Dedusobek Bebi Great Scribe of the Vizier

• Preferred Name: Dedusobek Bebi Great Scribe of the Vizier^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Death: Y
  
• Birth: ABT 1705 BC in Leontopolis, Kafr Al Muqdam, Dumyat, Egypt at LATI: N1.4165 LONG: E1.8133
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Great Scribe of the Vizierabout 1600 BC (late Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt) with note: Wikiwand: Dedusobek Bebi
  
• FSID: G735-Z6S
  
• LifeSketch: with note: Description: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedusobek_Bebi
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Dedusobek Bebi was a high official of the late Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt who became the "Great Scribe of the Vizier." This position was directly under the vizier acting as a deputy. He was the son of "steward" Sobekhotep and born to Hapyu. His brother was Nebankh, who was "king's acquaintance" under Neferhotep I and high steward under Sobekhotep IV. His wife was Duatnefret. He was the father of queen Nubkhaes who was married to an unnamed king. She may have been buried along with king Sobekemsaf II. An important son was "Reporter of Thebes," Sobekemsaf. Another important son of Dedusobek Bebi was the "royal sealer" and "scribe of the personal scribe of the royal board" Nebsumenu.
  
  Dedusobek is known from several sources. At Thebes, a statue of Sobekemsaf mentions "the Great One of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedusobek Bebi" as his father. A fragmentary base of a statue of unknown provenance mentions "the Great One of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedusobek Bebi, true of [voice]."
  
  He is attested as the Great Scribe of the Vizier. At Abydos (?), he is attested as the Great Scribe of the Vizier on a stela with a hymn to Osiris. The name Dedusobek-Bebi also may appear in literature as Sobekdedu-Bebi.
  
  -- Wikiwand: Dedusobek Bebi

1. Nubkhaes Great Royal Wife, b. 1680 BC in Leontopolis, Kafr Al Muqdam, Dumyat, Egypt     d. in Thebes, Luxor, Qinå, Egypt

1. Title: Wikiwand: Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt;
   Note: The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) is often combined with Dynasties XI, XII and XIV under the group title "Middle Kingdom." Some writers separate it from these dynasties and join it to Dynasties XIV through XVII as part of the "Second Intermediate Period." Dynasty XIII lasted from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e., for 154 years. The 13th dynasty was a direct continuation of the preceding 12th dynasty, with its first ruler believed to be a son of Amenemhat IV. Kim Ryholt proposes that the demarcation between the two dynasties reflects the rise of the independent 14th dynasty in the eastern Delta, an event which, he proposes, occurred during Sobekneferu's reign. As direct heirs to the kings of the 12th dynasty, pharaohs of the 13th dynasty reigned from Memphis over Middle and Upper Egypt, all the way to the second cataract to the south. The power of the 13th dynasty waned progressively over its 150 years of existence and it finally came to an end with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos rulers of the 15th dynasty, c. 1650 BC. Rulers In later texts, this dynasty is usually described as an era of chaos and disorder. However, the period may have been more peaceful than was once thought since the central government in Itj-tawy near the Faiyum was sustained during most of the dynasty and the country remained relatively stable. The period was undoubtedly characterized by decline, with a large number of kings with short reigns and only a few attestations. It is clear that they were not from a single family line, and some of them were born commoners. Unfortunately, the true chronology of this dynasty is difficult to determine as there are few monuments dating from the period. Many of the kings' names are only known from odd fragmentary inscriptions or from scarabs. The names and order in the table are based on Dodson and Hilton and Ryholt. Dynasty XIII pharaohs Name of pharaoh Burial Consort(s) Comments Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I The dominant hypothesis is that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep was the founder of the dynasty, in older studies Wegaf Sonbef Perhaps a son of Amenemhat IV and brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep. Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Pyramid of Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef Perhaps identical with King Sehotepibre in the Turin Canon Iufni Known only from the Turin canon Seankhibre Ameny-Intef-Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy Sewadjkare I Known only from the Turin canon Nedjemibre Known only from the Turin canon Khaankhre Sobekhotep II Renseneb Amenemhat Awybre Hor Buried in Dahshur near the pyramid of Amenemhet III Nubhetepti (?) Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Possibly a son of Hor Awybre. Djedkheperew Possibly a brother of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw. Sedjefakare Kay-Amenemhet VII Khutawyre Wegaf Userkare Khendjer Pyramid of Khendjer, South Saqqara Seneb[henas?] May also have borne the name Nimaatre. Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw Aya (Iy)? Sehetepkare Intef Aya (Iy)? Seth Meribre Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III Senebhenas Neni Khasekhemre Neferhotep I Perhaps buried at Abydos Senebsen Menwadjre Sihathor Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV Perhaps buried at Abdydos: S 10 (Abydos) Tjan Brother of Neferhotep I and Sihathor Merhotepre Sobekhotep V Nubkhaes ? Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Built a pyramid whose location is unknown, maybe near Memphis. Inni ? Reigned 23 years, the longest reign of the dynasty. Last king to be attested in both Lower and Upper Egypt. Following these kings, the remaining rulers of the 13th Dynasty are only attested by finds from Upper Egypt. This may indicate the abandonment of the old capital Itjtawy in favor of Thebes. Daphna Ben Tor believes that this event was triggered by the invasion of the eastern Delta and the Memphite region by Canaanite rulers. For some authors, this marks the end of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of Seheqenre Sankhptahi, reigning toward the end of the dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. Unfortunately, the stele is of unknown provenance. Dynasty XIII pharaohs continued Pharaoh Comments Merhotepre Ini Also known as Ini I Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Possibly the same as Neferhotep II Sewadjkare Hori Also known as Hori II Merkawre Sobekhotep VII Eight kings, names lost Merkheperre Merkare Known only from the Turin canon One lost king Sewadjare Mentuhotep V [...]mosre Ibi [...]maatre Hor [...] [...]webenre Se[...]kare Seheqenre Sankhptahi Represented on a stele offering to Ptah [...]re Se[...]enre The chronological position of a number of attested rulers could not be conclusively determined due to a lack of evidence: Dynasty XIII pharaohs, undetermined position Pharaoh Comments Mershepsesre Ini II According to von Beckerath, successor of Sewadjare Mentuhotep V and predecessor of Merkheperre Mersekhemre Neferhotep II Possibly the same as Mersekhemre Ined Sewahenre Senebmiu According to von Beckerath, successor of Se[...]kare Sobekhotep I and II Ryholt posits a ruler named "Sobkhotep I Sekhemre Khutawy" as the first king of this dynasty. This is now the dominant hypothesis in Egyptology and Sobekhotep Sekhemre Khutawy is referred to as Sobekhotep I in this article. Ryholt thus credits Sekhemre Khutawy Sobkhotep I with a reign of 3 to 4 years c. 1800 BC and proposes that Khaankhre Sobekhotep II reigned c. 20 years later in 1780 BC. Dodson and Hilton similarly believe that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep predated Khaankhre Sobekhotep. Successors After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, Lower Egypt was overrun by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from across the Sinai. An independent line of kings created Dynasty XIV that arose in the western Delta during later Dynasty XIII. According to Manetho, into this unstable mix came invaders from the east called the Hyksos who seized Egypt "without striking a blow; and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of gods..." Their regime, called Dynasty XV, was claimed to have replaced Dynasties XIII and XIV in most of the country. However, recent archaeological finds at Edfu could indicate that the Hyksos 15th dynasty was already in existence at least by the mid-13th dynasty reign of king Sobekhotep IV. In a recently published paper in "Egypt and the Levant," Nadine Moeller, Gregory Marouard and N. Ayers discuss the discovery of an important early 12th dynasty Middle Kingdom administrative building in the eastern Tell Edfu area of Upper Egypt which was in continual use into the early Second Intermediate Period until the 17th dynasty, when its remains were sealed up by a large silo court. Fieldwork by Egyptologists in 2010 and 2011 into the remains of the former 12th dynasty building which was also used in the 13th dynasty led to the discovery of a large adjoining hall which proved to contain 41 sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan together with 9 sealings naming the 13th dynasty king Sobekhotep IV. The preserved contexts of these seals shows that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan were most likely contemporaries of one another. This could mean that the 13th dynasty did not control all of Egypt when Sobekhotep IV acceded to power, and that there was a significant overlap between the 13th and 15th dynasties since Sobekhotep IV was only a mid-13th dynasty ruler; although one of its most powerful kings. Therefore, Manetho's statement that the Hyksos 15th dynasty violently replaced the 13th dynasty could be a piece of later Egyptian propaganda. Rather, the 13th dynasty's authority must have been collapsing throughout Egypt in its final decades and the Hyksos state in the Delta region simply took over Memphis and ended the 13th dynasty's kingdom. However, this analysis and the conclusions drawn from it are rejected by Egyptologist Robert Porter, who argues that Khyan ruled much later than Sobekhotep IV (a gap of c. 100 years exists between the two in conventional chronologies) and that the seals of a pharaoh were used long after his death. Thus the seals of Sobekhotep IV might not indicate that he was a contemporary of Khyan. Merneferre Ay was the last Egyptian ruler of the 13th Dynasty who is attested by objects in both Lower and Upper Egypt. Henceforth, his successors, from Merhotepre Ini on, are only attested in Upper Egypt.
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Vizier (Ancient Egypt)
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt);
   Note: The vizier (/vɪˈzɪər/ or /ˈvɪzɪər/) was the highest official in ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh (king) during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Vizier is the generally accepted rendering of ancient Egyptian tjati, tjaty etc., among Egyptologists. The "Instruction of Rekhmire" ("Installation of the Vizier"), a New Kingdom text, defines many of the duties of the tjaty, and lays down codes of behavior. The viziers were often appointed by the pharaoh. During the 4th Dynasty and early 5th Dynasty, viziers were exclusively drawn from the royal family; from the period around the reign of Neferirkare Kakai onwards, they were chosen according to loyalty and talent or inherited the position from their fathers. Responsibilities The viziers were appointed by the pharaohs and often belonged to a pharaoh's family. The vizier's paramount duty was to supervise the running of the country, much like a prime minister. At times this included small details such as sampling the city's water supply. All other lesser supervisors and officials, such as tax collectors and scribes, reported to the vizier. The judiciary was part of the civil administration, and the vizier also sat in the High Court. At any time, the pharaoh could exert his own control over any aspect of government, overriding the vizier's decisions. The vizier also supervised the security of the pharaoh and the palace by overseeing the comings and goings of palace visitors[5]. The viziers often acted as the pharaoh's seal bearer as well, and the vizier would record trade. From the Fifth Dynasty onwards, viziers, whom by then were the highest civilian bureaucratic official, held supreme responsibility for the administration of the palace and government, including jurisdiction, scribes, state archives, central granaries, treasury, storage of surplus products and their redistribution, and supervision of building projects such as the royal pyramid. In the New Kingdom, there were two viziers, one for Upper Egypt and one for Lower Egypt. Installation of the Vizier Main article: Installation of the Vizier According to the Installation of the Vizier, a New Kingdom document describing the office of the vizier, there were certain traits and behaviors that were required to be a vizier: . Act by the law . Judge fairly . Do not act willfully or headstrong List of viziers Early Dynastic period Viziers of the Early Dynastic period Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Menka Ninetjer? 2nd Dynasty Earliest known holder of the title Old Kingdom Viziers of the Old Kingdom Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Kagemni I Sneferu 4th Dynasty Purported author of the Instructions of Kagemni. Not attested in contemporary sources, Nefermaat I Khufu 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu and father of Hemiunu Hemiunu Khufu 4th Dynasty Nefermaat's son, believed to have designed Khufu's pyramid Kawab Khufu 4th Dynasty Eldest son and vizier of Khufu Ankhhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu Nefermaat II Khafre 4th Dynasty Nephew of Nefermaat the Elder, a son of Nefertkau I; a grandson of Sneferu Minkhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu, vizier under Khafre Khufukhaef Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu, vizier under Khafre Nikaure Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Ankhmare Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Duaenre Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre, vizier during the late 4th dynasty Nebemakhet Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Queen Meresankh III Iunmin I Menkaure 4th Dynasty Possibly son of Khafre, vizier during the late 4th dynasty Babaef II Shepseskaf 4th Dynasty Grandson of Khafre Seshathotep Heti Userkaf, early 5th Dynasty 5th Dynasty It is not certain if Seshathetep held the titles of a vizier. Sekhemkare Userkaf and Sahure 5th Dynasty Son of Khafre and queen Hekenuhedjet. Werbauba Sahure 5th Dynasty Washptah Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai 5th Dynasty Minnefer Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahshepses Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Became the son-in-law of Nyuserre Ini some time after his ascension to the throne. Kay Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Pehenuikai Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Desher Menkauhor or Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Seshemnefer (III) Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep I Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Purported author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep Akhethotep Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Son of Ptahhotep I. Senedjemib Inti Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep II Unas 5th Dynasty Akhethetep Hemi Unas 5th Dynasty Ihy Unas 5th Dynasty Niankhba Unas 5th Dynasty Sekhem-ankh-Ptah 5th Dynasty or 6th Dynasty Dating uncertain, may have been the son-in-law of a king. Senedjemib Mehi 6th Dynasty possible son-in-law of Unas (or Djedkare Isesi), vizier during the early 6th dynasty Nefersheshemre Teti 6th Dynasty Kagemni Teti 6th Dynasty son-in-law of Teti Mereruka Teti 6th Dynasty son-in-law of Teti Khentika Teti 6th Dynasty Mehu Teti 6th Dynasty Ankhmahor Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Merefnebef Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Merefnebef is also known as Unis-ankh and Fefi in his tomb Hesi Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Meryteti Pepi I 6th Dynasty grandson of Teti, son of Mereruka Iunmin II Pepi I 6th Dynasty Nebet Pepi I 6th Dynasty mother-in-law and vizier of Pepi I Tjetju Pepi I 6th Dynasty Qar Pepi I 6th Dynasty Djau Pepi I 6th Dynasty brother-in-law of Pepi I, son of Nebet Rawer (vizier) Pepi I 6th Dynasty Shemay Neferkaure - Neferkauhor 8th Dynasty son-in-law of Neferkauhor, nomarch of Coptos, later vizier Idy Neferirkare(?) 8th Dynasty son of Shemay Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Viziers of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Bebi Mentuhotep II 11th Dynasty Dagi Mentuhotep II 11th Dynasty Amenemhat Mentuhotep IV 11th Dynasty He later became king as Amenemhat I, first Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty Ipi Amenemhat I 12th Dynasty Intefiqer Amenemhat I Senusret I 12th Dynasty He is indicated in the Wadi el-Hudi as being involved in military missions in Lower Nubia. Senusret Senusret I Amenemhat II 12th Dynasty Ameny Amenemhat II 12th Dynasty Amenemhat-ankh Amenemhat II (?) 12th Dynasty Siese Amenemhat II 12th Dynasty Nebit Senusret III 12th Dynasty Khnumhotep III Senusret III 12th Dynasty Kheti Amenemhat III 12th Dynasty Ameny Amenemhat III 12th Dynasty Zamonth Amenemhat III 12th Dynasty Senewosret-Ankh (vizier) End 12th Dynasty Beginning 13th Dynasty Khenmes 13th Dynasty Ankhu Khendjer 13th Dynasty Resseneb 13th dynasty Son of Ankhu Iymeru 13th Dynasty Son of Ankhu Neferkare Iymeru Sobekhotep IV 13th Dynasty Sobka called Bebi 13th Dynasty Ibiaw Ibiaw or Ay 13th Dynasty Sonbhenaf Ibiaw or Ay, or Djehuti uncertain Aya Ini I 13th Dynasty Aya was Governor of El Kab before being appointed vizier in year 1 of Ini I, as reported in the Juridical Stela Ayameru 13th Dynasty Ayameru was the younger son of Aya and succeeded him in office, as reported in the Juridical Stela New Kingdom Viziers of the New Kingdom Vizier of the South (Thebes) Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Tetinefer Ahmose I? 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North (Memphis) Imhotep Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Aakheperreseneb Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amethu called Ahmose Thutmose I, Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hapuseneb Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amethu called Ahmose Thutmose II, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Useramen Hatshepsut, Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferweben Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Likely Vizier of the North Rekhmire Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenemipet called Pairy Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Seny Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hepu Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Thutmose Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ptahmose Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenhotep-Huy Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Aperel Amenhotep III, Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ramose Amenhotep III, Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nakhtpaaten Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pentu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Usermontu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Ay ? Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South, succeeded Tutankhamen as Pharaoh Paramessu Horemheb 18th Dynasty Later took the throne as Ramesses I Nebamun Horemheb, Sethi I 18th Dynasty, 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North Prince Sethi Ramesses I 19th Dynasty Hatiay Sethi I, Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North? Paser (Vizier) Sethi I, Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nehi Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khay Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, ca. Year 27-45 Thutmose Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, ca. Year 45-50. Prehotep I Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 40. Prehotep II Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 50. Neferronpet Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South in ca year 50 Panehesy Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pensekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South, Year 8 Merysekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North, Year 3? Amenmose Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khaemtir Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Paraemheb Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hori II Seti II, Siptah, Twosret, Sethnakht and Ramesses III 19th Dynasty Iuty 20th Dynasty Vizier of the North? Nehi? Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Hewernef Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South To Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferronpe Ramesses IV to Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier Nehy Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier, son of Neferronpe Mentehetef (Montu-hir-hetef) Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Wennefer Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nebmarenakht also called Saht(a)-nefer Ramesses IX, Ramesses X and Ramesses XI 20th Dynasty Khaemwaset Ramess..
   
3. Title: "Court officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom," by Wolfram Grajetzki
   Author: Duckworth Publishers, 2009
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=OzQQAQAAMAAJ&q=Dedusobek&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXuN7ig-LoAhXmhHIEHWVbAYkQ6AEwBXoECAAQAg;
   Note: Building on the latest research, Wolfram Grajetzki looks in detail at the circle of officials that surrounded the king in the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt (Eleventh to Fourteenth Dynasty, c. 2040-1640 BC). Describing the history of the principal offices of state, he takes into account inscriptions, monuments and the few preserved tombs, and traces the careers of some individual officials. The holders of these offices were the men chosen by the king to be his close advisers. They received strings of important titles, and their monuments are among the finest works of art and architecture of the time. Over all the other officials and second only to the king stood the tjaty, or vizier, while alongside him and of only slightly lower status, the treasurer was in charge of the resources of the country. From the evidence for these men, a new, more precise image emerges of ancient Egyptian civilization in its monumental accomplishments and its daily operations. Court Officials of the Middle Kingdom is essential reading for all scholars and students of the period. The text is copiously illustrated with drawings by Paul Whelan.
   
4. Title: "The People of the Cobra Province in Egypt: A Local History, 4500 to 1500 BC," by Wolfram Grajetzki
   Author: Oxbow Books, Apr 19, 2020
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=0XLSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238&dq=Dedu-sobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRmJbT_eHoAhWtmHIEHa1lDXMQ6AEwAHoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=Dedu-sobek&f=false;
   Note: The book delivers a history from below for the first half of Egyptian history covering the earliest settlements, state formation and the pyramid age. The focus is on the Wadjet province, about 350 km south of modern Cairo in Upper Egypt. Herearchaeological records provide an especially rich dataset for the material culture of farmers. Histories of Ancient Egypt have focussed heavily on the kings, monuments and inscriptions, while the working population is hardly mentioned. The book investigates the life of people far from the centres of power. One main aim of the book is the interaction between farmers and the ruling classes at the centres of power and locally. How did decisions at the royal centre affect the life of ordinary people? The Introduction offers a critical survey of Egyptologists and their attitudes towards the working class. The social and cultural background of these researchers is analysed to assess how heavily they are influenced by time and their political and cultural background. The First chapter then describes the location and gives a history of previous research and excavations. The archaeological sites and the recorded ancient place names of the province are presented to provide a geographical framework for the book. The following chapters are arranged in chronological order, mainly according to the archaeological phases visible in the province. It appears that in phases of a weak central government, people in the provinces were much better off, while in phases of a strong central government burials of poorer people are almost absent. The reasons for this are discussed. A substantial part of the book comprises descriptions of single burials and the material culture in the province. The archaeology of the poorer people is the main focus. Burial customs and questions of production are discussed. For a fuller picture, evidence from other parts of Egypt is also taken into account. Thus settlement sites in other regions are presented to provide contemporary evidence for living conditions in particular periods. As the book will focus on the lower classes, the Tributary Mode of Production will be used as the main theoretical framework. The Tributary Mode of Production (previously known as the Asiatic Mode of Production) is a term that goes back to Karl Marx, but was mainly used in the 20th century to describe ancient societies whose economies were not based on slaves. A constant question will be the status of the working population. Were they slaves,serfs or free citizens? It will be argued that they were most often in a dependent position comparable to that of serfs, while there is little evidence for slavery. The numerous burials presented in the volume are important for highlighting the diversity of burials in the different periods. Many will be placed in special subchapters. Readers can skip these chapters when they prefer to concentrate on the main text.
   
5. Title: "Reading Ancient Egyptian Poetry: Among Other Histories," by R. B. Parkinson
   Author: John Wiley & Sons, Feb 17, 2009
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=v0tgsihijEYC&pg=PA125&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqtmggOLoAhVrlXIEHUneDT8Q6AEwAnoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=Dedusobek&f=false;
   Note: . Presents an innovative and theoretically-informed account of how the most famous ancient Egyptian poems have been read over 4,000 years . From a leading expert in the interpretation of ancient Egyptian literature . Explores the original experience of ordinary Egyptians enjoying the poems as well as their interpretation during the Middle Kingdom and up to modern times . Draws on recent discoveries in the British Museum archives to reconstruct the contexts of the poems
   
6. Title: "Egypt - Temple of the Whole World : Studies in Honor of Jan Assmann," by Sibylle Meyer
   Author: BRILL , Mar 1, 2004
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=yPt5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=Sobekdedu-Bebi.&source=bl&ots=9vHBXBRLZi&sig=ACfU3U2l7A39ORft94LsdeK1mlMpbWMajQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj37f-9jOLoAhWUmXIEHTHZBXEQ6AEwAXoECBEQKQ#v=onepage&q=Sobekdedu-Bebi.&f=false;
   Note: The essays in this volume, all written by friends and disciples of the renowned Egyptologist Jan Assmann, reflect his tremendous impact on the scholarly world and encompass a wealth of cultural and religious themes both within and beyond Ancient Egypt.
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Dedusobek Bebi
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dedusobek_Bebi;
   Note: Dedusobek Bebi {ddw-sbk bbj} was a high official of the late Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. He became the "Great Scribe of the Vizier" {ss wr n t3ty}. This position was directly under the vizier acting as a deputy. Family He was the son of "steward" Sobekhotep and born to Hapyu. His brother was Nebankh who was "king's acquaintance" under Neferhotep I and high steward under Sobekhotep IV. His wife was Duatnefret. He was the father of queen Nubkhaes who was married to an unnamed king. She may have been buried along with king Sobekemsaf II. An important son was "Reporter of Thebes," Sobekemsaf. Another important son of Dedusobek Bebi was the "royal sealer" and "scribe of the personal scribe of the royal board" Nebsumenu. Attestations The name Dedusobek-Bebi also may appear in literature as Sobekdedu-Bebi. Dedusobek is known from several sources. At Thebes, a statue of Sobekemsaf mentions "the Great One of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedusobek Bebi" as his father. A fragmentary base of a statue of unknown provenance mentions "the Great One of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedusobek Bebi, true of [voice]." He is attested as the Great Scribe of the Vizier. At Abydos (?), he is attested as the Great Scribe of the Vizier on a stela with a hymn to Osiris.
   
8. Title: "The fortress of Buhen: the inscriptions," by Harry Sidney Smith
   Author: Egypt Exploration Society, 1976
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=u-MMAQAAMAAJ&q=Dedusobek&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQqtmggOLoAhVrlXIEHUneDT8Q6AEwAXoECAEQAg;
   
9. Title: "Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice," by Chairman of the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies David P Silverman, John Baines, Leonard H. Lesko, David P. Silverman
   Author: Cornell University Press, 1991
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=kK1iuqphAKoC&pg=PA157&dq=Dedu-sobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRmJbT_eHoAhWtmHIEHa1lDXMQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Dedu-sobek&f=false;
   Note: Meeting the need for an up-to-date English-language survey, this informative and accessible book will be welcomed by Egyptologists and their students, as well as by other readers interested in learning more about the culture and religion of ancient Egypt.
   
10. Title: "Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective," by Haicheng Wang
    Author: Cambridge University Press, May 12, 2014
    Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=sE0HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAi4WmguLoAhV4hHIEHRZKAPUQ6AEwA3oECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=Dedusobek&f=false;
    Note: "Writing and the Ancient State" explores the early development of writing and its relationship to the growth of political structures. The first part of the book focuses on the contribution of writing to the state's legitimating project. The second part deals with the state's use of writing in administration, analyzing both textual and archaeological evidence to reconstruct how the state used bookkeeping to allocate land, police its people, and extract taxes from them. The third part focuses on education, the state's system for replenishing its staff of scribe-officials. The first half of each part surveys evidence from Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Maya lowlands, Central Mexico, and the Andes; against this background the second half examines the evidence from China. The chief aim of this book is to shed new light on early China (from the second millennium BC through the end of the Han period, ca. 220 AD) while bringing to bear the lens of cross-cultural analysis on each of the civilizations under discussion. The compiling of lists - lists of names, or of names and numbers - is a recurring theme throughout all three parts. A concluding chapter argues that there is nothing accidental about the pervasiveness of this theme: in both origin and function, early writing is almost synonymous with the listing of names.
    
11. Title: Wikiwand: Sobekemsaf (13th Dynasty)
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Sobekemsaf_(13th_Dynasty);
    Note: Sobekemsaf (sbk-m-z3(w)=f; “Sobek is his protection”) was an Ancient Egyptian official of the Thirteenth Dynasty, around 1700 BC. He is especially well known from his statue in Vienna. Family Sobekemsaf came from an influential family. His father was the "scribe of the vizier" Dedusobek Bebi. His mother was a certain Duanofert. His uncle Nebankh, the brother of his father was high steward under Sobekhotep IV, and therefore one of the most influential officials at the royal court. The sister of Sobekemsaf was the queen Nubkhaes. She evidently managed to marry into the royal family, or her husband managed to become king. Albeit her royal husband is not yet identified for sure. Attestation Sobekemsaf appears on several monuments. They include a stela now in the Louvre in Paris (C13), a statue in Berlin (Inv. no. 2285), a stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (CG 20763) and the almost lifesize statue today in Vienna, in the Kunsthistorisches Museum (inv. no. 5801). The base of the statue is in Dublin National Museum of Ireland, Reg. No. 1889.503. On his monuments Sobekemsaf bears two titles. On the stelae in Cairo and Vienna as well as on the statue in Berlin he bears the title "overseer of the granaries." On the statue in Vienna he has the title "reporter of Thebes" (wHmw n w3st), being evidently promoted in the between times. The Vienna statue is an important, high quality artwork. Its dating was for a long time under discussion. It was known that Sobekemsaf is the brother of a queen Nubkhaes. However, there is also a queen with the same name, known as the wife of the 17th Dynasty king Sobekemsaf II. Therefore, it was an open question whether the statue and Sobekemsaf belong to the 13th or 17th Dynasty. However, today, there is a general agreement, that Sobekemsaf dates to the 13th Dynasty, shortly after Sobekhotep IV, as most of his family members are datable around this reign.
    
12. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egypt
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egypt;
    Note: Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were copied widely, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy. History Main articles: Ancient Egyptian agriculture, History of ancient Egypt, History of Egypt, and Population history of Egypt The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.[10] Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region. Predynastic period Main article: Predynastic Egypt In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this also is the period when many animals were first domesticated. By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper. The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast. Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at Nekhen (in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east, initiating a period of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations. The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3050–2686 BC) Main article: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or "Menes" in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette, in a symbolic act of unification. In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000 BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labour, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization. Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.[26] Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order. With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC, is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period. First Intermediate Period (2181–1991 BC) Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration no longer could support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political dispute..
    
13. Title: Tour Egypt: Funerary Stela of Dedusobek, Cairo Antiquities Museum
    Author: Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online.
    Publication: Name: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/picture01222003.htm;
    Note: Egypt Picture - Funerary Stela of Dedusobek Material: Painted Limestone Size: Height 28.5 cm; Width 18.5 cm Location: Abydos, Northern Necropolis Period: Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 BC)
    
14. Title: The Global Egyptian Museum: Statue of Sebek-em-sauf
    Author: Bibliography Smith, W.S., The Art and Archtiecture of Ancient Egypt (London 1981) 217. Jaros-Deckert, B., Statuen des Mittleren Reichs und der 18. Dynastie. Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum (CAA) 1 (1987) 39-48. Nachtrag Corpus Antiquitatum Aegyptiacarum (CAA) 6 (1990) 187-189. Satzinger, H., Ägyptische Kunst in Wien (Wien 1980), Abb. 10. Satzinger, H., Das Kunsthistorische Museum in Wien. Die Ägyptisch-Orientalische Sammlung. Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie 14. Mainz. 1994 Schott, E., Das Leben und die Kunst im alten Ägypten. Erster Teil: dargestellt an Statuen und Statuetten in europäischen Museen (1993), 23. Ägypten. Die Welt der Pharaonen (ed. Schulz, Seidel), Köln (1997), 141.
    Publication: Name: http://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/detail.aspx?id=5125;
    Note: Tomb statues and votive statues of non-royal persons from the Middle Kingdom share a common realistic treatment of the face which is also known from royal sculpture (cf. the head of Senwosret III, inv. no. 5813). The differences with the latter lie in the lack of expression of energy and power in the private statuary and their smaller size. The imposing statue of the "speaker of Thebes" Sebek-em-sauf does not conform to these general restrictions. The piece is just under life-size and shows a man of noticeable corpulence and apparent esteem. The head is held up high and his arms hang down close to his body, showing him standing before his god. His wrap-around garment, which is tied together at the chest, is characteristic of his high official ranking. The head is bald with the features rendered in a realistic manner except for a few details such as the eyebrows which are more schematic. The statue has been assembled from three fragments of which only the head and the torso are original. The pedestal with the feet forms part of the collection of the National Museum of the Republic of Ireland and is currently in Vienna on loan. The front of the garment carries two columns of inscription with the title, name and origin of the man: "The speaker Sebek-em-sauf true of voice, born of Dat-nofret true of voice". The base and the back pillar carry the offering formula which should ensure a division of offerings from the gifts brought to the gods for "the Speaker of Thebes, Sebek-em-sauf, raised by the Magnate of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedu-sobek Bebi".These indications allow us to identify this person with some other men of the same name. A stela in Cairo names a man "...-em-sauf", and a small scribe statue in Berlin names a Sebek-em-sauf, even though this man only bears the title of "overseer of storerooms". A tomb stela in the Louvre mentions a man with the same title who is said to be the brother of the "great royal wife Nub-kha'es". It is not clear who this Nub-kha'es was nor who her royal husband was. All four monuments are to be dated to the 13th Dynasty, the second half, when the country's unity was dissolving and a competing 14th Dynasty was exerting power. The Dynasty would end with the rule of the Hyksos who had settled in the eastern Delta. From the monuments which name Sebek-em-sauf, we can glean some of his family history. The sister of the overseer of the storeroom, Nub-kha'es, succeeded in becoming a first royal wife. (Or should we say that the husband of Nub-kha'es succeeded in acquiring royal status?). The Pharaoh, who resided in the north, then appointed his brother-in-law to a key position in the administration of the south by making him the governor of Thebes. The title "Speaker" refers to this position. His royal connections explain why Sebek-em-sauf could commission a statue of himself of truly royal dimensions. The statue originates from the Miramar collection. According to its number, the head formed part of the collection acquired in 1855, which was chiefly donated by the viceroy. The body was acquired for the museum in 1865 by Reinisch. We should not be too astonished by this striking coincidence, however, because it has turned out that the two collections in Miramar were not always kept strictly apart. Present location KUNSTHISTORISCHES MUSEUM [09/001] VIENNA Inventory number 5801 Dating 13TH DYNASTY Archaeological Site UNKNOWN Category STATUE Material DIORITE; GRANITE Technique HEWN; CARVED; ENGRAVED Height 150 cm Translation The speaker Sebek-em-sauf true of voice, born of Dat-nofret true of voice. An offering which the king gives to Montu, the Lord of Thebes, who resides in Hermonthis, so that he may give a funerary offering of bread and beer, meat and poultry, alabaster and linen, incense and unguent, offerings and food, justification and strength, ... and all good and pure things on which a god lives, to the Ka of the Speaker in Thebes, Sebek-em-sauf true of voice, raised by the Magnate of the Tens of Upper Egypt, Dedu-sobek Bebi true of voice, the lord of veneration.
    
15. Title: Wikiwand: Neferhotep I
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Neferhotep_I;
    Note: Khasekhemre Neferhotep I was an Egyptian pharaoh of the mid-Thirteenth Dynasty ruling in the second half of the 18th century BC during a time referred to as the late Middle Kingdom or early Second Intermediate Period, depending on the scholar. One of the best attested rulers of the 13th Dynasty, Neferhotep I reigned for 11 years. The grandson of a non-royal townsman from a Theban family with a military background, Neferhotep I's relation to his predecessor Sobekhotep III is unclear and he may have usurped the throne. Neferhotep I was likely contemporaneous with kings Zimri-Lim of Mari and Hammurabi of Babylon. Little is known of his activities during his decade-long reign and the most important document surviving from his rule is a stela from Abydos recounting the fashioning of an image of Osiris and Neferhotep's determination that it be made "as instructed by the gods at the beginning of time." Toward the end of his reign, Neferhotep I shared the throne with his brother Sihathor, a coregency that lasted a few months to a year. Sihathor died shortly before Neferhotep, who probably then appointed another brother, Sobekhotep IV, as coregent. In any case, Sobekhotep IV succeeded Neferhotep I soon afterwards, and reigned over Egypt for almost a decade. The reigns of the two brothers mark the apex of the 13th Dynasty. Family Origins Neferhotep I seems to have come from a non-royal family of Thebes with a military background. His grandfather, Nehy, held the title "officer of a town regiment". Nehy was married to a woman called Senebtysy. Nothing is known about her other than that she held the common title "lady of the house". Their only known son was called Haankhef. Haankhef always appears in the sources as "God's father" and "royal sealer" and his wife Kemi as "king's mother" indicating that neither of them was of royal birth. The parentage of Neferhotep and Haankhef is directly confirmed by a number of scarab seals from El-Lahun where the latter is said to be the father of the former. Haankhef is also explicitly recorded as the father of Neferhotep I in the Turin canon, a king list compiled during the early Ramesside era and which serves as the primary historical source for the rulers of this time period. This is an extremely rare occurrence as the Turin canon normally only names the pharaohs, while non-royal people are excluded from the list. Beyond Haankhef, the only other exception to this rule is the father of Sobekhotep II. Egyptologists have noted that instead of hiding their non-royal origins, Neferhotep I, his predecessor Sobekhotep III, and his successor Sobekhotep IV, remarkably, proclaimed them on their stelae and scarab seals. This is at odds with the traditional Egyptian system where the legitimacy of the new king rests mainly on his filiation. These proclamations of non-royal origins were possibly made to dissociate these kings from their immediate predecessors, in particular Seth Meribre whose monuments have been usurped and defaced. The reason for this remains unknown. Descendants and succession Inscriptions from Aswan indicate that Neferhotep I had at least two children, named Haankhef and Kemi like his parents, with a woman called Senebsen. He also possibly had another son named Wahneferhotep. In spite of this, Neferhotep I named his brother Sihathor as coregent in the last months of his reign and when both Sihathor and Neferhotep I died around the same time, they were succeeded by another brother, Sobekhotep IV. Sobekhotep IV, whose reign marks the apex of the 13th Dynasty, mentions on a stela (Cairo JE 51911) that was placed in the temple of Amun at Karnak that he was born in Thebes: "My majesty [came] to the Southern City since I wanted to see the august god; it is my city in which I was born. ... I saw the vigor of his majesty (i.e. Amun) at every single feast when I was a child who could not yet conceive." Similarly, Neferhotep I could well have been born in Thebes; even though the capital of Egypt during the 13th Dynasty was still Itjtawy in the north, near the modern village of el-Lisht. Reign Attestations Artefacts Neferhotep I is known from a relatively high number of objects found over a large area, from Byblos to the north to the Egyptian fortresses of Buhen and Mirgissa in Lower Nubia to the south through all parts of Egypt, especially in the southern portion of Upper Egypt. A single attestation is known from Lower Egypt, a scarab from Tell el-Yahudiya. Other attestations include over 60 scarab seals, 2 cylinder-seals, a statue from Elephantine and 11 rock inscriptions from Wadi el Shatt el-Rigal, Sehel Island, Konosso and Philae. The inscriptions record the members of Neferhotep's family as well as two high officials serving him "The royal acquaintance Nebankh" and the "Treasurer Senebi." Two stelae are known from Abydos one of which, usurped from king Wegaf and dated to his fourth regnal year, forbids the construction of tombs on the sacred processional way of Wepwawet. Two naoses housing two statues each of Neferhotep, as well as a pedestal bearing Neferhotep's and Sobekhotep IV's cartouches, have been found in Karnak. There are also a few attestations from the Faiyum region where the capital of Egypt was located at the time, in particular a statuette of the king dedicated to Sobek and Horus of Shedet, now on display in the Archaeological Museum of Bologna. King lists Beyond these contemporary attestations, Neferhotep is listed on the 34th entry of the Karnak king list as well as the 7th column, 25th row of the Turin canon. The Turin king list credits Neferhotep with a reign of 11 years and 1 to 4 months, the second or third longest of the dynasty after Merneferre Ay (23 years) and Sobekhotep IV (9–12 years). Chronology Neferhotep I's relative chronological position is secured thanks to the Turin canon as well as contemporary attestations. He was the successor of Sobekhotep III and predecessor of Sobekhotep IV. Since his father Haankhef and mother Kemi are also well attested and not known to have had any title beyond those of "God's father" and "King's mother," respectively, Egyptologists such as Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker believe that Neferhotep I was of non-royal birth and usurped the throne. The military background of his family might have played a role in this. On the other hand, the absolute chronological position of Neferhotep is debated, with Ryholt and Baker seeing him respectively as the 26th and 27th pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty while Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath contend that he was only the 22nd ruler. Similarly, the absolute dating of Neferhotep's reign varies by as much as 40 years between the scholars, with Kim Ryholt dating the beginning of his reign c. 1740 BC and Thomas Schneider c. 1700 BC. Extent of rule Whether Neferhotep I usurped the throne at the expense of Sobekhotep III or inherited it, it's possible he acceded to power over a fragmented Egypt. The Egyptologist Kim Ryholt believes that the Canaanite 14th Dynasty was already in existence at the time, forming an independent realm controlling at least the Eastern Nile Delta. This could explain why Neferhotep's only attestation in Lower Egypt is a single scarab seal. While this analysis is accepted by some scholars, among whom are Gae Callender, Janine Bourriau and Darrell Baker, it is rejected by others, including Manfred Bietak, Daphna Ben-Tor and James and Susan Allen, who contend that Neferhotep I reigned over the whole of Egypt. Examples of evidence for this point of view are the several attestations of Neferhotep found northeast of Egypt, in the Levant, in particular the stela of the Governor of Byblos Yantinu and four scarab seals from Canaan, indicating that he retained enough power to maintain trade relations with this region. Alternatively, recent excavations have yielded seals of Neferhotep's brother Sobekhotep IV in proximity with seals of the powerful Hyksos king Khyan of the 15th Dynasty (c.1650–1550 BC) in a closed archaeological context, possibly indicating that the two were contemporary.[If this is so, Neferhotep I would have been contemporary with either Khyan or one of his predecessors, such as Sakir-Har, and would not have reigned over the Nile Delta. This conclusion is strongly debated at the moment since Sobekhotep IV and Khyan are separated by c. 100 years in the conventional Egyptian chronology. Activities In spite of the numerous attestations known for Neferhotep I, relatively little is known of the activities he undertook during his decade-long reign. The pedestal of Neferhotep I and Sobekhotep IV as well as the naos of Neferhotep discovered by Georges Legrain in Karnak indicate that he undertook some building works there. This is further confirmed by the 2005 discovery in Karnak of a second naos housing a 1.80 m (5.9 ft) tall double statue of Neferhotep holding hands with himself. The naos was located beneath the foundations of the northern obelisk of Hatshepsut. The most important monument of the king surviving to this day is a large, heavily eroded stela dating to his second regnal year and found in Abydos. The inscription on the stela is one of the few ancient Egyptian royal texts to record how a king might conceive of and order the making of a sculpture. As usual, the stela begins with Neferhotep's titulary: "The Majesty of the Horus: Founder of the Two Lands, He of the Two Ladies: Revealing the Truth, Falcon of Gold: Lasting of Love, King of Upper and Lower Egypt Khasekhemre, Son of Ra Neferhotep, born to the king's mother Kemi, granted life, stability, and dominion like Ra forever." It then describes how Neferhotep, residing in his palace "Exalted of Beauty" likely located in Itjtawy, desires that an image of Osiris be made in order for it to participate in the yearly festival held in the god's honour in Abydos in Upper Egypt. To this end, Neferhotep first enquires to his officials about instructions regarding the making of divine images said..
    
16. Title: "Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente, Issue 58," by Emily Teeter, Edward Frank Wente, John A. Larson
    Author: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Jan 1, 1999
    Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=QT9tAAAAMAAJ&q=Dedu-sobek&dq=Dedu-sobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRmJbT_eHoAhWtmHIEHa1lDXMQ6AEwAnoECAAQAg;
    Note: This Festschrift in honor of Prof. Edward F. Wente contains contributions by forty-three of his colleagues and friends. Contents: Publications and Communications of Edward F. Wente ( C. E. Jones ); A Monument of Khaemwaset Honoring Imhotep ( J. P. Allen ); Feuds or Vengeance? Rhetoric and Social Forms ( J. Baines ); Theban Seventeenth Dynasty ( J. von Beckerath ); Inventory Offering Lists and the Nomenclature for Boxes and Chests in the Old Kingdom ( E. Brovarski ); A Case for Narrativity: Gilt Stucco Mummy Cover in the Graeco-Roman Museum, Alexandria, Inv. 27808 ( L. H. Corcoran ); Opening of the Mouth as Temple Ritual ( E. Cruz-Uribe ); A Letter of Reproach ( R. J. Demaree ); Creation on the Potter's Wheel at the Eastern Horizon of Heaven ( P. F. Dorman ); The Border and the Yonder Side ( G. Englund ); Enjoying the Pleasures of Sensation: Reflections on a Significant Feature of Egyptian Religion ( R. B. Finnestad ); Some Comments on Khety's Instruction for Little Pepi on His Way to School (Satire on the Trades) ( J. L. Foster ); On Fear of Death and the Three bwts Connected with Hathor ( P. J. Frandsen ); Two Inlaid Inscriptions of the Earliest Middle Kingdom ( H. Goedicke ); Historical Background to the Exodus: Papyrus Anastasi VIII ( S. I. Groll ); The Mummy of Amenhotep III ( J. E. Harris ); Fragmentary Quartzite Female Hand Found in Abou-Rawash ( Z. Hawass ); Two Stelae of King Seqenenre Djehuty-aa of the Seventeenth Dynasty ( H. Jacquet-Gordon ); A Marital Title from the New Kingdom ( J. J. Janssen ); Remarks on Continuity in Egyptian Literary Tradition ( R. Jasnow ); Ethnic Considerations in Persian Period Egypt ( J. H. Johnson ); The nfrw-Collar Reconsidered ( W. R. Johnson ); The Wealth of Amun of Thebes under Ramesses II ( K. A. Kitchen ); Wie jung ist die memphitische Philosophie auf dem Shabaqo-Stein? ( R. Krauss ); 'Listening' to the Ancient Egyptian Woman: Letters, Testimonials, and Other Expressions of Self ( B. S. Lesko ); Some Further Thoughts on Chapter 162 of the Book of the Dead ( L. H. Lesko ); Royal Iconography of Dynasty 0 ( T. J. Logan ); The Auction of Pharaoh ( J. G. Manning ); Semi-Literacy in Egypt: Some Erasures from the Amarna Period ( P. Der Manuelian ); Vinegar at Deir el-Medina ( N. B. Millet ); Observations on Pre-Amarna Theology during the Earliest Reign of Amenhotep IV ( W. J. Murnane ); Zum Kultbildritual in Abydos ( J. Osing ); Sportive Fencing as a Ritual for Destroying the Enemies of Horus ( P. A. Piccione ); An Oblique Reference to the Expelled High Priest Osorkon? ( R. K. Ritner ); The Ahhotep Coffins: The Archaeology of an Egyptological Reconstruction ( A. M. Roth ); A Litany from the Eighteenth Dynasty Tomb of Merneith ( D. P. Silverman ); Nag-ed-Deir Papyri ( W. K. Simpson ); O. Hess = O. Naville = O. BM 50601: An Elusive Text Relocated ( M. J. Smith ); Celibacy and Adoption among God's Wives of Amun and Singers in the Temple of Amun: A Re-examination of the Evidence ( E. Teeter ); New Kingdom Temples at Elkab ( C. C. Van Siclen III ); Menstrual Synchrony and the 'Place of Women' in Ancient Egypt (OIM 13512) ( T. G. Wilfong ); Serra East and the Mission of the Middle Kingdom Fortresses in Nubia ( B. B. Williams ); End of the Late Bronze Age and Other Crisis Periods: A Volcanic Cause? ( F. J. Yurco ).
    
17. Title: Wikiwand: High steward (Ancient Egypt)
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/High_steward_(Ancient_Egypt)#/References;
    Note: The high steward (also called chief steward or great overseer of the house; Egyptian: "imi-r pr wr") was an important official at the royal court in Ancient Egypt in the Middle Kingdom and in the New Kingdom. He was the main person in charge of the estates supplying the palace and the royal residence with food. The office appears in the 11th Dynasty. To the earliest title holders belong Henenu and Meketre. After the vizier and the treasurer this was the most important office at the royal court; important title holders of the 12th Dynasty were Siese and Khnumhotep III, both were later in their career appointed vizier. The title was still very important in the New Kingdom and was in this period often called high steward of the king. An important title holder of the New Kingdom was Senenmut under Hatshepsut, other include Wadjetrenput serving under the same queen. Chief steward of the God's Wife During the 25th and 26th dynasties, the role of God's Wife of Amun greatly rose in importance, both religiously and politically. Their offices required several servants and employees, led by a chief steward of the God's Wife ("imy-r pr wr n ḥm.t nṯr") who was in charge of the estates of the God's Wife. These were highly wealthy officials known from their monumental tombs at Thebes. Title holders include Harwa and Akhamunru.
    
18. Title: "Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom," by Adela Oppenheim, Dorothea Arnold, Dieter Arnold, Kei Yamamoto
    Author: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Oct 12, 2015
    Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=FpqZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAi4WmguLoAhV4hHIEHRZKAPUQ6AEwBHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=Dedusobek&f=false;
    Note: The Middle Kingdom (ca. 2030–1650 B.C.) was a transformational period in ancient Egypt, during which older artistic conventions, cultural principles, religious beliefs, and political systems were revived and reimagined. Ancient Egypt Transformed presents a comprehensive picture of the art of the Middle Kingdom, arguably the least known of Egypt’s three kingdoms and yet one that saw the creation of powerful, compelling works rendered with great subtlety and sensitivity. The book brings together nearly 300 diverse works— including sculpture, relief decoration, stelae, jewelry, coffins, funerary objects, and personal possessions from the world’s leading collections of Egyptian art. Essays on architecture, statuary, tomb and temple relief decoration, and stele explore how Middle Kingdom artists adapted forms and iconography of the Old Kingdom, using existing conventions to create strikingly original works. Twelve lavishly illustrated chapters, each with a scholarly essay and entries on related objects, begin with discussions of the distinctive art that arose in the south during the early Middle Kingdom, the artistic developments that followed the return to Egypt’s traditional capital in the north, and the renewed construction of pyramid complexes. Thematic chapters devoted to the pharaoh, royal women, the court, and the vital role of family explore art created for different strata of Egyptian society, while others provide insight into Egypt’s expanding relations with foreign lands and the themes of Middle Kingdom literature. The era’s religious beliefs and practices, such as the pilgrimage to Abydos, are revealed through magnificent objects created for tombs, chapels, and temples. Finally, the book discusses Middle Kingdom archaeological sites, including excavations undertaken by the Metropolitan Museum over a number of decades. Written by an international team of respected Egyptologists and Middle Kingdom specialists, the text provides recent scholarship and fresh insights, making the book an authoritative resource.
    
19. Title: "Splendors of ancient Egypt: from the Egyptian Museum, Cairo," by Matḥaf al-Miṣrī
    Author: Booth-Clibborn Editions, Jan 31, 1996
    Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=pbJGAQAAIAAJ&q=Dedusobek&dq=Dedusobek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiXuN7ig-LoAhXmhHIEHWVbAYkQ6AEwBnoECAMQAg;
    Note: The Egyptian Museum in Cairo houses many of the most remarkable treasures of Ancient Egypt yet discovered. This book provides a rare opportunity to view the magnificent statues, stelae, domestic items, and jewellery from the museum, all photographed in situ by Phil Sayer. This was the first time anyone has ever been allowed to photograph in the museum.