Narmer 'Menes' 1st Pharaoh of Egypt

• Preferred Name: Narmer 'Menes' 1st Pharaoh of Egypt^{[1] [2] [3]}
  
• Alternate Name: Gleichsetzung mit Teti I umstritten
  
• Gender: M
  
• Affiliation: with note: Description: Unified Upper and Lower Egypt
  
• Birth: antes 3125 AC
  
• Burial: ABT 3100 BC in Chambers B17 and B18, Umm el-Qa'ab, Abydos, Egypt at LATI: N7 LONG: E0
  
• Death: 2975 BC
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Last king of the Predynastic period.
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Founder and 1st Pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt.ABT 3100 BC with note:
  
• FSID: G48Z-LXF
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Narmer (Ancient Egyptian: nꜥr-mr, meaning "painful catfish," "stinging catfish," "harsh catfish," or "fierce catfish;" r. c. 3273 – 2987 BC) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. He was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka. Many scholars consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. A majority of Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes.
  
  === Reichseiner, 1. Pharao von Ober- und Unt ===
  Reichseiner, 1. Pharao von Ober- und Unterägypten

1. Hor-Aha ben Narmer 2nd Pharaoh, b. antes 3100 AC    

1. HETEPJEKHEMUY REY DE EGIPTO DE AFRICA, b. in Africa     d. in Africa

1. Iti Pharaoah of Egypt,     d. 2942 BC

1. Title: Biography of Narmer
   Author: Bibliography Adams, Matthew; O'Connor, David (2003), "The Royal mortuary enclosures of Abydos and Hierakonpolis", in Hawass, Zahi, The treasures of the pyramids, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 78–85. Amiran, Ruth (1974), "An Egyptian jar fragment with the name of Narmer from Arad", IEJ, 24, 1: 4–12 Amiran, R.; Ilan, O.; Aron, C. (1983), "Excavations at Small Tel Malhata: Three Narmer serekhs", IEJ, 2: 75–83. Anđelković, B (1995), The Relations Between Early Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians, Belgrade: Faculty of Philosophy, Center for archaeological Research, ISBN 978-86-80269-17-7. ——— (2011), "Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period", in Teeter, E, Before the Pyramids, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, ISBN 978-1-885923-82-0. Baines, J (1995), "Origins of Egyptian Kingship", in O’Connor, D; Silverman, DP, Ancient Egyptian Kingship, Leiden, New York, Cologne: EJ Brill, pp. 95–156, ISBN 978-90-04-10041-1. Baines, John
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer#See_also;
   Note: Narmer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Narmer Menes Close-up view of Narmer on the Narmer Palette Close-up view of Narmer on the Narmer Palette Pharaoh Reign c. 32nd or 31st century BC(?) (1st Dynasty) Predecessor Ka (most likely), or possibly Scorpion II Successor Hor-Aha Royal titulary Consort Uncertain: possibly Neithhotep Children Uncertain: probably Hor-Aha ♂ Uncertain: possibly Neithhotep ♀ Burial Chambers B17 and B18, Umm el-Qa'ab Narmer was an ancient Egyptian king of the Early Dynastic Period.[1] He probably was the successor to the Protodynastic king Ka, or possibly Scorpion. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty, and in turn the first king of a unified Egypt. Contents 1 Historical identity 2 Name 3 Reign 3.1 Possible identification with Menes 3.2 Narmer and the unification of Egypt 3.3 Narmer in Canaan 3.4 Neithhotep 4 Tomb and artifacts 4.1 Tomb 4.2 Artifacts 4.3 Nag el-Hamdulab 5 In popular culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Historical identity Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing debates, although the dominant opinion among Egyptologists identifies Narmer with the pharaoh Menes, who is renowned in the ancient Egyptian written records as the first king, and the unifier of Ancient Egypt. Narmer's identification with Menes is based on the Narmer Palette (which shows Narmer as the unifier of Egypt) and the two necropolis seals from the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery of Abydos that show him as the first king of the First Dynasty. The date commonly given for the beginning of Narmer's reign is c. 3100 BC.[2][3] Other mainstream estimates, using both the historical method and radiocarbon dating, are in the range c. 3273–2987 BC.[a] Name The complete spelling of Narmer's name consists of the hieroglyphs for a catfish (n'r)[1] and a chisel (mr), hence the reading "Narmer" (using the rebus principle). This word is sometimes translated as "raging catfish".[4] However, there is no consensus on this reading. Other translations include ″angry, fighting, fierceful, painful, furious, bad, evil, biting, menacing″, or "stinging catfish".[5][6][7] Some scholars have taken entirely different approaches to reading the name that do not include "catfish" in the name at all,[8][9][10] but these approaches have not been generally accepted. Rather than incorporating both hieroglyphs, Narmer's name is often shown in an abbreviated form with just the catfish symbol, sometimes stylized, even, in some cases, represented by just a horizontal line.[11] This simplified spelling appears to be related to the formality of the context. In every case that a serekh is shown on a work of stone, or an official seal impression, it has both symbols. But, in most cases, where the name is shown on a piece of pottery or a rock inscription, just the catfish, or a simplified version of it appears. Two alternative spellings of Narmer's name have also been found. On a mud sealing from Tarkhan, the symbol for the ṯꜣj-bird (Gardiner sign G47 "duckling") has been added to the two symbols for ″Narmer″ within the serekh. This has been interpreted as meaning "Narmer the masculine";[12] however, according to Ilona Regulski,[13] "The third sign (the [ṯꜣj]-bird) is not an integral part of the royal name since it occurs so infrequently." Godron[14] suggested that the extra sign is not part of the name, but was put inside the serekh for compositional convenience. In addition, two necropolis seals from Abydos show the name in a unique way: While the chisel is shown conventionally where the catfish would be expected, there is a symbol that has been interpreted by several scholars as an animal skin.[15] According to Dreyer, it is probably a catfish with a bull's tail, similar to the image of Narmer on the Narmer Palette in which he is shown wearing a bull's tail as a symbol of power.[16] Reign Possible identification with Menes Reconstruction of the Narmer-Menes Seal impression from Abydos Naqada Label reconstruction Garstang 1905, p. 62, fig3 Although highly interrelated, the questions of "who was Menes?" and "who unified Egypt?" are actually two separate issues. Narmer is often credited with the unification of Egypt by means of the conquest of Lower Egypt by Upper Egypt. While Menes is traditionally considered the first king of Ancient Egypt, Narmer has been identified by the majority of Egyptologists as the same person as Menes. Although vigorously debated (Hor-Aha, Narmer's successor, is the primary alternative identified as Menes by many authorities), the predominant opinion is that Narmer was Menes.[b] The issue is confusing because "Narmer" is a Horus name while "Menes" is a Sedge and Bee name (personal or birth name). All of the King Lists which began to appear in the New Kingdom era list the personal names of the kings, and almost all begin with Menes, or begin with divine and/or semi-divine rulers, with Menes as the first "human king". The difficulty is aligning the contemporary archaeological evidence which lists Horus Names with the King Lists that list personal names. Two documents have been put forward as proof either that Narmer was Menes or alternatively Hor-Aha was Menes. The first is the "Naqada Label" which shows a serekh of Hor-Aha next to an enclosure inside of which are symbols that have been interpreted by some scholars as the name "Menes". The second is the seal impression from Abydos that alternates between a serekh of Narmer and the chessboard symbol, "mn", which is interpreted as an abbreviation of Menes. Arguments have been made with regard to each of these documents in favour of Narmer or Hor-Aha being Menes, but in neither case, are the arguments conclusive.[c] The second document, the seal impression from Abydos, shows the serekh of Narmer alternating with the gameboard sign (mn) sign, together with its phonetic compliment, the n sign, which is always shown when the full name of Menes is written, again representing the name “Menes”. At first glance, this would seem to be strong evidence that Narmer was Menes.[21] However, based on an analysis of other early First Dynasty seal impressions, which contain the name of one or more princes, the seal impression has been interpreted by other scholars as showing the name of a prince of Narmer named Menes, hence Menes was Narmer's successor, Hor-Aha, and thus Hor-Aha was Menes.[22] This was refuted by Cervelló-Autuori 2005, pp. 42–45; but opinions still vary, and the seal impression cannot be said to definitively support either theory.[23] Necropolis seal impression of Qa'a Dreyer 1987, p. 36, fig.3 Two necropolis sealings, found in 1985 and 1991 in Abydos, in or near the tombs of Den[24] and Qa'a,[25] show Narmer as the first king on each list, followed by Hor-Aha. The Qa'a sealing lists all eight of the kings of what scholars now call the First Dynasty in the correct order, starting with Narmer. These necropolis sealings are strong evidence that Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty—hence is the same person as Menes.[26] Narmer and the unification of Egypt The famous Narmer Palette, discovered by James E. Quibell in the 1897–1898 season at Hierakonpolis,[27] shows Narmer wearing the crown of Upper Egypt on one side of the palette, and the crown of Lower Egypt on the other side, giving rise to the theory that Narmer unified the two lands.[28] Since its discovery, however, it has been debated whether the Narmer Palette represents an actual historic event or is purely symbolic.[d] Of course, the Narmer Palette could represent an actual historical event while at the same time having a symbolic significance. In 1993, Günter Dreyer discovered a "year label" of Narmer at Abydos, depicting the same event that is depicted on the Narmer Palette. In the First Dynasty, years were identified by the name of the king and an important event that occurred in that year. A "year label" was typically attached to a container of goods and included the name of the king, a description or representation of the event that identified the year, and a description of the attached goods. This year label shows that the Narmer Palette depicts an actual historical event.[29] Support for this conclusion (in addition to Dreyer) includes Wilkinson[30] and Davies & Friedman.[31] Although this interpretation of the year label is the dominant opinion among Egyptologists, there are exceptions including Baines[32] and Wengrow.[33] Archaeological evidence suggests that Egypt was at least partially unified during the reigns of Ka and Iry-Hor (Narmer's immediate predecessors), and perhaps as early as Scorpion I (several generations before Iry-Hor).Tax collection is probably documented for Ka[34] and Iry-Hor.[35] The evidence for a role for Scorpion I in Lower Egypt comes from his tomb Uj in Abydos (Upper Egypt), where labels were found identifying goods from Lower Egypt.[36] These are not tax documents, however, so they are probably indications of trade rather than subjugation. There is a substantial difference in the quantity and distribution of inscriptions with the names of those earlier kings in Lower Egypt and Canaan (which was reached through Lower Egypt), compared to the inscriptions of Narmer. Ka's inscriptions have been found in three sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.[37] Iry-Hor inscriptions have also been found in two sites in Lower Egypt and one in Canaan.[37][38] This must be compared to Narmer, whose serekhs have been found in ten sites in Lower Egypt and nine sites in Canaan (see discussion in "Tomb and Artifacts" section). This demonstrates a qualitative difference between Narmer's role in Lower Egypt compared to his two immediate predecessors. There is no evidence in Lower Egypt of any Upper Egyptian king's presence before Iry-Hor. The archaeological evidence suggest that the unification began before Narmer, but was completed by him through the
   Page: This is his biography.
   
2. Title: The Book of Abraham
   Author: "The Book of Abraham." Churchofjesuschrist https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/abr/1?lang=eng. Accessed 12 Oct. 2021.
   Publication: Name: https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/abr/1?lang=eng;
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3. Title: Pharaoh with Mitzrayim
   Publication: Name: https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-1-268953551-1-235414/pharaoh-in-myheritage-family-trees?fspid=G48Z-LXF;