellenistic empires. Royal family Main articles: Philip III of Macedon, Alexander IV of Macedon, Olympias, Eurydice II of Macedon, and Cleopatra of Macedon Non-Macedonian satraps and generals Main articles: Eumenes of Cardia, Pyrrhus of Epirus, and Philetaerus The Epigoni Main articles: Cassander, Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Ptolemy Keraunos Originally the Epigoni (/ɪˈpɪɡənaɪ/; from Greek: Ἐπίγονοι, meaning "offspring") were the sons of the Argive heroes who had fought in the first Theban war. In the 19th century the term was used to refer to the second generation of Diadochi rulers. Chronology Struggle for unity (323–319 BC) Partition of Babylon Main article: Partition of Babylon Without a chosen successor, there was almost immediately a dispute among Alexander's generals as to whom his successor should be. Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's unborn child by Roxana. A compromise was arranged – Arrhidaeus (as Philip III) should become King, and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming Alexander IV). Perdiccas himself would become Regent of the entire Empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered, and assumed full control. The other cavalry generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the Empire. Ptolemy received Egypt; Laomedon received Syria and Phoenicia; Philotas took Cilicia; Peithon took Media; Antigonus received Phrygia, Lycia and Pamphylia; Asander received Caria; Menander received Lydia; Lysimachus received Thrace; Leonnatus received Hellespontine Phrygia; and Neoptolemus had Armenia[citation needed]. Macedon and the rest of Greece were to be under the joint rule of Antipater, who had governed them for Alexander, and Craterus, Alexander's most able lieutenant, while Alexander's old secretary, Eumenes of Cardia, was to receive Cappadocia and Paphlagonia. In the east, Perdiccas largely left Alexander's arrangements intact – Taxiles and Porus governed over their kingdoms in India; Alexander's father-in-law Oxyartes governed Gandara; Sibyrtius governed Arachosia and Gedrosia; Stasanor governed Aria and Drangiana; Philip governed Bactria and Sogdiana; Phrataphernes governed Parthia and Hyrcania; Peucestas governed Persis; Tlepolemus had charge over Carmania; Atropates governed northern Media; Archon got Babylonia; and Arcesilaus governed northern Mesopotamia. Revolt in Greece Main article: Lamian War Meanwhile, the news of Alexander's death had inspired a revolt in Greece, known as the Lamian War. Athens and other cities joined together, ultimately besieging Antipater in the fortress of Lamia. Antipater was relieved by a force sent by Leonnatus, who was killed in action, but the war did not come to an end until Craterus's arrival with a fleet to defeat the Athenians at the Battle of Crannon on September 5, 322 BC. For a time, this brought an end to any resistance to Macedonian domination. Meanwhile, Peithon suppressed a revolt of Greek settlers in the eastern parts of the Empire, and Perdiccas and Eumenes subdued Cappadocia. First War of the Diadochi (322–320 BC) Soon, however, conflict broke out. Perdiccas' marriage to Alexander's sister Cleopatra led Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, and Ptolemy to join together in rebellion. The actual outbreak of war was initiated by Ptolemy's theft of Alexander's body and its transfer to Egypt. Although Eumenes defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, in a battle at which Craterus was killed, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during an invasion of Egypt. Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia, to which was added Lycaonia. Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace, while the three murderers of Perdiccas—Seleucus, Peithon, and Antigenes—were given the provinces of Babylonia, Media, and Susiana respectively. Arrhidaeus, the former Regent, received Hellespontine Phrygia. Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as leader of the largest army east of the Hellespont, held a similar position in Asia. Partition of Triparadisus Main article: Partition of Triparadisus Death of Antipater Soon after the second partition, in 319 BC, Antipater died. Antipater had been one of the few remaining individuals with enough prestige to hold the empire together. After his death, war soon broke out again and the fragmentation of the empire began in earnest. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. A civil war soon broke out in Macedon and Greece between Polyperchon and Cassander, with the latter supported by Antigonus and Ptolemy. Polyperchon allied himself to Eumenes in Asia, but was driven from Macedonia by Cassander, and fled to Epirus with the infant ..
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: Elymais
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Elymais;
   Note: Elymais or Elamais (Ἐλυμαΐς, Hellenic form of the more ancient name, Elam) was a semi-independent state of the 2nd century BC to the early 3rd century AD, frequently a vassal under Parthian control, and located at the head of the Persian Gulf in the present-day region of Khuzestan, Iran (Susiana). It is reported that these people were great archers and natives of Susa, which lay to the east of Elymais territory. Most of the Elymais were probably descendants of the ancient Elamites, who once had control of that area in the past. The provinces of Elymais were Massabatice (later Masabadhan), Corbiane and Gabiane. Nothing is known of their language, even though Elamite was still used by the Achaemenid Empire 250 years before the Elymais came into existence. A number of Aramaic inscriptions are found in Elymais. The kingdom of Elymais survived until its extinction by a Sassanid invasion in the early 3rd century AD. It is reported in 2 Maccabees that the priests of the temple of Nanea, which is located in Susa, tricked Antiochus IV Epiphanes and murdered him by throwing rocks on him and dismembering him (2Macc 1:10–17). Coinage The coins of Elymais depicted a king; it is not known whether this was a Parthian king or a local ruler, as such information has not come to light. These coins were based on Greek standards of debased Drachms and Tetradrachms. The royal picture is generally based on Parthian coinage, usually with an anchor with a star in crescent figure. The reverse has a figure or bust of Artemis with text around it, an eagle, or often only elongated dots (this has led numismatists to believe that the engravers didn't know Greek or copied from coins whose writing was already unintelligible). Kings of Elymais List of rulers Kamnaskires I Megas Soter (c. 147- c.145 BC) Kamnaskires II Nikephoros (c 145- C. 139 BC) Okkonapses (c. 139/8 BC) Tigraios (c. 138/7- c. 133/2 bc) Darius (before c. 129 BC) Kamnaskires III Megas Nikephorus (c. 85 BC) Kamnaskires IV (c. 82/1- c. 76/5 BC) with Anzaze (his Queen) Kamnaskires V[6] (c. 73/2- c. 46 BC) Kamnaskires VI[7] (c. 46- c. 28 BC) Kamnaskires VII[8] (c. 28 BC- c. 1 AD) Kamnaskires VIII[9] (c. 1- c. 15 AD) Kamnaskires IX[10] (c. 15- c. 25 AD) Orodes I (c. 25- c. 50 AD) Orodes II (c. 50- c. 70 AD) son of Orodes I Phraates[11] (c. 70- c. 90 AD) son of Orodes (I or II) Orodes III[12] (c. 90- c. 100 AD) son of Orodes II Kamnaskires-Orodes[13] (c. 100- c. 120 AD) son of Orodes II Ariobarzanes (c. 125 AD) Osroes (c. 125-c. 130 AD) Unknown King I (c. 130- c. 140 AD) Orodes IV[14] & Ulpan (c. 140- c. 160 AD) Abarbasi[15] (c. 160- c. 170 AD) Orodes V[16] (c. 170- c. 180 AD) son of Beldusa Vologases[17] (c. 180- c. 190 AD) Unknown King II[18] (c. 190- c. 210 AD) Unknown King III[19] (c. 210- c. 220 AD) Orodes VI[20] (c. 220- 224 AD)
   
10. Title: Encyclopædia Britannica: Seleucus I Nicator
    Publication: Name: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seleucus-I-Nicator;
    
11. Title: Wikiwand: Seleucus I Nicator
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Seleucus_I_Nicator;
    
12. Title: Genealogy of Seleucid I Nicator
    Author: Bibliography Seleucid Study Group This site has been created in the hope of producing and presenting as near a comprehensive stemma of the Dynasty as possible. Ancient literary evidence, numismatics, epigraphic remains, and contemporary scholarship have been combined with my own judgement and reasoning in (numerous) cases of controversy. In the interest of objectivity I have erred on the side of conservatism; all hypotheses and conjectures are indicated as such. For the sake of convenience and accessibility, I have presented all Greek names in their latinized forms. N.B.: All entries signed ‘AJPM’ were written by Alex McAuley; those signed M. D’A & AJPM were co-authoured by Monica D’Agostini & Alex McAuley.
    Publication: Name: https://en.writingapaper.net/seleucid-genealogy-com/;
    Note: SELEUCID GENEALOGY Home About Early Seleucids Later Seleucids Related Dynasties Extras Links Bibliography Seleucid Study Group Seleucid Marriage, Succession, and Descent Revisited Alex McAuley Department of History & Classical Studies McGill University in cooperation with The School of History, Classics, and Archaeology The University of Edinburgh The Genealogy of the Seleucids Colossal head of Antiochus I of Commagene, Nemrud Dag, Turkey Seleucus I Nicator Ruled 311-281 b.c. Son of Antiochus and Laodice Married first to Apama, 324 b.c. -Antiochus I Soter = Stratonice -Laodice = Achaeus the Elder -Apama Married second to Stratonice, 299 b.c. -Phila = Antigonus Gonatas Bust of Seleucus I, The Louvre, Paris. Seleucus I Nicator: Son of the Macedonian Antiochus, a general of Philip, and his wife Laodice, Despite allegations the was a bastard, I see no reason to doubt his parentage and rather the idea emerges from the myth of his descent from Apollo recorded in Justin 15.4.2-10. The myth itself privileges Laodice and can perhaps be seen as having been promoted by either Seleucus or his successors to impart some measure of divinity on the dynasty. Married to Apama, daughter of the Bactrian Spitamenes, as part of the mass wedding at Susa under Alexander the Great in 324, organised with the aim of fusing the Macedonian and Persian nobility with the marriage of his hetairoi to Persian women (Arr.Anab.7.4.6). Unlike the other successors, Seleucus did not repudiate his bride. Her later diplomatic and political utility would not be realized until over a decade after their marriage, suggesting that something more than political convenience bound the two. As Grainger (1990, 12) writes,‘she must have been a remarkable lady.’ The marriage produced three recorded children, Aniochus I Soter (Plut.Dem.29, App.Syr.65), and two daughters mentioned by John Malalas, Laodice and Apama (Malalas p.198, Eustathius 915, Ogden 1999, 119). No marriage for either two daughters is attested. Although passages in Strabo (15.2.9) and Appian (Syr.55) have been taken as indication that Seleucus married a daughter of the Mauryan king Chandragupta (Sandracottus), the ambiguity with which both authors speak of only a intermarriage or a marriage relationship along with the absence of any other mention of such a wife leads me to discount the possibility. Chandragupta might just as well have married a daughter of Seleucus, or a marriage amongst their lieutenants could plausibly be thought of as a ‘marriage alliance.’ The mentions are too vague for any certain conclusions. Seleucus I then married Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and Phila, as part of an alliance between the Seleucids and the Antigonids against the Ptolemies in 300. (Plut.Dem.31, 38, Diod.21.20). We cannot be sure whether or not Apama was alive at the time of his second marriage, but her epigraphical presence in 298 along with the foundation of several cities named ‘Apameia’ after 300 by Seleucus I – most notably Seleucia-Zeugma and Apameia – suggest to me that she was still alive. I see no reason why she would have been repudiated or divorced. (Sherwin-White and Kuhrt 1993, 26). Seleucus’ daughter by Stratonice, Phila, was married to Antigonus Gonatas during the reign of her brother Antiochus I in 278 B.C (Grainger 1997, 52). The marriage confirmed Antigonus’ reacquisition of control over Macedonia after the rampage of the Celts over the preceding years, and serve to reinforce the pre-existing Seleucid/Antigonid alliance (Grainger 2010, 75-80, 145).
    
13. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: ANTIOCH
    Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANTIOCH.htm;
    Note: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. PRINCES of ANTIOCH 1100-1130 (HAUTEVILLE) Chapter 2. PRINCES of ANTIOCH 1136-1268 (POITIERS) Chapter 3. VASSALS of the PRINCES of ANTIOCH A. LORDS of BOURZEJ [BERZIEH] B. LORDS of HARENC [HARIM] C. LORDS of HAZART D. LORDS of MARGAT [MARQAB] E. LORDS of SAHYUN [SAONE] F. MANSEL G. DES ROCHES H. SOURDEVAL I. OTHER UNCONNECTED NOBILITY in ANTIOCH Chapter 4. OFFICERS of the PRINCIPALITY of ANTIOCH A. CONSTABLES of ANTIOCH B. VICOMTES d’ANTIOCH INTRODUCTION The town of Antioch on the eastern Mediterranean coast was founded by Seleucus I, ruler of Syria, in 300 B.C. Although it evolved into the chief city in western Asia, and later under the Roman Empire was known as the third city of the world, its splendour diminished after its sack by the Persians in the 6th century AD. The town was captured from the Arabs by the forces of Nikephoros Phokas 29 Oct 969, restored to something of its former glory, and retained for just over a century. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa records that Antioch was captured from the Christians by “l’émir Soliman, fils de Koutoulmisch” in “l’année 533 [29 Feb 1084/28 Feb 1085].” On the death of Suleiman ibn Kutulmish, the city passed to Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah who appointed his relative the Turkoman Yaghi-Siyan as governor: Hamd Allah Mustaufi records that Sultan Malik Shah sent "Baghi-Sian" to Antioch (see the document WEST ASIA and NORTH AFRICA 2). After the Sultan died, Emir Ridwan of Aleppo became the city’s nominal suzerain. With the approach of the First Crusade in 1097, many leading Christians were ejected from the city[3]. Antioch was captured by the crusaders, led by Godefroi de Bouillon, Bohémond de Hauteville and Raymond "de Saint-Gilles" Comte de Toulouse, in June 1098 after an eight month siege. The Turks in the city, including the Governor, were massacred[4]. Abul-Feda records that "les Francs" invaded Syria in A. H. 491 (1097/98) and captured Antioch from "Yaghi-Sian…Turcoman d'origine et fils de Mohammed ibn Alb-Arslan" in "le mois de djomada premier" (Apr/May 1098) after a nine month siege, adding that he was beheaded by an Armenian. After their successful conquest, the crusader leaders disagreed about who should take charge of Antioch, but eventually Bohémond of Apulia, son of Robert "Guiscard" Duke of Apulia, remained in possession and declared himself prince (see Chapter 1). Prince Bohémond enlarged the territory of his principality by acquiring Edessa and cities in the emirate of Aleppo. However, his son Bohémond II died without male heirs, leaving the principality of Antioch to his infant daughter. Her descendants by her first marriage to Raymond de Poitiers continued to rule as princes of Antioch (see Chapter 2). However, when Prince Bohémond III was held captive by the Armenian ruler Lewon II in the late 1190s, rule over the city was assumed by a citizens' commune. The Armenians captured Antioch again in 1216, but Prince Bohémond IV regained control three years later. His successor Prince Bohémond V was obliged to reside at Tripoli from his accession in 1233, as the commune reasserted control over Antioch. The city was captured by the Mameluks in 1268, although the princes of Antioch continued to rule in Tripoli until 1288. The male line of the princes of Antioch died out in 1287. The titular right to the principality of Antioch was inherited by Henri III King of Cyprus, who was descended from the sister of Prince Bohémond VI and was the senior descendant of the family in the female line. The title must have been considered of minor importance compared with the kingship of Jerusalem, as subsequent references to the Antiochian title are infrequent. Charlotte Queen of Cyprus (who died in 1487) bequeathed her titular rights to Antioch, as well as those to the kingdoms of Cyprus and Jerusalem, to Charles I Duke of Savoy in her testament. The Christian principality of Antioch was suzerain over the following lordships within its territory: Harenc (Harim) Margat (Marqab/Mazoer) Sahyun (Saône) Bourzej (Berzieh) Soudin Latakieh (Laodicea) Of these, the lords of Bourzej, Harenc, Margat and Sahyun are shown in Chapter 3 of the present document, together with some other noble families in Antioch who intermarried with the noble families in the other crusader states. Officers of the principality of Antioch, the constables of Antioch and the vicomtes, are shown in Chapter 4.
    
14. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Greek religion
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Greek_religion;
    Note: Ancient Greek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology originating in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. These groups varied enough for it to be possible to speak of Greek religions or "cults" in the plural, though most of them shared similarities. Most ancient Greeks recognized the twelve major Olympian gods and goddesses: (Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Apollo, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus), although philosophies such as Stoicism and some forms of Platonism used language that seems to assume a single transcendent deity. The worship of these deities, and several others, was found across the Greek world, though they often have different epithets that distinguished aspects of the deity, and often reflect the absorption of other local deities into the pan-Hellenic scheme. The religious practices of the Greeks extended beyond mainland Greece, to the islands and coasts of Ionia in Asia Minor, to Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern Italy), and to scattered Greek colonies in the Western Mediterranean, such as Massalia (Marseille). Early Italian religions such as the Etruscan were influenced by Greek religion in forming much of the ancient Roman religion. Beliefs While there were few concepts universal to all the Greek peoples, there were common beliefs shared by many. Theology Ancient Greek theology was polytheistic, based on the assumption that there were many gods and goddesses, as well as a range of lesser supernatural beings of various types. There was a hierarchy of deities, with Zeus, the king of the gods, having a level of control over all the others, although he was not almighty. Some deities had dominion over certain aspects of nature. For instance, Zeus was the sky-god, sending thunder and lightning, Poseidon ruled over the sea and earthquakes, Hades projected his remarkable power throughout the realms of death and the Underworld, and Helios controlled the sun. Other deities ruled over abstract concepts; for instance Aphrodite controlled love. All significant deities were visualized as "human" in form, although often able to transform themselves into animals or natural phenomena. While being immortal, the gods were certainly not all-good or even all-powerful. They had to obey fate, known to Greek mythology as the Moirai, which overrode any of their divine powers or wills. For instance, in mythology, it was Odysseus' fate to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, and the gods could only lengthen his journey and make it harder for him, but they could not stop him. The gods acted like humans and had human vices. They would interact with humans, sometimes even spawning children with them. At times certain gods would be opposed to others, and they would try to outdo each other. In the Iliad, Aphrodite, Ares and Apollo support the Trojan side in the Trojan War, while Hera, Athena and Poseidon support the Greeks (see theomachy). Some gods were specifically associated with a certain city. Athena was associated with the city of Athens, Apollo with Delphi and Delos, Zeus with Olympia and Aphrodite with Corinth. But other gods were also worshipped in these cities. Other deities were associated with nations outside of Greece; Poseidon was associated with Ethiopia and Troy, and Ares with Thrace. Identity of names was not a guarantee of a similar cultus; the Greeks themselves were well aware that the Artemis worshipped at Sparta, the virgin huntress, was a very different deity from the Artemis who was a many-breasted fertility goddess at Ephesus. Though the worship of the major deities spread from one locality to another, and though most larger cities boasted temples to several major gods, the identification of different gods with different places remained strong to the end. Afterlife Further information: Greek Underworld The Greeks believed in an underworld where the spirits of the dead went after death. One of the most widespread areas of this underworld was ruled over by Hades, a brother of Zeus, and was known as Hades (originally called 'the place of Hades'). Other well known realms are Tartarus, a place of torment for the damned, and Elysium, a place of pleasures for the virtuous. In the early Mycenean religion all the dead went to Hades, but the rise of mystery cults in the Archaic age led to the development of places such as Tartarus and Elysium. A few Greeks, like Achilles, Alcmene, Amphiaraus Ganymede, Ino, Melicertes, Menelaus, Peleus, and a great number of those who fought in the Trojan and Theban wars, were considered to have been physically immortalized and brought to live forever in either Elysium, the Islands of the Blessed, heaven, the ocean, or beneath the ground. Such beliefs are found in the most ancient of Greek sources, such as Homer and Hesiod. This belief remained strong even into the Christian era. For most people at the moment of death there was, however, no hope of anything but continued existence as a disembodied soul. Some Greeks, such as the philosophers Pythagoras and Plato, also embraced the idea of reincarnation, though this was only accepted by a few. Epicurus taught that the soul was simply atoms which dissolved at death, so there was no existence after death. Mythology Further information: Greek mythology Greek religion had an extensive mythology. It consisted largely of stories of the gods and how they interacted with humans. Myths often revolved around heroes and their actions, such as Heracles and his twelve labors, Odysseus and his voyage home, Jason and the quest for the Golden Fleece and Theseus and the Minotaur. Many species existed in Greek mythology. Chief among these were the gods and humans, though the Titans (who predated the Olympian gods) also frequently appeared in Greek myths. Lesser species included the half-man-half-horse centaurs, the nature based nymphs (tree nymphs were dryads, sea nymphs were Nereids) and the half man, half goat satyrs. Some creatures in Greek mythology were monstrous, such as the one-eyed giant Cyclopes, the sea beast Scylla, whirlpool Charybdis, Gorgons, and the half-man, half-bull Minotaur. There was not a set Greek cosmogony, or creation myth. Different religious groups believed that the world had been created in different ways. One Greek creation myth was told in Hesiod's Theogony. It stated that at first there was only a primordial deity called Chaos, who gave birth to various other primordial gods, such as Gaia, Tartarus and Eros, who then gave birth to more gods, the Titans, who then gave birth to the first Olympians. The mythology largely survived and was added to in order to form the later Roman mythology. The Greeks and Romans had been literate societies, and much mythology, although initially shared orally, was written down in the forms of epic poetry (such as the Iliad, the Odyssey and the Argonautica) and plays (such as Euripides' The Bacchae and Aristophanes' The Frogs). The mythology became popular in Christian post-Renaissance Europe, where it was often used as a basis for the works of artists like Botticelli, Michelangelo and Rubens. Morality One of the most important moral concepts to the Greeks was the fear of committing hubris. Hubris constituted many things, from rape to desecration of a corpse, and was a crime in the city-state of Athens. Although pride and vanity were not considered sins themselves, the Greeks emphasized moderation. Pride only became hubris when it went to extremes, like any other vice. The same was thought of eating and drinking. Anything done to excess was not considered proper. Ancient Greeks placed, for example, importance on athletics and intellect equally. In fact many of their competitions included both. Pride was not evil until it became all-consuming or hurtful to others. Sacred texts The Greeks had no religious texts they regarded as "revealed" scriptures of sacred origin, but very old texts including Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and the Homeric hymns (regarded as later productions today), Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days, and Pindar's Odes were regarded as having authority and perhaps being inspired; they usually begin with an invocation to the Muses for inspiration. Plato even wanted to exclude the myths from his ideal state described in the Republic because of their low moral tone. While some traditions, such as Mystery cults, did uphold certain texts as canonic within their own cult praxis, such texts were respected but not necessarily accepted as canonic outside their circle. In this field, of particular importance are certain texts referring to Orphic cults: multiple copies, ranging from 450 BC to 250 AD, have been found in various locations of the Greek world. Even the words of the oracles never turned into a sacred text. Other texts were specially composed for religious events, and some have survived within the lyric tradition; although they had a cult function, they were bound to performance and never developed into a common, standard prayer form comparable to the Christian Pater Noster. An exception to this rule were the already named Orphic and Mystery rituals, which, in this, set themselves aside from the rest of the Greek religious system. Finally, some texts called hieroi logoi (Greek: ιεροί λόγοι) (sacred texts) by the ancient sources, originated from outside the Greek world, or were supposedly adopted in remote times, representing yet more different traditions within the Greek belief system. Practices Ceremonies The lack of a unified priestly class meant that a unified, canonic form of the religious texts or practices never existed; just as there was no unified, common sacred text for the Greek belief system, there was no standardization of practices. Instead, religious practices were organized on local levels, with priests normally being magistrates for the city or village, or gaining authority from one of the many sanctua..
    
15. Title: Wikiwand: Apama
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Apama;
    Note: Apama (Ancient Greek: Ἀπάμα, romanized: Apáma), sometimes known as Apama I or Apame I, was the wife of the first ruler of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucus I Nicator. They married at Susa in 324 BC. According to Arrian, Apama was the daughter of the Sogdian baron Spitamenes. Apame was the only of the Susa wives to become queen as, unlike the other generals, Seleucus kept her after Alexander's death. Apama had three children with her husband: Antiochus I Soter who inherited the Seleucid throne, Achaeus, and a daughter also called Apama. Circa 300-297 BC, Seleucus married Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius I of Macedon, Seleucus had a daughter by Stratonice, who was called Phila. According to Malalas's chronicle, he married her after the death of Apama, but, according to other sources, she was still alive, as the people of Miletus honored her with a statue that year. According to Appian (57–8), her husband named three cities Apamea after her. Modern scholars consider them to be Apamea on the Orontes River, Apamea in the Euphrates and Apamea in Media.
    
16. Title: Wikiwand: List of Seleucid rulers
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_Seleucid_rulers;
    Note: The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (from Greek: Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai) was a Greek Macedonian royal family, founded by Seleucus I Nicator ("the Victor"), which ruled the Seleucid Empire centered in the Near East and regions of the Asian part of the earlier Achaemenid Persian Empire during the Hellenistic period. Background Seleucus (ca. 358 – 281 BCE) served as an officer of Alexander the Great, commanding the élite infantry corps in the Macedonian army: the "Shield-bearers" (Hypaspistai), later known as the "Silvershields" (Ἀργυράσπιδες / Argyraspides). After the death of Alexander in 323 BCE, the Partition of Triparadisus assigned Seleucus as satrap of Babylon in 321 BCE. Antigonus, the satrap of much of Asia Minor, forced Seleucus to flee from Babylon, but, supported by Ptolemy, the Satrap of Egypt, Seleucus returned in 312 BCE. Seleucus' later conquests included Persia and Media. He formed an alliance with the Indian King Chandragupta Maurya (reigned 324-297 BCE). Seleucus defeated Antigonus in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE and Lysimachus (King of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor) in the battle of Corupedium (near Sardis) in 281 BCE. Ptolemy Ceraunus assassinated Seleucus later in the same year. Seleucus' eldest son Antiochus I succeeded him as ruler of the Seleucid territories. Seleucid rulers Portrait King Reign (BCE) Consort(s) Comments Seleucus I Nicator Satrap 320–315, 312–305 BCE King 305–281 BCE Apama Antiochus I Soter co-ruler from 291, ruled 281–261 BCE Stratonice of Syria Co-ruler with his father for 10 years Antiochus II Theos 261–246 BCE Laodice I Berenice Berenice was a daughter of Ptolemy II of Egypt. Laodice I had her and her son murdered. Seleucus II Callinicus 246–225 BCE Laodice II Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) 225–223 BCE Seleucus III was assassinated by members of his army. Antiochus III the Great 223–187 BCE Laodice III Euboea of Chalcis Antiochus III was a brother of Seleucus III Seleucus IV Philopator 187–175 BCE Laodice IV This was a brother-sister marriage. Antiochus IV Epiphanes 175–163 BCE Laodice IV This was a brother-sister marriage. Antiochus V Eupator 163–161 BCE Demetrius I Soter 161–150 BCE Apama ? Laodice V? Son of Seleucus IV Philopator and Laodice IV Alexander I Balas 150–145 BCE Cleopatra Thea Son of Antiochus IV and Laodice IV Demetrius II Nicator first reign, 145–138 BCE Cleopatra Thea Son of Demetrius I Antiochus VI Dionysus (or Epiphanes) 145–140 BCE? Son of Alexander Balas and Cleopatra Thea Diodotus Tryphon 140–138 BCE General who was a regent for Antiochus VI Dionysus. Took the throne after murdering his charge. Antiochus VII Sidetes (or Euergetes) 138–129 BCE Cleopatra Thea Son of Demetrius I Demetrius II Nicator second reign, 129–126 BCE Cleopatra Thea Demetrius was murdered at the instigation of his wife Cleopatra Thea. Alexander II Zabinas 129–123 BCE Counter-king who claimed to be an adoptive son of Antiochus VII Sidetes Cleopatra Thea 126–121 BCE Daughter of Ptolemy VI of Egypt. Married to three kings: Alexander Balas, Demetrius II Nicator, and Antiochus VII Sidetes. Mother of Antiochus VI, Seleucus V, Antiochus VIII Grypus, and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. Coregent with her son Antiochus VIII Grypus. Gorgias (Greek General) and War against Jews Seleucus V Philometor 126/125 BCE Murdered by his mother Cleopatra Thea Antiochus VIII Grypus 125–96 BCE Tryphaena of Egypt Cleopatra Selene I of Egypt Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 114–96 BCE Cleopatra IV of Egypt Cleopatra Selene I of Egypt Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator 96–95 BCE Antiochus X Eusebes Philopator 95–92 BC or 83 BCE Cleopatra Selene I Demetrius III Eucaerus (or Philopator) 95–87 BCE Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus 95–92 BCE Philip I Philadelphus 95–84/83 BCE Antiochus XII Dionysus 87–84 BCE Seleucus VII Kybiosaktes or Philometor 83–69 BCE Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 69–64 BCE Philip II Philoromaeus 65–63 BCE Family tree [chart]
    
17. Title: Wikiwand: Seleucid Empire
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Seleucid_Empire;
    Note: The Seleucid Empire (/sɪˈljuːsɪd/; Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileía tōn Seleukidōn) was a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty which existed from 312 BC to 63 BC; Seleucus I Nicator founded it following the division of the Macedonian Empire vastly expanded by Alexander the Great. Seleucus received Babylonia (321 BC) and from there expanded his dominions to include much of Alexander's near-eastern territories. At the height of its power, the Empire included central Anatolia, Persia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and what is now Kuwait, Afghanistan, and parts of Pakistan and Turkmenistan. The Seleucid Empire became a major center of Hellenistic culture – it maintained the preeminence of Greek customs where a Greek political elite dominated, mostly in the urban areas. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by immigration from Greece. Seleucid expansion into Anatolia and Greece halted abruptly in the early 2nd century BC after decisive defeats at the hands of the Roman army. Seleucid attempts to defeat their old enemy Ptolemaic Egypt were frustrated by Roman demands. Having come into conflict in the East (305 BC) with Chandragupta Maurya of the Maurya Empire, Seleucus I entered into an agreement with Chandragupta whereby he ceded vast territory west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern-day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan and offered his daughter in marriage to the Maurya Emperor to formalize the alliance. Antiochus III the Great attempted to project Seleucid power and authority into Hellenistic Greece, but his attempts were thwarted by the Roman Republic and by Greek allies such as the Kingdom of Pergamon, culminating in a Seleucid defeat at the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia. In the subsequent Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC, the Seleucids were compelled to pay costly war reparations and relinquished claims to territories west of the Taurus Mountains. The Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia conquered much of the remaining eastern part of the Seleucid Empire in the mid-2nd century BC, while the independent Greco-Bactrian Kingdom continued to flourish in the northeast. However, the Seleucid kings continued to rule a rump state from Syria until the invasion by Armenian king Tigranes the Great in 83 BC and their ultimate overthrow by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC. Name Contemporary sources, such as a loyalist degree from Ilium, in Greek language define the Seleucid state both as an empire (arche) and as a kingdom (basileia). Similarly, Seleucid rulers were described as kings in Babylonia. Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers referred to the Seleucid ruler as the King of Syria, Lord of Asia, and other designations; the evidence for the Seleucid rulers representing themselves as kings of Syria is provided by the inscription of Antigonus son of Menophilus, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria." He refers to either Alexander Balas or Alexander II Zabinas as a ruler. History Partition of Alexander's empire Main article: Diadochi Alexander, who quickly conquered the Persian Empire under its last Achaemenid dynast, Darius III, died young in 323 BC, leaving an expansive empire of partly Hellenised culture without an adult heir. The empire was put under the authority of a regent in the person of Perdiccas, and the territories were divided among Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon, all in that same year. Rise of Seleucus Alexander's generals (the Diadochi) jostled for supremacy over parts of his empire. Ptolemy, a former general and the satrap of Egypt, was the first to challenge the new system; this led to the demise of Perdiccas. Ptolemy's revolt led to a new subdivision of the empire with the Partition of Triparadisus in 320 BC. Seleucus, who had been "Commander-in-Chief of the Companion cavalry" (hetairoi) and appointed first or court chiliarch (which made him the senior officer in the Royal Army after the regent and commander-in-chief Perdiccas since 323 BC, though he helped to assassinate him later) received Babylonia and, from that point, continued to expand his dominions ruthlessly. Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, the year used as the foundation date of the Seleucid Empire. Babylonian War (311-309 BC) Main article: Babylonian War The rise of Seleucus in Babylon threatened the eastern extent of Antigonus I territory in Asia. Antigonus, along with his son Demetrius I of Macedon, unsuccessfully led a campaign to annex Babylon. The victory of Seleucus ensured his claim of Babylon and legitimacy. He ruled not only Babylonia, but the entire enormous eastern part of Alexander's empire, as described by Appian: Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations, strong in arms and persuasive in council, he [Seleucus] acquired Mesopotamia, Armenia, 'Seleucid' Cappadocia, Persis, Parthia, Bactria, Arabia, Tapouria, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander, as far as the river Indus, so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. Seleucid–Mauryan War (305-303 BC) Main article: Seleucid–Mauryan war In the region of Punjab, Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrokottos) founded the Maurya Empire in 321 BC. Chandragupta conquered the Nanda Empire in Magadha, and relocated to the capital of Pataliputra. Chandragupta then redirected his attention back to the Indus and by 317 BC he conquered the remaining Greek satraps left by Alexander. Expecting a confrontation, Seleucus gathered his army and marched to the Indus. It is said that Chandragupta himself fielded an army of 600,000 men and 9,000 war elephants. Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory, sealed in a treaty, west of the Indus, including the Hindu Kush, modern day Afghanistan, and the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Archaeologically, concrete indications of Mauryan rule, such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka, are known as far as Kandahar in southern Afghanistan. According to Appian: It is generally thought that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter, or a Macedonian princess, a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. In a return gesture, Chandragupta sent 500 war elephants, a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. In addition to this treaty, Seleucus dispatched an ambassador, Megasthenes, to Chandragupta, and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara, at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state). Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign, which have been partly preserved to us through Diodorus Siculus. Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus, the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great, is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court. The Indians occupy [in part] some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus (Chandragupta Maurya) in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants. Other territories lost before Seleucus' death were Gedrosia in the south-east of the Iranian plateau, and, to the north of this, Arachosia on the west bank of the Indus River. Westward expansion Following his and Lysimachus' victory over Antigonus Monophthalmus at the decisive Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, Seleucus took control over eastern Anatolia and northern Syria. In the latter area, he founded a new capital at Antioch on the Orontes, a city he named after his father. An alternative capital was established at Seleucia on the Tigris, north of Babylon. Seleucus's empire reached its greatest extent following his defeat of his erstwhile ally, Lysimachus, at Corupedion in 281 BC, after which Seleucus expanded his control to encompass western Anatolia. He hoped further to take control of Lysimachus's lands in Europe – primarily Thrace and even Macedonia itself, but was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus on landing in Europe. His son and successor, Antiochus I Soter, was left with an enormous realm consisting of nearly all of the Asian portions of the Empire, but faced with Antigonus II Gonatas in Macedonia and Ptolemy II Philadelphus in Egypt, he proved unable to pick up where his father had left off in conquering the European portions of Alexander's empire. Breakup of Central Asian territories Antiochus I (reigned 281–261 BC) and his son and successor Antiochus II Theos (reigned 261–246 BC) were faced with challenges in the west, including repeated wars with Ptolemy II and a Celtic invasion of Asia Minor—distracting attention from holding the eastern portions of the Empire together. Towards the end of Antiochus II's reign, various provinces simultaneously asserted their independence, such as Bactria and Sogdiana under Diodotus, Cappadocia under Ariarathes III, and Parthia under Andragoras. A few years later, the latter was defeated and killed by the invading Parni of Arsaces – the region would then become the core of the Parthian Empire. Diodotus, governor for the Bactrian territory, asserted independence in around 245 BC, although the exact date is far from certain, to form the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. This kingdom was characterized by a rich Hellenistic culture and was to continue its domination of Bactria until around 125 BC when it was overrun by the invasion of northern nomads. One of the Greco-Bactrian kings, Demetrius I of Bactria, invaded India around 180 BC to form the Indo-Greek Kingdoms. The rulers of Persis, called Fratarakas, also seem to have established some level of independence from the Seleucids during the 3rd cent..