Michael Matthew Groat PhD's Genealogical Database

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Gedcom Last Modified: December 14, 2025 00:59:10

Neferu King's Daughter King's Wife King's Mother III


Preferred Parents:
Father: Amenemhat of Egypt 1st Pharaoh 12th Dynasty I, b. 2017 AC in Egipto   d. aproximadamente 1962 AC in Egipto
Mother: Neferitatjenen ,   

Family 1: Senusret Kheperkare 2nd Pharaoh 12th Dynasty I,    b. 1988 BC in Egypt    d. 1875 BC
  1. Amenemhat II Nubkaure 3rd Pharaoh 12th Dynasty,     d. 1895 BC
Sources:
  1. Title: Wikiwand: List of ancient Egyptians
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_ancient_Egyptians;
    Note: This is a list of ancient Egyptian people who have articles on Wikipedia. The list covers key ancient Egyptian individuals from the start of the first dynasty until the end of the ancient Egyptian nation when the Ptolemaic Dynasty ended and Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Note that the dates given are approximate. The list that is presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z A Name Main Title Dynasty Date Comment Aahotepre Pharaoh 14th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) A pharaoh of Canaanite descent from the 14th Dynasty possibly identical to 'Ammu. Aat Queen 12th dynasty (fl. c. late-19th century BC) Queen and wife of Amenemhat III. Abar Queen 25th dynasty (fl. c. mid-8th century BC) An Egyptian queen, the mother of King Taharqa and probably the wife of King Piye. Achillas Military commander Ptolemaic (fl. mid-1st century BC) Commander under the Ptolemaic Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII. Executed at the orders of Arsinoe IV of Egypt by Ganymedes. Addaya Diplomat 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-14th century BC) Egyptian commissioner in southern Canaan mentioned in the Amarna letters. He probably served under Pharaohs Amenhotep III and/or Akhenaten. Agathoclea Mistress Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Mistress of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and sister of his chief minister, Agathocles. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Agathocles Minister Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Chief minister of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and brother of the king's mistress Agathoclea. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Ahaneith Queen 1st dynasty (fl. c. 30th century BC) Wife of King Djet Ahhotep I Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was probably the sister, as well as the wife, of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao. Ahhotep reigned as regent until her son, Ahmose I, was of age. Also known as Ahhotpe or Aahhotep. Ahhotep II Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Kamose. Ahmes Scribe 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics. Also called Ahmose. Senakhtenre Ahmose Pharaoh 17th dynasty fl. c. mid-16th century BC Pharaoh of the late 17th dynasty, his existence and complete name were confirmed by recent archeological discoveries. Ahmose I Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1549 BC – c. 1524 BC) Founder of the 18th dynasty. He was a son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the seventeenth dynasty, Kamose. During his reign, he completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region and restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt. Ahmose Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Sitdjehuti. Ahmose was a half-sister of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Wife of 18th dynasty pharaoh, Thutmose I, and the mother of queen and later, pharaoh, Hatshepsut. Ahmose King's son High Priest of Re 18th dynasty (fl. c. late 15th century BC) Probably a son of pharaoh Amenhotep II. He was in office as High Priest of Re in Heliopolis during the reign of his brother Thutmose IV. Ahmose, son of Ebana Military Commander 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) Served in the Egyptian military under the 17th and 18th dynasty pharaohs Seqenenre Tao, Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I. Ahmose-ankh Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A son of Pharaoh Ahmose I and queen Ahmose Nefertari. He was the crown prince but pre-deceased his father. Ahmose-Henutemipet Princess 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and probably Queen Ahhotep I. She was the sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of 17th dynasty pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Ahmose-Inhapi. She was probably married to her half-brother Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu was a half-sister to queen Ahmose-Nefertari. Ahmose-Inhapi Princes / Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose and was sister to Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao, and the queens Ahhotep I and Sitdjehuti. She was married to her (half-)brother Seqenenre Tao and they had a daughter, Ahmose-Henuttamehu. Ahmose-Meritamon Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) She was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao. Her mummy was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Ahmose-Meritamun Princess / Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefertari, and was queen of her brother Amenhotep I. Ahmose-Nebetta Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose Nefertari Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) A daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the wife of pharaoh Ahmose I. Following Ahmose I's death, Ahmose-Nefertari became the regent for her son Amenhotep I and ruled until he was old enough to rule on his own. Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet Military Commander 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th to early-15th century BC) An Egyptian official and military commander who started his career under Ahmose I and served all subsequent pharaohs until Thutmose III. Ahmose Sapair Prince 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a son of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a brother of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Sitamun Princess 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) The daughter of Pharaoh Ahmose I and sister of Amenhotep I. A colossal statue of hers stood before the eighth pylon at Karnak. Ahmose called Si-Tayit Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Ahmose I. Possibly the first Viceroy to serve in that capacity. Early in the reign of Amenhotep I, the position passed from Si-Tayit to his son Ahmose called Turo. Ahmose-Sitkamose Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Pharaoh Kamose. She probably married Ahmose I. Also called Sitkamose. Ahmose-Tumerisy Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose called Turo Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush under Amenhotep I and Tuthmosis I. Son of Ahmose called Si-Tayit. Akhenaten Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1353 BC – c. 1336 BC) Was known before the 5th year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (or Amenophis IV). He abandoned traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on Aten. Also called Echnaton or Akhenaton. Akhraten King of Kush (reigned c. 350 BC – c. 335 BC) Possibly a son of Harsiotef and a brother of Nastasen. Akhraten may have been succeeded by Nastasen. Alara of Nubia King of Kush (fl. c. early-8th century BC) The founder of the Napatan royal dynasty and was the first recorded prince of Nubia. He unified all of Upper Nubia from Meroë to the Third Cataract. His successors would comprise the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. Alexander Helios Prince Ptolemaic (40 BC – c. 29 BC) Eldest son of queen Cleopatra VII and Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Amanibakhi King of Kush (fl. c. mid-4th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The successor of Akhraten and the predecessor of Nastasen. Amanineteyerike King of Kush (fl. c. late-5th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The son of King Malewiebamani, and brother of Baskakeren. His predecessor Talakhamani was either an older brother or an uncle. His name is also written as Amanneteyerike, Aman-nete-yerike, or Irike-Amannote. Amasis II Pharaoh 26th dynasty (reigned c. 570 BC – c. 526 BC) Based at Sais and the successor to Apries. Under Amasis II, Egypt's agricultural based economy reached its zenith. He was able to defeat an invasion of Egypt by the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar II. Also called Ahmose II. Amenemhat I Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1991 BC – c. 1962 BC) The first ruler of the 12th dynasty. Amenemhat I was a vizier of his predecessor Mentuhotep IV. He moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy. Amenemhat II Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1929 BC – c. 1895 BC) The third pharaoh of the 12th dynasty of Egypt. He was the son of Senusret I through the latter's chief wife, Queen Neferu III. Amenemhat III Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1860 BC – c. 1814 BC) Sixth king of the 12th dynasty. Son of Senusret III. Amenemhat IV Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1815 BC – c. 1806 BC) Seventh king of the 12th dynasty. Possibly a son of Amenemhat III. Amenemhat V Sekhemkare Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. early 18th century BC) An Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears as 'Sekhemkare' in the Turin King List. Amenemhet VI Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. mid-18th century BC) The seventh king of the Thirteenth Dynasty according to the Turin Canon. Amenemhat Nomarch 12th dynasty (fl. 20th century BCE) Also known as Ameny, a governor at Men'at Khufu during the reign of pharaoh Senusret I. Amenemhat High Priest of Amun 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-15th century BC) High Priest of Amun during the reign of pharaoh Amenhotep II. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-15th century BC) Son of Pharaoh Thutmose III. He was the eldest son and appointed heir but predeceased his father. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. early-14th century BC) The son of Pharaoh Thutmose IV. He died young and was buried in his father's tomb. Amenemhatankh Prince 12th dynasty (fl. c. early 19th century BC) A son of Amenemhat II. A..
  2. Title: Wikiwand: Lisht
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lisht;
    Note: Lisht or el-Lisht (Arabic: "اللشت‎," romanized: "Al-Lišt") is an Egyptian village located south of Cairo. It is the site of Middle Kingdom royal and elite burials, including two pyramids built by Amenemhat I and Senusret I. The two main pyramids were surrounded by smaller pyramids of members of the royal family, and many mastaba tombs of high officials and their family members. They were constructed throughout the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties. The site is also known for the tomb of Senebtisi, found undisturbed and from which a set of jewelry has been recovered. The pyramid complex of Senusret I is the best preserved from this period. The coffins in the tomb of Sesenebnef present the earliest versions of the Book of the Dead. Lisht South . Pyramid of Senusret I . Tomb of Senewosret-Ankh . Tomb of a certain Senusret, shaft of Hapy, found untouched . Tomb of Intef (?) . "French tomb" . Tomb of Imhotep . Tomb of Mentuhotep . Tomb, South-"Khor" A . Tomb, South-"Khor" B . Tomb A in South area . Tomb of Djehuty . Tomb of Ipi . Tomb D in South area . Tomb E in South area . Tomb of Sehetepibreankh Lisht North . Pyramid of Amenemhat I . Tomb 384 of Rehuerdjersen . Tomb 400 of Intefiqer . Tomb 470 of Senimeru . Tomb 493 of Nakht . Tomb 758 of Senusret, shaft with undisturbed tomb of Senebtisi . Tomb 954 . Tomb 956
  3. Title: Wikiwand: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt;
    Note: The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XX, alternatively 20th Dynasty or Dynasty 20) is the third and last dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1189 BC to 1077 BC. The 19th and 20th Dynasties furthermore together constitute an era known as the "Ramesside period." History Background Upon the death of the last pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, Queen Twosret, Egypt descended into a period of civil war, as attested by the Elephantine stela built by Setnakhte. The circumstances of Twosret's demise are uncertain, as she may have died peacefully during her reign or been overthrown by Setnakhte, who was likely already middle aged at the time. 20th Dynasty A consistent theme of this dynasty was the loss of pharaonic power to the High Priests of Amun. Horemheb, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, had restored the traditional Ancient Egyptian religion and the priesthood of Amun after their abandonment by Akhenaten. With the High Priests now acting as intermediaries between the gods and the people, rather than the pharaoh, the position of pharaoh no longer commanded the same kind of power as it had in the past. Setnakhte Main article: Setnakhte Setnakhte stabilized the situation in Egypt, and may have driven off an attempted invasion by the Sea Peoples. He ruled for about 4 years before being succeeded by his son Ramesses III. Ramesses III Main article: Ramesses III In Year 5 of his reign, Ramesses defeated a Libyan invasion of Egypt by the Libu, Meshwesh and Seped people through Marmarica, who had previously unsuccessfully invaded during the reign of Merneptah. Ramesses III is most famous for decisively defeating a confederacy of the Sea Peoples, including the Denyen, Tjekker, Peleset, Shardana and Weshesh in the Battle of the Delta and the Battle of Djahy during Year 8 of his reign. Within the Papyrus Harris I, which attests these events in detail, Ramesses is said to have settled the defeated Sea Peoples in "strongholds," most likely located in Canaan, as his subjects. In Year 11 of Ramesses' reign, another coalition of Libyan invaders was defeated in Egypt. Between regnal Year 12 and Year 29, a systematic program of reorganization of the varied cults of the Ancient Egyptian religion was undertaken, by creating and funding new cults and restoring temples. In Year 29 of Ramesses' reign, the first recorded labor strike in human history took place, after food rations for the favored and elite royal tomb builders and artisans in the village of Set Maat (now known as Deir el-Medina), could not be provisioned. The reign of Ramesses III is also known for a harem conspiracy in which Queen Tiye, one of his lesser wives, was implicated in an assassination attempt against the king, with the goal of putting her son Pentawer on the throne. The coup was unsuccessful, as while the king apparently died from the attempt on his life, his legitimate heir and son Ramesses IV succeeded him to the throne, arresting and putting approximately 30 conspirators to death. Ramesses IV Main article: Ramesses IV At the start of his reign Ramesses IV started an enormous building program on the scale of Ramesses the Great's own projects. He doubled the number of work gangs at Set Maat to a total of 120 men and dispatched numerous expeditions to the stone quarries of Wadi Hammamat and the turquoise mines of the Sinai. One of the largest expeditions included 8,368 men, of which some 2,000 were soldiers. Ramesses expanded his father's Temple of Khonsu at Karnak and possibly began his own mortuary temple at a site near the Temple of Hatshepsut. Another smaller temple is associated with Ramesses north of Medinet Habu. Ramesses IV saw issues with the provision of food rations to his workmen, similar to the situation under his father. Ramessesnakht, the High Priest of Amun at the time, began to accompany state officials as they went to pay the workmen their rations, suggesting that, at least in part, it was the Temple of Amun and not the Egyptian state that was responsible for their wages. He also produced the Papyrus Harris I, the longest known papyrus from Ancient Egypt, measuring in at 41 meters long with 1,500 lines of text to celebrate the achievements of his father. Ramesses V Main article: Ramesses V Ramesses V reigned for no more than 4 years, dying of smallpox in 1143 BC. The only monument attested to him is a stela near Gebel el-Silsila. The Turin Papyrus Cat. 2044 attests that during his reign the workmen of Set Maat were forced to periodically stop working on Ramesses' KV9 tomb out of "fear of the enemy," suggesting increasing instability in Egypt and an inability to defend the country from what are presumed to be Libyan raiding parties. The Wilbour Papyrus is thought to date from Ramesses V's reign. The document reveals that most of the land in Egypt by that point was controlled by the Temple of Amun, and that the Temple had complete control over Egypt's finances. Ramesses VI Main article: Ramesses VI Ramesses VI is best known for his tomb which, when built, inadvertently buried the tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun underneath, keeping it safe from grave robbing until its discovery by Howard Carter in 1922. Ramesses VII Main article: Ramesses VII Ramesses VII's only monument is his tomb, KV1. Ramesses VIII Main article: Ramesses VIII Almost nothing is known about Ramesses VIII's reign, which lasted for a single year. He is only attested at Medinet Habu and through a few plaques. The only monument from his reign is his modest tomb, which was used for Mentuherkhepeshef, son of Ramesses IX, rather than Ramesses VIII himself. Ramesses IX Main article: Ramesses IX During Year 16 and Year 17 of Ramesses IX's reign famous tomb robbery trials took place, as attested by the Abbott Papyrus. A careful examination by a vizierial commission was undertaken of ten royal tombs, four tombs of the Chantresses of the Estate of the Divine Adoratrix, and finally the tombs of the citizens of Thebes. Many of these were found to have been broken into, like the tomb of Pharaoh Sobekemsaf II, whose mummy had been stolen. Ramesses IX's cartouche has been found at Gezer in Canaan, suggesting that Egypt at this time still had some degree of influence in the region. Most of the building projects during Ramesses IX's reign were at Heliopolis. Ramesses X Main article: Ramesses X Ramessex X's reign is documented poorly. The Necropolis Journal of Set Maat records the general idleness of the workmen at this time, due, at least in part, to the danger of Libyan raiders. Ramesses XI Main article: Ramesses XI Ramesses XI was the last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty. During his reign the position grew so weak that in the south the High Priests of Amun at Thebes became the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt, while Smendes controlled Lower Egypt even before Ramesses XI's death. Smendes eventually would found the Twenty-First dynasty at Tanis. Decline As happened under the earlier Nineteenth Dynasty, this dynasty struggled under the effects of the bickering between the heirs of Ramesses III. For instance, three different sons of Ramesses III are known to have assumed power as Ramesses IV, Ramesses VI and Ramesses VIII respectively. However, at this time Egypt was also increasingly beset by a series of droughts, below-normal flooding levels of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption – all of which would limit the managerial abilities of any king. Pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty Main article: List of pharaohs The pharaohs of the 20th Dynasty ruled for approximately 120 years: from c. 1187 to 1064 BC. The dates and names in the table are mostly taken from "Chronological Table for the Dynastic Period" in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), "Ancient Egyptian Chronology" (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill, 2006. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website. Pharaoh Image Throne Name / Prenomen Reign Burial Consort(s) Comments Setnakhte Userkhaure-setepenre 1189 – 1186 BC KV14 Tiy-merenese May have usurped the throne from his predecessor, Twosret. Ramesses III Usermaatre-Meryamun 1186 – 1155 BC KV11 Iset Ta-Hemdjert Tyti Tiye Ramesses IV Usermaatre Setepenamun, later Heqamaatre Setepenamun 1155 – 1149 BC KV2 Duatentopet Ramesses V / Amenhirkhepeshef I Usermaatre Sekheperenre 1149 – 1145 BC KV9 Henutwati Tawerettenru Ramesses VI / Amenhirkhepeshef II Nebmaatre Meryamun 1145 – 1137 BC KV9 Nubkhesbed Ramesses VII / Itamun Usermaatre Setepenre Meryamun 1136 – 1129 BC KV1 Ramesses VIII / Sethhirkhepeshef Usermaatre-Akhenamun 1130 – 1129 BC Ramesses IX / Khaemwaset I Neferkare Setepenre 1129 – 1111 BC KV6 Baketwernel Ramesses X / Amenhirkhepeshef III Khepermaatre Setepenre 1111 – 1107 BC KV18 Tyti Ramesses XI / Khaemwaset II Menmaatre Setpenptah 1107 – 1077 BC KV4 Tentamun Timeline of the 20th Dynasty [chart] Pharaonic Family tree The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt was the last of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The familial relationships are unclear, especially towards the end of the dynasty. [chart of family tree] Gallery of images
  4. Title: Ancient Egypt: Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre)
    Author: Page by Anneke Bart Last edited: January 2007 Comments: email barta@slu.edu
    Publication: Name: https://mathstat.slu.edu/~bart/egyptianhtml/kings%20and%20Queens/Amenemhat_I.html;
    Note: Pharaoh: Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) Ca 1976-1947 BC Horus name: Wehemmesut (Seheteptawy) Nebty name: Wehemmesut (Seheteptawy) Golden Falcon name: Wehemmesut (Zema) Prenomen: Sehetepibre Nomen: Amenemhat Early part of reign: Horus Sehetepibtawy, Sehetepib-Re, Amenemhat Later part of reign: Horus Wehemmesut, Sehetepib-Re, Amenemhat Burial place: Pyramid in Lisht Parents: Senwosret and Neferet I. Wives: Neferitatenen, King’s Mother. She is mentioned on a statue belonging to her son Senusert I. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) Dedet? Possibly a wife of Amenemhat I? Sons: Senwosret I Daughters: Neferu III, King's Daughter, King's Wife and King's Mother. Neferu married her brother Senusert. She is mentioned in the Story of Sinuhe. Neferu III had her own pyramid in the funerary complex of her brother/husband. It is possible that she was eventually buried in the funerary complex of her son Amenemhat II. Neferusherit, King's Daughter. Buried in one of the shaft tombs near Amenemhat I's pyramid at Lisht. Kayet, King's Daughter of his body. Mentioned in a relief at Lisht. Statue from the time of Amenemhat I. From the tomb of Meketre. Amenemhat may be the same individual who was Vizier under Mentuhotep. He is recognized as the first king of the Twelfth Dynasty. Amenemhat moved the seat of power from Thebes to a new city in the north named Itj-tawy(-Amenemhat) which means '(Amenemhat is) seizer of the two lands'. The new capitol is usually referred to as Itj-tawy, and was probably located near the Nile in the area of Lisht. The center of government would remain in Itj-tawy for 400 years. Amenemhat apparently died in an attempted palace coup. He was murdered, and the throne passed on to his son Senusert. The famous story of Sinuhe is set in the time of Amenemhet I and Senusert I. The story mentions specifically: "In year 30, third month of Inundation, day 7, the god attained his horizon, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Sehetepebre. He flew to heaven and was united with the sun's disk; the flesh of the god was merged in him, who made him. Then was the Residence hushed; hearts were filled with mourning; the Great Portals were closed; the courtiers crouched head on lap; the people grieved. Now His Majesty had despatched an army to the land of the Temhi, and his eldest son was the captain thereof, the good god Sesostris." This story implies that Amenemhet I ruled for some 30 years and that his son Senusert may have actually been abroad, on a military expedition when his father died. Offering table inscribed with the name Sehetepibre, Lepsius Abt II, Band 4, Bl 118 Building program: Bubastis: A dedication from Bubastis mentions that "he made it as his monument for his mother Bast, making for her a gate.." (Breasted) Itj-tawy: the new capitol in the North Tell el-Qirqafa: A small pillared temple was constructed between the reigns of Amenemhet I and Senusret III. A granite entrance gate still exists today. Ezbet Rushdi: A temple was founded by Amenemhat I and expanded during the reign of Senusret III. This site is located a little to the North of Tell el-Daba. The temple was built according to common Middle Kingdom designs. It had a small pillared court before a tripartite sanctuary. The structure was made mainly from mud-brick with some stone elements (doorways and colums for instance). Thebes: An inscription on the base of a shrine records the fact that Amenemhet dedicated a pink granite shrine to "his father" Amen-Re. Pyramid at Lisht The pyramid complex at Lisht This complex is located between Dashur and Meidum, at Lisht. The mortuary temple was destroyed in antiquity, but was built on a terrace cut into a hill. This was influenced by the Theban styles developed by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep from the 11th dynasty. The metmuseum describes this block: "This block was found in the foundations of his mortuary temple at Lisht, the royal cemetery for the new capital. It was reused from an earlier building. King Amenemhat I is shown celebrating his sed festival or jubilee. He is flanked by the gods Anubis with a jackal head (in front) and Horus with a falcon head (behind), both of whom offer him the ankh, or symbol of life. At the left of the block stands the goddess Nekhbet of Upper Egypt and on the right the goddess Wadjet of Lower Egypt. The king wears a tightly curled wig with the uraeus on his brow and the false beard of kingship. He carries the flail and a ceremonial instrument." An inscription by Intef (or possibly Sobeknakht, son of Intef) records an expedition to the Hammamat, to bring stone. Reign of Amenemhet Early in the reign an expedition is mentioned in which "20 ships of cedar" were engaged. This expedition is mentioned by Khnumhotep, one of the nobles from Beni Hasan. The Military expedition resulted in expelling a certain enemy from Egypt. The enemy is never mentioned by name, but he may have been one of the contenders for the throne. Mention is also made of military campaigns agains the Asiatics and the Nubians in the inscriptions by Khnumhotep. An inscription by Nessumontu, a general, dated to year 24 and mentioning Senusert I also mentions expeditions against the Asiatics. "I defeated the Asian troglodytes, the sand-dwellers. I overthrew the strongholds of the nomads as if they had never been." (Breasted) An inscription at Korusko shows that the Nubian conquest had already begun by year 29 of Amenemhet I. Literature: At least two pieces of literature dating to this time period are known to us: The Teachings of Amenemhet. This text are supposed to be the teachings of King Amenemhet and are for his son and co-regent Senusert I. The text mentions the attempt on the King's life, the coregency with Senusert I, the King's reorganization of Egypt, the agricultural prosperity, the foreign conquests of Nubia and Asia, and the building of a palace. The tale of Sinuhe The story relates how Sinuhe, who was a high ranking noble, accompanied Senusert I on a campaign against the Bedwin in the 30th year of King Amenemhet. After hearing about the death of the old King, Sinuhe flees the country. The story relates his adventures and eventual pardon by Senusert I. A copy of the text can be found here: http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/texts/sinuhe.htm Government Antefiker, Vizier. Buried in mastaba near pyramid of Amenemhet I Khnumhotep I, Nomarch of the Orynx nome, Wearer of the royal seal, Judge, etc. Khnumhotep was the first of the powerful Beni Hasan nobles. His family would hold power for at least 4 generations. Buried in Tomb 14 in Beni Hasan. Sons: Amenemhat called Ameni, Nakht. His daughter Beket married the Vizier Nehri. Riverboat model from the tomb of Meketre Meketre, Chancellor. Meketre was buried in TT280. The tomb is known for its many wooden models. Meketre’s 60-60 years of life are thought to span the reigns from Nebhepetre Mentuhotep to Amenemhat I. The tomb of Meketre’s servant named Wah was discovered in 1920. Granary from the tomb of Wah Palace Officials Priesthood Sehetepebre-ankh High Priest of Ptah. Known from offering table from temple of Montu at Tod. Intef, Prince, Count, Wearer of the Royal Seal, Superior Prophet of Min, etc. Army Nessumontu, Military Commander. Known from a stela in the Louvre. The stela probably dates to year 24 of Amenemhat I and mentions Sesostris I, who is co-regent at this time. Nessumontu mentions fighting the Bedouin and other Asiatics. The tomb of the slain soldiers was found in Thebes in 1923. Tomb 507 in cemetery 500 yielded some 60 bodies. The soldiers showed signs of having died in battle. Some had arrow wounds, other head wounds caused by sling-shots or similar missiles. Bibliography / Suggested Reading Breasted, J.H., Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol I, The First through the Seventeenth Dynasties, 2001 (originally appeared in 1906) Dodson, A., Hilton, D., The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2004. Wilkinson R.H., The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2000. http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/amenemhatI.html Images from http://www.metmuseum.org/ A selection of articles and books from the AEB (Annual Egyptological Bibliography): (The descriptions come from the AEB site - usually the actual AEB description are much longer.) Allen, J.P., Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom, in: Studies Simpson, 1-26. (plans, fig.). The redating of the tomb of the "Overseer of the Seal" and "Chief Steward" Meket-re to the early years of Amenemhat I has provided a new benchmark for the art and history of the early M.K. [...] Altenmuller, H., Die Pyramiden der frühen 12. Dynastie, in: The Intellectual Heritage of Egypt. Studies Kákosy, 33-42. (table). Hirsch, E.N., Die Kultpolitik Amenemhets I. im Thebanischen Gau, in: Ägyptische Tempel - Struktur, Funktion und Programm, 137-142. (table). Considering the relationship to the Theban gods Amon and Month of Amenemhat I, whose reign is at the shift from the XIth to the XIIth Dynasty, the author shows the king to have largely pursued the cult politics of the XIth Dynasty worshipping Month as state god and supreme god of the capital Thebes. No doubt he maintained the cultic services in the Amon temple, but without especially favouring it. Politically, this attitude is well explainable for a usurper attempting to legitimize himself. It is evident that the rise of Amon-Re in Thebes started under Sesostris I. Obsomer, C., La date de Nésou-Montou (Louvre C1), RdE 44 (1993), 103-140. (fig.). Article about the coregency between Amenemhat I and Sesostris I. Farout, D., La carrière du wHmw Ameny et l'organisation des expéditions au ouadi Hammamat au Moyen Empire, BIFAO 94 (1994), 143-172. (pl.). Studying the career of the wHmw Ameny, who lived in the M.K. reigns of Amenemhat I and Sesostris I and was engaged in the organisation of expeditions to the Wadi Hammamat Janosi, Peter, Recent excavations of the Austrian Archaeological Institute at the vi..
  5. Title: University of Oxford Podcasts: The Life of Sinuhe
    Author: Series: Ancient Egyptian Poetry People: Barbara Ewing Richard Parkinson Oxford Unit: Faculty of Oriental Studies The Queen's College Keywords: ancient Egyptian sinuhe ancient Egyptian civilisation
    Publication: Name: https://podcasts.ox.ac.uk/life-sinuhe/;
    Note: An ancient Egyptian tells his life story from the walls of his tomb, c. 1850 BC. Read by Barbara Ewing. Translated by Richard Bruce Parkinson Composed around 1850 BC, Sinuhe is the supreme masterpiece of ancient Egyptian poetry. The poem is a fictional official’s autobiography, supposedly carved on the walls of his tomb, and his story forms a passionate probing of his culture’s ideals and anxieties. In a moment of panic Sinuhe flees Egypt at this death of his king. His adventures bring wealth and power, but his failure to find a meaningful life abroad is only redeemed by the new king’s mercy, and he finally returns home to be buried. An annotated translation is in The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems 1940–1640 BC (Oxford World’s Classics 1998). This recording is part of The Tale of Sinuhe: A Reader’s Commentary (for the British Museum and Oxford University Ramesseum Papyri Project). With thanks to Karen Carey, Jenny Guest, Chris Hollings, Tim Reid and The Queen’s College, Oxford.
  6. Title: Wikiwand: Neferu III
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Neferu_III;
    Note: Neferu (English: Beauty) was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 12th Dynasty. She was a daughter of Amenemhat I (r. 1991–1962 BC), sister-wife of Senusret I (r. 1971–1926 BC) and the mother of Amenemhat II. Neferu III is one of the four known children of Amenemhat I. She married her brother Senusret, and was his only wife, so far as is known. She is mentioned as his wife in the Story of Sinuhe. Her name appears on fragments in her father's pyramid at Lisht and in her son's Serabit el-Khadim chapel which was built as a memorial for Senusret I. She had a pyramid in her husband's pyramid complex, but it is possible she was buried not there, but rather in Dahshur, near her son. Her titles were: King's Daughter; King's Wife; King's Mother.
  7. Title: Wikiwand: White Pyramid
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/White_Pyramid;
    Note: The White Pyramid of Amenemhat II is located in the pyramid field at Dahshur, Egypt, and is now nothing more than a pile of rubble, having been heavily quarried for stone. The remaining limestone rubble has given rise to its modern name. The pyramid is surrounded by a large rectangular enclosure wall. A number of intact tombs were found inside this enclosure wall belonging to the relatives of Amenemhat II including the tombs of prince Amenemhatankh and princesses Ita, Khnumet, Itiueret and Sithathormeret. A wide variety of funerary furniture was recovered from these tombs including wooden coffins, alabaster perfume jars, and canopic chests. There was also a large quantity of beautiful jewelery in the tombs of Ita and Khnumet. In 1894 and 1895 Jacques de Morgan dug in the pyramid complex, concentrating on the surrounding royal graves, with other areas not being explored. A full-scale investigation of the whole complex has yet to be undertaken.
  8. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egypt
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egypt;
    Note: Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were copied widely, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy. History Main articles: Ancient Egyptian agriculture, History of ancient Egypt, History of Egypt, and Population history of Egypt The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.[10] Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region. Predynastic period Main article: Predynastic Egypt In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this also is the period when many animals were first domesticated. By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper. The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast. Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at Nekhen (in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east, initiating a period of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations. The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3050–2686 BC) Main article: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or "Menes" in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette, in a symbolic act of unification. In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000 BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labour, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization. Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.[26] Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order. With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC, is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period. First Intermediate Period (2181–1991 BC) Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration no longer could support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political dispute..
  9. Title: Wikiwand: Serabit el-Khadim
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Serabit_el-Khadim;
    Note: Serabit el-Khadim (Arabic: سرابيط الخادم‎ Arabic pronunciation: [saraːˈbiːtˤ alˈχaːdɪm]; also transliterated Serabit al-Khadim, Serabit el-Khadem) is a locality in the southwest Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, where turquoise was mined extensively in antiquity, mainly by the ancient Egyptians. Archaeological excavation, initially by Sir Flinders Petrie, revealed ancient mining camps and a long-lived Temple of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess who was favoured as a protector in desert regions. Archaeological findings Thirty incised graffiti in a "Proto-Sinaitic script" shed light on the history of the alphabet. The mines were worked by prisoners of war from southwest Asia who presumably spoke a Northwest Semitic language, such as the Canaanite that was ancestral to Phoenician and Hebrew. After a century of study and the initial publication by Sir Flinders Petrie, researchers agree on the decipherment of a single phrase, cracked in 1916 by Alan Gardiner: "לבעלת l bʿlt" (to the Lady) ["baʿlat" (Lady) being a title of Hathor and the feminine of the title "Baʿal" (Lord) given to the Semitic god], although the word "m’hb" (loved) is frequently cited as a second word. The script has graphic similarities with the Egyptian hieratic script, the less elaborate form of the hieroglyphs. In the 1950s and 1960s it was common to show the derivation of the Canaanite alphabet from hieratic, using William Albright's interpretations of Proto-Sinaitic as the key. It was generally accepted that the language of the inscriptions was Semitic, that the script had a hieratic prototype and was ancestral to the Semitic alphabets, and that the script was itself acrophonic and alphabetic (more specifically, a consonantal alphabet or abjad). The word baʿlat (Lady) lends credence to the identification of the language as Semitic. However, the lack of further progress in decipherment casts doubt over the other suppositions, and the identification of the hieratic prototypes remains speculative. Romanus Francois Butin of Catholic University of America published articles in the "Harvard Theological Review" based on the 1927 Harvard Mission to Serabit and the 1930 Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition. His article "The Serabit Inscriptions: II. The Decipherment and Significance of the Inscriptions" provides an early detailed study of the inscriptions and some dozen B/W photographs, hand-drawings and analysis of the previously published inscriptions, #346, 349, 350-354, and three new inscriptions, #355-368. At that time, #355 was still in situ at Serabit but had not been photographed by the previous Harvard Mission. In 1932, he wrote: "The present article was begun with the limited purpose of making known the new inscriptions discovered by the Harvard-Catholic University Joint Expedition to Serabit in the spring of 1930. In the course of this study, I perceived that some signs doubtful in the inscriptions already published were made clear by the new slabs, and I decided to go over the entire field again." Both articles provide an analysis of the Proto-Sinaitic inscriptions during earlier expeditions to the site. Relation to Mount Sinai In her book "A History of Sinai," Lina Eckenstein theorized that Serabit el-Khadim was the historical site of Mt. Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments. This theory comes in no small part to the site containing a temple of Hathor, the goddess Eckenstein believed was represented by the idol of a golden calf constructed by the Hebrews while Moses was on the mountain top.
  10. Title: Wikiwand: Amenemhat II
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Amenemhat_II;
    Note: Nubkaure Amenemhat II was the third pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Although he ruled for at least 35 years, his reign is rather obscure, as well as his family relationships. Family Archaeological findings have provided the name of Amenemhat's mother, the "king's mother" Neferu III, but not the name of his father. Nevertheless, it is commonly assumed that he was a son of his predecessor Senusret I. An early attestation of Amenemhat may have come from the tomb of the namesake nomarch Amenemhat, buried at Beni Hasan This nomarch, who lived under Senusret I, escorted the "King's son Ameny" in an expedition to Nubia, and it is believed that this prince Ameny was no other than Amenemhat II in his youth. The identity of Amenemhat's queen consort is unknown. Many royal women were buried within his pyramid complex, but their relationships with the king are unclear: a queen Keminub must be dated to the later 13th Dynasty, and three "king's daughters" named Ita, Itaweret, and Khenmet may have been Amenemhat's daughters, although a definitive proof is still lacking. His successor Senusret II likely was his son, although this is never explicitly stated anywhere. Other children were prince Amenemhatankh and the princesses Nofret II and Khenemetneferhedjet, likely the same person of Khenemetneferhedjet I; both those ladies later became wives of their purported brother Senusret II. Reign Accession Amenemhat II once was believed to have shared a period of coregency with his predecessor Senusret I, an hypothesis based on the double-dated stela of an official named Wepwawetō (Leiden, V4) that bears the regnal year 44 of Senusret I and the regnal year 2 of Amenemhat II. The existence of such coregency is now considered unlikely and the meaning of the double-date on the stela is interpreted as a time range when Wepwawetō was in charge, from Senusret I's year 44 to Amenemhat II's year 2. Account of reign The most important record for Amenemhat's early reign is on fragments of the so-called "Annals of Amenemhat II" unearthed at Memphis (later reused during the 19th Dynasty). It provides records of donations to temples and, sometimes, of political events. Among the latter, there is a mention of a military expedition into Asia, the destruction of two cities – Iuai and Iasy – whose location is still unknown, and the coming of tribute-bearers from Asia and Kush. Under Amenemhat II several mining expeditions are known: at least 3 in the Sinai, one in the Wadi Gasus (year 28) and one in search for amethysts in the Wadi el-Hudi. He is known to have ordered building works at Heliopolis, Herakleopolis, Memphis, in the Eastern Delta, and rebuilt a ruined temple at Hermopolis. There are some mentions of the building of a "First temple" but it still is unclear what it should have been. A well-known finding associated with Amenemhat II is the Great Sphinx of Tanis (Louvre A23), later usurped by many other pharaohs. He is also named on the boxes of a treasure of silver objects found under the temple of Montu at Tod: notably, many of these objects are not of Egyptian workmanship but rather Aegean, evidencing contacts between Egypt and foreign civilizations in the Middle Kingdom. Many private stelae bears Amenemhat's cartouches – and sometimes even his regnal years – but are of little help in providing useful information about the events of his reign. Court officials Some members of Amenemhat's court are known. Senusret was the vizier at the beginning of his reign, and one of his successors was Ameny, later likely followed by Siese who had a remarkable career and also was a treasurer and a high steward before his vizierate. Beside Siese, other known treasurers were Rehuerdjersen and Merykau. The "overseer of the gateway," Khentykhetywer, was buried near the king's pyramid. Other known officials were the "overseers of the chamber," Snofru and Senitef, and the royal scribe and "iry-pat" Samont. As "great overseer of troops," a certain Ameny dates most likely under the king. Succession Amenemhat II and his successor Senusret II shared a brief coregency, the only unquestionable one of the whole Middle Kingdom. Unlike most of the double-dated monuments, the stela of Hapu from Konosso explicitly states that these two kings ruled together for a while and that the regnal year 3 of Senusret II equates the regnal year 35 of Amenemhat II. Amenemhat's year 35 on the stela of Hapu is also the highest date known for him. Tomb Main article: White Pyramid Unlike his two predecessors who built their pyramids at Lisht, Amenemhat II chose Dahshur for this purpose, a location that was no longer used as royal cemetery after the time of Sneferu and his Red Pyramid (4th Dynasty). At the present time, Amenemhat's pyramid – originally called "Amenu-sekhem," but best known today as the White Pyramid – is poorly preserved and excavated. The mortuary temple adjacent the pyramid was called "Djefa-Amenemhat." Many people were buried within the pyramid complex, the tombs of whom were rediscovered by Jacques de Morgan in 1894/5: the three aforementioned princesses Ita, Itaweret, and Khenmet were found untouched, still containing their beautiful jewels, and also the tombs of the lady Sathathormeryt, the treasurer Amenhotep, and the queen Keminub. Unlike the others, the latter two were looted in antiquity and are dated to the subsequent 13th Dynasty.
  11. Title: Wikiwand: Senusret I
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Senusret_I;
    Note: Senusret I (Middle Egyptian: z-n-wsrt; /siː ni ˈwas.riʔ/) also anglicized as Sesostris I and Senwosret I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC (1920 BC to 1875 BC), and was one of the most powerful kings of this Dynasty. He was the son of Amenemhat I. Senusret I was known by his prenomen, Kheperkare, which means "the Ka of Re is created." He continued his father's aggressive expansionist policies against Nubia by initiating two expeditions into this region in his 10th and 18th years and established Egypt's formal southern border near the second cataract where he placed a garrison and a victory stele. He also organized an expedition to a Western Desert oasis. Senusret I established diplomatic relations with some rulers of towns in Syria and Canaan. He also tried to centralize the country's political structure by supporting nomarchs who were loyal to him. His pyramid was constructed at el-Lisht. Senusret I is mentioned in the Story of Sinuhe where he is reported to have rushed back to the royal palace in Memphis from a military campaign in Libya after hearing about the assassination of his father, Amenemhat I. Family The family relations of the king are well known. Senusret I was the son of Amenemhat I. His mother was a certain queen with the name Neferitatenen. His main wife was Neferu III who was also his sister and mother of his successor Amenemhat II. The known children are Amenemhat II and the princesses Itakayt and Sebat. The latter was most likely a daughter of Neferu III as she appears with the latter together in one inscription. Building program Senusret I dispatched several quarrying expeditions to the Sinai and Wadi Hammamat and built numerous shrines and temples throughout Egypt and Nubia during his long reign. He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. He erected two red granite obelisks there to celebrate his Year 30 Heb Sed Jubilee. One of the obelisks still remains and is the oldest standing obelisk in Egypt. It is now in the Al-Masalla (Obelisk in Arabic) area of Al-Matariyyah district near the Ain Shams district (Heliopolis). It is 67 feet tall and weighs 120 tons or 240,000 pounds. Senusret I is attested to be the builder of a number of major temples in Ancient Egypt, including the temple of Min at Koptos, the Temple of Satet on Elephantine, the Month-temple at Armant and the Month-temple at El-Tod, where a long inscription of the king is preserved. A shrine (known as the White Chapel or Jubilee Chapel) with fine, high quality reliefs of Senusret I, was built at Karnak to commemorate his Year 30 jubilee. It has subsequently been successfully reconstructed from various stone blocks discovered by Henri Chevrier in 1926. Finally, Senusret remodelled the Temple of Khenti-Amentiu Osiris at Abydos, among his other major building projects. The royal court Some of the key members of the court of Senusret I are known. The vizier at the beginning of his reign was Intefiqer, who is known from many inscriptions and from his tomb next to the pyramid of Amenemhat I. He seems to have held this office for a long period of time and was followed by a vizier named Senusret. Two treasurers are known from the reign of the king: Sobekhotep (year 22) and Mentuhotep. The latter had a huge tomb next to the pyramid of the king and he seems to have been the main architect of the Amun temple at Karnak. Several high stewards are attested. Hor is known from several stelae and from an inscription in the Wadi el-Hudi where he evidently was the leader of an expedition for amethyst. One of the stelae is dated to year nine of the king. A certain Nakhr followed in office attested around year 12 of the king. He had a tomb at Lisht. A certain Antef, son of a woman called Zatamun is known again from several stelae, one dates to year 24 another one to year 25 of Senusret I. Another Antef was the son a woman called Zatuser and was most likely also high steward in the king's reign. Succession Senusret was crowned co-regent with his father, Amenemhat I, in his father's 20th regnal year. Towards the end of his own life, he appointed his son Amenemhat II as his coregent. The stele of Wepwawetō is dated to the 44th year of Senusret and to the 2nd year of Amenemhet, thus he would have appointed him some time in his 43rd year. Senusret is thought to have died during his 46th year on the throne since the Turin Canon ascribes him a reign of 45 Years.
  12. Title: Wikiwand: Dahshur
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Dahshur;
    Note: Dahshur (in English often called "Dashur"; Arabic: "دهشور," "Dahšūr pronounced [dɑhˈʃuːɾ], Coptic: "ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ," "Dahchur") is a royal necropolis located in the desert on the west bank of the Nile approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Cairo. It is known chiefly for several pyramids, two of which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt, built from 2613–2589 BC. Pyramids The Dahshur pyramids were an extremely important learning experience for the Egyptians. It provided them with the knowledge and know-how to transition from step-sided pyramids to smooth-sided pyramids. Ultimately their breadth of experience would allow them to build the Great Pyramid of Giza; the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing to this date. Pyramids The Dahshur pyramids were an extremely important learning experience for the Egyptians. It provided them with the knowledge and know-how to transition from step-sided pyramids to smooth-sided pyramids. Ultimately their breadth of experience would allow them to build the Great Pyramid of Giza; the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing to this date. The first of the Dahshur pyramids was the Bent Pyramid (2613–2589 BCE), built under the rule of King Sneferu, the Bent Pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth sided pyramid, but proved to be an unsuccessful build due to the miscalculations made on the structural weight that was being placed onto the soft ground (sand, gravel, and clay) which had a tendency to subside. Other calculations that were proven to be erroneous were that the blocks being used were cut in such a manner that when placed onto the pyramid their weight was not distributed appropriately, causing the angle of the pyramid to be off and achieving the name "the Bent Pyramid." Realizing his shortcomings and learning from his mistakes, King Sneferu ordered the building of the second pyramid of Dahshur, the Red Pyramid. Once completed, the pyramid was considered to be a success, as it was a fully constructed, smooth-sided, and a free-standing pyramid rising to a height of 341 feet (104 meters), with an angle of 43 degrees. The Red Pyramid’s name reigns from the material that was used to construct the pyramid, red limestone. And this pyramid is believed to be the resting place of King Sneferu. Shortly after King Sneferu’s death a third pyramid was erected by his son Khufu. Khufu wanting to build a legacy of his own, utilized his father’s research to design and guide the building process of the third pyramid to completion (2589–2566 BCE). Once completed the pyramid was named The Great Pyramid of Giza, and it stands an astonishing 481 feet (147 meters) tall with an angle of 52 degrees. Another pyramid located within Dahshur is that of the 12th Dynasty King Amenemhat II (1929–1895 BCE). This pyramid has not been preserved as well as the others within the area due to the materials that were used to fill it (sand on the outside and limestone on the inside). Naturally the weather caused the sand to erode from it, but the limestone was taken intentionally for use on other pyramids allowing the pyramid to collapse and ultimately desecrating the tomb of King Amenemhat II. King Senusret III (1878–1839 BCE) had his pyramid built within Dahshur. The difference between his pyramid in comparison to those surrounding it was that King Senusret III had tombs and galleries built underneath it for two princesses; Sit-Hathor and Merit. The Black Pyramid dates from the later reign of Amenemhat III and, although badly eroded, it remains the most imposing monument at the site after the two Sneferu pyramids. The polished granite pyramidion or capstone of the Black Pyramid is on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Several other pyramids of the 13th Dynasty were built at Dahshur. Only the pyramid of Ameny Qemau has been excavated so far by Ahmad Fakhri, the archaeologist who excavated this site. Tombs & Cemeteries Located closely to the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty several undisturbed tombs of royal women were found, containing a large amount of lapidary and jewelry that have been determined to be of the highest stage of metalworking in Egypt during this time period. The pyramid of Senusret III was part of a huge complex, with several smaller pyramids of royal women, along with another pyramid to the south. In a gallery tomb next to this pyramid were found two treasures of the king's daughters (Sithathor). Extensive cemeteries of officials of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom have been found around Dahshur's pyramids. Dahshur was Egypt's royal necropolis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II. Contemporary history In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as 120 families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in a dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim Arab clan member to death. Furthermore, during clashes another Muslim suffered head injuries and later died due to a gasoline bomb being thrown from a roof top of a building. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence. This incident was reported internationally. As of January 2013, and due to the security vacuum that still prevails in Egypt following the 2011 uprising, the site is under threat of desecration and damage due to encroachment by locals of surrounding urban settlements. Climate Dahshur has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.
  13. Title: Wikiwand: Story of Sinuhe
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Story_of_Sinuhe;
    Note: "The Story of Sinuhe" (also known as "Sanehat") is considered one of the finest works of ancient Egyptian literature. It is a narrative set in the aftermath of the death of Pharaoh Amenemhat I, founder of the 12th dynasty of Egypt, in the early 20th century BC. It was composed around 1875 BC, although the earliest extant manuscript is from the reign of Amenemhat III, c. 1800 BC. There is an ongoing debate among Egyptologists as to whether or not the tale is based on actual events involving an individual named Sinuhe (Egyptian: "z3-nht," "son of the sycamore"), with the consensus being that it is most likely a work of fiction. Due to the universal nature of the themes explored in "Sinuhe," including divine providence and mercy, its anonymous author has been described as the "Egyptian Shakespeare" whose ideas have parallels in biblical texts. "Sinuhe" is considered to be a work written in verse and it may also have been performed. The great popularity of the work is witnessed by the numerous surviving fragments. Sources There are a number of sources telling the Story of Sinuhe. A limestone ostracon (a pottery or stone fragment) in the Egyptian Museum is over a yard long, and is possibly the largest ostracon in existence. It tells the beginning of the "Story of Sinuhe," and is inscribed in Hieratic. The story dates from the XII dynasty, and the fragment was found in the tomb of Sennutem. Story of Sinuhe Sinuhe is an official who accompanies prince Senwosret I to Libya. He overhears a conversation connected with the death of King Amenemhet I and as a result flees to Upper Retjenu (Canaan), leaving Egypt behind. He becomes the son-in-law of Chief Ammunenshi and in time his sons grow to become chiefs in their own right. Sinuhe fights rebellious tribes on behalf of Ammunenshi. As an old man, in the aftermath of defeating a powerful opponent in single combat, he prays for a return to his homeland: "May god pity me...may he hearken to the prayer of one far away!...may the King have mercy on me...may I be conducted to the city of eternity!" He then receives an invitation from King Senwosret I of Egypt to return, which he accepts in highly moving terms. Living out the rest of his life in royal favour, he is finally laid to rest in the necropolis in a beautiful tomb. Interpretations Interpretations The Story of Sinuhe has spawned a great deal of literature which explores the themes contained in the work from many perspectives. The scope and variety of this material has been likened to the analysis of Hamlet and other notable works of literature.[6] Scholars debate the reason why Sinuhe flees Egypt, with the majority ascribing panic over a perceived threat. The tale is full of symbolic allusions. Sinuhe's name (="Son of the Sycamore") is seen as providing an important link in understanding the story. The sycamore is an ancient Egyptian Tree of Life, associated with Hathor (the Goddess of fertility and rebirth and patroness of foreign countries), who features throughout the work. Sinuhe comes under the protective orbit of divine powers, in the form of the King, from whom he first tries to run away, and that of the Queen, a manifestation of Hathor. On fleeing Egypt, Sinuhe crosses a waterway associated with the Goddess Maat, the ancient Egyptian principle of truth, order and justice, in the vicinity of a sycamore tree. The ancient Egyptians believed in free will, implicit in the code of Maat, but this still allowed divine grace to work in and through the individual, and an overarching divine providence is seen in Sinuhe's flight and return to his homeland. Unable to escape the orbit of the gods' power and mercy, Sinuhe exclaims: "Whether I am in the Residence, or whether I am in this place, it is you who cover this horizon." Parallels have been made between the biblical narrative of Joseph and the "Story of Sinuhe." In what is seen as divine providence, Sinuhe the Egyptian flees to Syro-Canaan and becomes a member of the ruling elite, acquires a wife and family, before being reunited with his Egyptian family. In what is seen as divine providence, the Syro-Canaanite Joseph is taken to Egypt where he becomes part of the ruling elite, acquires a wife and family, before being reunited with his Syro-Canaanite family. Parallels have also been drawn from other biblical texts: the Hebrew prophet Jonah's frustrated flight from the orbit of God's power is likened to Sinuhe's similar flight from the King. The battle between David and Goliath is compared to his fight with a mighty challenger, whom he slays with a single blow, and the parable of the Prodigal Son is likened to his return home. Influences on modern culture Naguib Mahfouz, the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian writer, published in 1941 a story entitled "Awdat Sinuhi," translated by Raymond Stock in 2003 as "The Return of Sinuhe" in the collection of Mahfouz's short stories entitled "Voices from the Other World." The story is based directly on the "Story of Sinuhe," although adding details of a lovers' triangle romance that does not appear in the original. The story also formed part of the inspiration for the 1945 novel by Mika Waltari, and the 1954 Hollywood film epic, both titled "The Egyptian" which, although set during the reign of 18th dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten, features a lead character named Sinuhe (played by Edmund Purdom) who flees Egypt in disgrace, to return after achieving material success and personal redemption in foreign lands. Elizabeth Peters made reference to the tale in her novel "The Falcon at the Portal." Cuban songwriter and singer Silvio Rodriguez composed a song title "Sinuhe" (2003) included in his album "A Date with the Angels" ("Cita con los Angeles" in the original Spanish). The lyrics used the figure of Sinuhe as a metaphor of the past intellectual greatness of the Middle East and portrays a contrast with the contemporary conflicts and wars in the region.
  14. Title: Wikiwand: Amenemhat I
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Amenemhat_I;
    Note: Amenemhat I (Middle Egyptian: jmn-m-ḥꜣt; /jaˈmaːnumaˌħuːʀiʔ/) also Amenemhet I and the hellenized form Ammenemes, was the first ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, the dynasty considered to be the golden-age of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. He ruled from 1991 BC to 1962 BC (1939 BC to 1910 BC). Amenemhat I probably was the same as the vizier named Amenemhat who led an expedition to Wadi Hammamat under his predecessor Mentuhotep IV, and possibly overthrew him from power. Scholars differ as to whether Mentuhotep IV was killed by Amenemhat I, but there is no independent evidence to suggest this and there may even have been a period of co-regency between their reigns. Amenemhet I was not of royal lineage, and the composition of some literary works (the "Prophecy of Neferti," the "Instructions of Amenemhat") and, in architecture, the reversion to the pyramid-style complexes of the 6th dynasty rulers, often are considered to have been attempts at legitimizing his rule. Amenemhat I moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy and was buried in el-Lisht. Early reign There's some evidence that the early reign of Amenemhat I was beset with political turmoil, as indicated by the inscriptions of Nehri, a local governor. There were some naval battles where an associate of Amenemhat I by the name of Khnumhotep I was involved, and helped to procure victory. Later, Khnumhotep was appointed as an important local governor at Beni Hasan, and he founded a dynasty of local governors there. His grandson was Khnumhotep III. In the inscriptions by Khnumhotep, mention also is made of military campaigns against the Asiatics and the Nubians. Name Amenemhat I's name is associated with one of only two "sebayt" or ethical "teachings" attributed to Egyptian monarchs, entitled the "Instructions of Amenemhat," though it generally is thought today that it was composed by a scribe at the behest of the king. Amenemhat I's Horus name, Wehemmesu, which means renaissance or rebirth, is an allusion to the Old Kingdom period, whose cultural icons and models (such as pyramidal tombs and Old Kingdom artistic motifs) were emulated by the Twelfth Dynasty kings after the end of the First Intermediate Period. The cult of the king was also promoted during this period, which witnessed a steady return to a more centralized government. The royal court The vizier at the beginning of the reign was Ipi, at the end of the reign, Intefiqer was in charge. Two treasurers can be placed under this king: another Ipi and Rehuerdjersen. Two high stewards, Meketre and Sobeknakht, also have been identified. His pyramid Main article: Pyramid of Amenemhet I His pyramid was made in the same fashion as 5th and 6th dynasty pyramids by having a rough core clad with a fine mantle of smooth limestone. "The core of the pyramid was made up of small rough blocks of limestone with a loose fill of sand, debris and mudbrick. Perhaps the most remarkable feature is that it included fragments of relief-decorated blocks from Old Kingdom monuments – many from pyramid causeways and temples, including Khufu's. Granite blocks from Khafre's complex went into the lining and blocking of Amenemhat I's descending passage. We can only conclude that they were picked up at Saqqara and Giza and brought to Lisht to be incorporated into the pyramid for their spiritual efficacy." When the limestone outer layer was taken, the core slumped. The pyramid and temple have been used as a source of material for lime burners so only a small amount remains today. The Middle Kingdom pyramids were built closer to the Nile and Amenemhet I's burial chamber is now underwater because the River Nile has shifted course. The complex has an inner wall of limestone and an outer wall of mudbrick; members of the Royal family were buried between these two walls. There are a number of mastaba tombs between the walls and 22 burial shafts on the western side of the pyramid. His son Senusret I followed in his footsteps, building his pyramid – a closer reflection of the 6th dynasty pyramids than that of Amenemhat I – at Lisht as well, but his grandson, Amenemhat II, broke with this tradition. Assassination Two literary works dating from the end of the reign give a picture about Amenemhat I's death. The Instructions of Amenemhat were supposedly counsels that the deceased king gave to his son during a dream. In the passage where he warns Senusret I against too great intimacy with his subjects, he tells the story of his own death as a reinforcement: "It was after supper, when night had fallen, and I had spent an hour of happiness. I was asleep upon my bed, having become weary, and my heart had begun to follow sleep. When weapons of my counsel were wielded, I had become like a snake of the necropolis. As I came to, I awoke to fighting, and found that it was an attack of the bodyguard. If I had quickly taken weapons in my hand, I would have made the wretches retreat with a charge! But there is none mighty in the night, none who can fight alone; no success will come without a helper. Look, my injury happened while I was without you, when the entourage had not yet heard that I would hand over to you when I had not yet sat with you, that I might make counsels for you; for I did not plan it, I did not foresee it, and my heart had not taken thought of the negligence of servants." This passage refers to a conspiracy in which Amenemhat was killed by his own guards, when his son and co-regent Senusret I was leading a campaign in Libya. Another account of the following events is given in the "Story of Sinuhe," a famous text of Egyptian literature: "Year 30, third month of the Inundation season, day 7, the god mounted to his horizon, the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Sehetepibre went aloft to heaven and became united with the sun's disk, the limb of the god being merged in him who made him; whilst the Residence was hushed, hearts were in mourning, the Great Gates were closed, the courtiers crouched, head on lap, and the nobles grieved. Now His Majesty had sent an army to the land of the Tjemeh (Libyans), his eldest son as the captain thereof, the goodly god Senusret. He had been sent to smite the foreign countries, and to take prisoner the dwellers in the Tjehnu-land, and now indeed he was returning and had carried off living prisoners of the Tjehnu and all kinds of cattle limitless. And the Companions of the Palace sent to the western side to acquaint the king's son concerning the position that had arisen in the Royal Apartments, and the messengers found him upon the road, they reached him at time of night. Not a moment did he linger, the falcon flew off with his followers, not letting his army know. But the king's children who accompanied him in this army had been sent for and one of them had been summoned. (...)" Succession Amenemhat I is considered to be the first king of Egypt to have had a coregency with his son, Senusret I. A double dated stela from Abydos and now in the Cairo Museum (CG 20516) is dated to the Year 30 of Amenemhat I and to the Year 10 of Senusret I, which establishes that Senusret was made co-regent in Amenemhat's Year 20. Modern adaptation Naguib Mahfouz, the Nobel Prize-winning Egyptian writer, includes Amenemhat I in one of his stories published in 1941 entitled "Awdat Sinuhi." The story appeared in an English translation by Raymond Stock in 2003 as "The Return of Sinuhe" in the collection of Mahfouz's short stories entitled "Voices from the Other World." The story is based directly on the "Story of Sinuhe," although adding details of a lovers' triangle romance involving Amenemhat I and Sinuhe that does not appear in the original. Mahfouz also includes the pharaoh in his account of Egypt's rulers "Facing the Throne." In this work, the Nobel laureate has the Ancient Egyptian gods judge the country's rulers from Pharaoh Mena to President Anwar Sadat.
  15. Title: "The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I," by Dieter Arnold
    Author: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1992
    Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=7SkO4r3mBlUC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=Kayet,+princess+of+egypt&source=bl&ots=0xIFYJkNwG&sig=ACfU3U0Z3ByYL_EQYTC7C4paDR1-PkK_dg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwim1Je2mu3oAhXclXIEHVwICf8Q6AEwFnoECBEQKQ#v=onepage&q=neferu&f=false;
    Note: As a result of The Metropolitan Museum of Art's renewed excavations in Lisht, the Egyptian Department published "The Pyramid of Senwosret I," by Dieter Arnold in 1988, followed in 1990 by "The Control Notes and Team Marks," by Felix Arnold. The first volume examined the main pyramid and its related mortuary installations, while this third volume, "The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I," by Dieter Arnold, discusses the monuments and objects found within the outer enclosure wall of the royal pyramid, mainly the nine subsidiary pyramids and other tombs belonging to members of the royal family and their households. Although the pyramids and their surrounding installations are much destroyed and the burials pillaged, it has been possible to reconstruct, to some degree, the architecture from these ruins. Such a reconstruction is particularly important, as no other pyramid enclosures of the Middle Kingdom, and very few of the Old Kingdom, have ever been so thoroughly excavated and published. The results of this enterprise provide an important contribution to our understanding of the structure and development of the royal funerary complexes of the Middle Kingdom.
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