Peli King of Awan

• Preferred Name: Peli King of Awan^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: G3QF-RFD
  
• Alternate+Dates+of+Reign: 2630 BC-2600 BC (not exact date) with note: Ancient Middle East Website > famous leaders of the Cities in the Ancient Middle East: Kur-Ish-shak
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of AwanBET 2430 BC AND 2340 BC with note: -- Main Kings in Mesopotamia -- Wikiwand: List of rulers of Elam -- Wikiwand: Awan dynasty
  
• Death: Y
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Peli was the first known King of the Awan dynasty. He ruled about 2500 BC. The Kings of Awan were the first in Elam to leave a royal list, which suggests that they were one of the very first Elamite kingdoms to emerge.
  
  -- AntikForever: P

1. Title: Elam complete king list Chardolaomer
   Author: Elam complete king list Chardolaomer http://sunofchedorlaomer.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Dynasty_Rulers http://sunofchedorlaomer.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Dynasty_RulersSunofchedorlaomer
   Publication: Name: http://joycebayhistory.blogspot.com/2015/01/elam-complete-king-list-chardolaomer.html;
   Note: Elam complete king list Chardolaomer The Following is a list of Imperial Dynasty sovereigns ruling in the Kingdom of Elam. Contents Pre Unification Rulers Kings of "Old Susa"Edit Nahhunte-Napir I. 4705-4669 BC . Nahhunte-Napir II. 4669-4649 BC . Nahhunte-Napir III. 4649-4621 BC . Upurkupak-Napir I. 4621-4607 BC . Nahhunte-Napir IV. 4607-4578 BC . Upurkupak-Napir II. 4578-4544 BC . Nahhunte-Napir V. 4544-4525 BC . Nahhunte-Tepti I. 4525-4505 BC . Nahhunte-Napir VI. 4505-4482 BC . Nahhunte-Temti I. 4482-4460 BC . Upurkupak-Temti I. 4460-4441 BC . Upurkupak-Napir III. 4441-4415 BC . Upurkupak-Tepti I. 4415-4391 BC . Mashti-Napir I. 4391-4372 BC . Upurkupak-Temti II. 4372-4352 BC . Nahhunte-Temti II. 4352-4326 BC . Nahhunte-Tepti II. 4326-4309 BC . Upurkupak-Napir IV. 4309-4283 BC . Mashti-Napir II. 4283-4265 BC . Upurkupak-Ishshak I. 4265-4248 BC . Upurkupak-Temti III. 4248-4229 BC . Nahhunte-Temti III. 4229-4212 BC . Mashti-Napir III. 4212-4199 BC . Upurkupak-Napir V. 4199-4183 BC . Upurkupak-Tepti II. 4183-4167 BC . Nahhunte-Tepti III. 4167-4151 BC . Upurkupak-Temti IV. 4151-4136 BC . Upurkupak-Ishshak II. 4136-4118 BC . Mashti-Napir IV. 4118-4093 BC . Upurkupak-Napir VI. 4093-4062 BC . Nahhunte-Tepti IV. 4062-4049 BC . Upurkupak-Temti V. 4049-4034 . Mashti-Napir V. 4034-4016 BC . Upurkupak-Tepti III. 4016-4008 BC . Upurkupak-Napir VII. 4008-3996 BC . Upurkupak-Ishshak III. 3996-3969 BC . Nahhunte-Tepti V. 3969-3957 BC . Mashti-Tepti IV. 3957-3938 BC . Nahhunte-Temti IV. 3938-3926 BC . Upurkupak-Napir VIII. 3926-3924 BC . Mashti-Napir VI. 3924-3919 BC . Nahhunte-Napir VII. 3919-3908 BC . . Humban Kirmashir-Napir 3908-3901 BC . Kirmashir-Napir I. 3901-3865 BC . Kiririsha I. Queen of „old“ Susa 3865-3854 BC . Kirmashir-Temti I. 3854-3834 BC . Kirmashir-Tepti I. 3834-3817 BC . Kirmashir-Napirisha I. 3817-3802 BC . Kirmashir-Temti II. 3802-3784 BC . Kirmashir-Tepti II. 3784-3759 BC . Kirmashir-Napir II. 3759-3730 BC . Kirmashir-Tepti III. 3730-3713 BC . Kirmashir-Napirisha II. 3713-3692 BC . Kiririsha II. Queen of „old“ Susa 3692-3685 BC . Kirmashir-Temti III. 3685-3669 BC . Kirmashir-Tepti IV. 3669-3640 BC . Kirmashir-Napir III. last King of old Susa 3658-3640 BC . City destroyed by the earthquake of 3640 BC . Kings who lived in tents (Susa) Hutran I. 3640-3627 BC . Hutran II. 3627-3606 BC . Mashti-Ishshak I. 3606-3582 BC . Napirisha Queen of Susa 3582-3573 BC . She was the last recorded female monarch from the ruling house . Hutran III. 3573-3558 BC . Mashti-Ishshak II. 3558-3540 BC . Nahhunte-Ishshak 3540-3526 BC . Mashti-Ishshak (III.) last of the kings who lived in tents“ 3526-3511 . Priest Kings of Susa Humban Inshushinak 3511-3486 BC Inshushinak I. 3486-3467 BC . Inshushinak II. 3467-3450 BC . Inshushinak III. 3450-3425 BC . Inshushinak IV. 3425-3408 BC . Inshushinak V. 3408-3389 BC . Inshushinak VI. 3389-3376 BC . Inshushinak VII. 3376-3357 BC . Inshushinak VIII. 3357-3341 BC . Inshushinak IX. 3341-3322 BC . Inshushinak Ishshak 3322-3310 BC . Inshushinak Nikash 3310-3302 BC . Humban I. 3302-3284 BC . Humban II. 3284-3268 BC . Humban III. 3268-3250 BC . Humban IV. 3250-3231 BC . Humban V. 3231-3212 BC . Humban VI. 3212-3198 BC . Humban VII. last ceremonial priest king of Susa 3198-3170 BC . Ruling Princes of Susa Humban-Nikash I. 3170-3158 BC . Humban-Nikash II. 3158-3141 BC . Humban-Nikash III. 3141-3118 BC . Humban-Nikash IV. 3118-3104 BC . Humban-Nikash V. 3104-3097 BC . Humban-Nikash VI. 3097-3086 BC . Shalabum 3086-3079 BC . Kings of Susa Libum 3077-3062 BC . Tata I. 3062-3044 BC . Kur-Ishshak I. 3044-3039 BC . Tata II. 3039-3024 . Peli. King of Susa 3024-3020 and King of Susa and Awan 3020-3017 . Kur-Ishshak II. King of Susa and Awan 3017-2999 BC . Acina I. King of Susa and Awan 2999-2980 BC . Humban-Tahrah I. King of Susa and Awan 2980-2968, King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2968-2959 BC . Ummanunu I. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2959-2930 BC . Ummanunu II. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2930-2910 BC . Ummanunu III. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2910-2890 BC . Pa'e I. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2890-2875 BC . Humban-Tahrah II. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2875-2866 BC . Acina II. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2866-2851 BC . Humban-Tahrah III. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2851-2844 BC . Ummanunu IV. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2844-2833, King of Susa and Anshan 2833-2827 BC . Acina III. King of Susa and Anshan 2827-2824 BC . Humban-Tahrah IV. King of Susa and Anshan 2824-2818 BC . Ummanunu V. King of Susa and Anshan 2818-2806, King of Susa and Awan 2806-2791, Regent: Peli Girnamme 2818-2813 BC . Pa'e II. King of Susa and Awan 2791-2788 BC . Ummanunu VI. King of Susa and Awan 2788-2778 ,was King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2778-2762 BC . Ummanunu VII. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2769-2752 BC . Humban-Tahrah V. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2752-2728 BC . Acina IV. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2728-2725 BC . Ur-Ishkur I. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2725-2718 BC . Ummanunu VIII. King of Susa, Anshan and Awan 2718-2710, then King of Susa and Awan 2710-2703 . Pepi I. King of Susa and Awan 2703-2690 BC . Pepi II. King of Susa and Awan 2690-2682 BC . Humban-Shutur I. King of Susa and Awan 2682-2669 BC, king of Susa 2669-2667 BC . Hatanish I. King of Susa 2667-2645 BC, with: Imazu I., King of Susa 2667-2660 BC . Ur-Ishkur II. King of Susa 2645-2640 , King of Susa and Awan 2640-2636 BC . Warad-Nannar I. King of Susa and Awan 2636-2622 BC . Pepi III. the Holy , King of Susa and Awan 2622-2613 BC . Humban-Shutur II. King of Susa and Awan 2613-2607 BC . Hatanish II. King of Susa and Awan 2607-2590 BC . Shinpi-hish-huk I., King of Susa and Awan 2590-2587 BC, with: Imazu II. King of Susa and Awan, only King of Susa as sole king 2588-2584 BC . Warad-Nannar II. King of Susa 2584-2577 BC . Humban-Shutur III. King of Susa 2577-2568 BC . Hatanish III. King of Susa 2568-2562 BC . Luh-Ishshan I. King of Susa 2562-2556 BC . Shinpi-hish-huk II. King of Susa 2556-2539 . Autalummash I. King of Susa 2539-2534 BC . Imazu III. King of Susa 2534-2528 BC . Warad-Nannar III. King of Susa 2528-2523 BC . Napi-Ilhush I. King of Susa 2523-2519 BC . (See also Kings of Awan, Kings of Anshan, Kings of Shimashki, Kings of Hidali, Kings of Malamir, Kings of Suda, Kings of Der, Kings of Bit-Imbi, Kings of Kiprat, Kings of Uru'aza and Governors and Kings of Iabrad) (See also Kings of Admah, Kings of Tuwanuwa and Kummani, Kings of Taisama, Kings of Emar, Kings of Durhumit and Kings of Ampi in Byblos. Vasal kings in Susa, under the sovereignity of Lagash Luh-Ishshan II. 2519-2512 Autalummash II. 2512-2496 . Luh-Ishshan III. 2496-2488 . Helu I. 2488-2473 . Autalummash III. 2473-2469 . Hishep-Ratep I. 2469-2451 . Kikku-Siwe-Temti I. 2451-2435 BC . Helu II. 2435-2425 BC . Hishep-Ratep II. 2425-2418 BC . Autalummash IV. 2418-2412 BC . Shushun-Tarana 2412-2395 BC . Humban-Hapua I. 2395-2371 . Kikku-Siwe-Temti II. 2371-2350 . Kutir-Lakamar 2350-2335 BC . Napi-Ilhush II. 2335-2332 BC . Hishep-Ratep III. 2332-2328 BC . Humban-Hapua II. 2328-2299 . Hishutash 2299-2274 BC . Peli (II) 2274-2269 BC . Humban-Hapua III. King of Susa under Lagash 2269-2258 BC, King of Anshan under Lagash 2260-2256 BC . Ukku-Tanhish briefly king of Susa under Lagash in 2258 BC . Eparti I King of Susa, under the overlordship of Lagash, 2258-2250 BC Kings of Elam Eparti I 2250-2230 BC . Idaddu I. 2230-2208 BC . Idaddu II. 2208-2205 BC . Tazitta I. 2205-2196 BC . Idaddu III. 2196-2195 BC . Idaddu IV. 2195-2188 BC . Eparti II. 2188-2180 BC . Idaddu V. The Great 2180-2170 BC . Tan-Ruharater I. 2170-2160 BC . Eparti III. 2160-2159 BC . Tazitta II. 2159-2158 BC . Kindattu I. 2158 BC with..... Kindattu II. 2158 BC . Tan-Ruharater II. 2158-2156 opposed by : Kindattu III. 2158-2155 BC with : Idaddu VI. 2158-2157 BC and with Tazitta III. 2158-2156 BC . Hutran-tepti I. 2155-2152 with : Idaddu VII. 2155-2154 and then : Idaddu VIII. 2154-2151 BC . Eparti IV. 2151-2148 BC . Lurak-lukhkhan I. 2148-2141 BC . Kindattu IV. 2141-2138 BC with : Tazitta IV. 2141-2139 BC . Hutran-tepti II. 2138-2130 BC . Girnamme I. 2130-2120 BC . Idaddu-napir I. 2120-2106 BC . Tan-Ruharater III. 2106-2098 BC . Idaddu-temti I. 2098-2089 BC . Kidinu I. 2089-2081 BC . Tazitta V. 2081-2077 with ... Kidin-Hutran I. 2081-2079 BC and then .... Idaddu-napir II. 2079-2077 opossed by .... Idaddu-temti II. 2081-2077 . Hutran-tepti III. 2077-2076 BC . Tazitta VI. 2076-2075 BC . Tazitta VII. 2075-2074 BC . Girnamme II. 2074-2073 BC . Lurak-lukhkhan II. 2073-2070 BC . Kidin-Hutran II. 2070-2055 BC . Unpahash-Napirisha I. 2055-2043 BC . Idaddu-napir III. 2043-2035 BC with: Kunnam Idaddu-napir 2040-2035 BC . Hutran-tepti IV. 2035-2016 BC . Idaddu IX. 2016-2015 BC . Kidinu II. 2015-2013 BC . Chedorlaomer I the Insurpassible 2013-2002 BC (1987) Emperor of the World Empire of Chedorlaomer Chedorlaomer I. the Insurpassible (2013)2002-1987 BC . Chedorlaomer II . 1987-1983 BC . Chedorlaomer III . 1983-1971 BC . Kidin-Hutran III . 1971-1970 BC . Chedorlaomer IV . 1970-1960 BC . Khallutush-Inshushinak I . 1960-1955 BC . Shimpi’ishhuk Girnamme 1955-1954 BC . Chedorlaomer V. 1954-1944 BC . Hutran-tepti V. 1944-1933 BC . Chedorlaomer VI. 1933-1929 BC . Chedorlaomer VII. 1929-1922 BC . Idaddu X. 1922-1917 BC . Unpahash-Napirisha II. 1917-1905 BC . Chedorlaomer VIII. 1905-1902 BC . Idaddu-napir IV. 1902-1892 BC . Tazitta VIII. 1892-1888 BC . Kidinu III. 1888-1876 BC . Chedorlaomer IX. 1876-1867 BC with: Peli III 1871-1865 BC . Chedorlaomer X. 1865-1851 BC . Chedorlaomer XI. 1851-1845 BC . Kidin-Hutran IV. 1845-1830 BC . Girnamme III. 1830-1827 BC . Idaddu-napir V. 1827-1819 BC . Enammuna I 1819-1817 BC opposed by Chedorlaomer XII. 1819-1804 BC . Kidinu Imazu 1804 BC with: Kidinu IV. 1804-1798 BC opposed by: Indasu I/Indasu III Ensi of Anshan 1803-1792, opposed by: Chedorlaomer XIII. 1798-1779 BC . Kidin-Hutran V. 1779-1770 BC . Indasu Kuk-Inzu 1770 BC held the throne(s) three months, eventually opposed and swiftly dethroned by:
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Awan
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Awan;
   Note: Awan may refer to: Places . Awan (region), a town in Guna district, Madhya Pradesh, India . Awan, Bhulath, a village in Kapurthala district, Punjab, India . Awans, a Belgian municipality in the Walloon province of Liège Other uses . "Awan" (Kuwait), a newspaper . Awan (religious figure), the wife and sister of Cain . Awan (surname), including a list of people with the name . Awan (tribe), a Punjabi Muslim ethnic group . Awan dynasty, an Elamite dynasty of Iran . Awan languages, spoken in South America
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: Awan dynasty
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Awan_dynasty;
   Note: The Awan Dynasty(Sumerian: 𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠, awan) was the first dynasty of Elam of which anything is known today, appearing at the dawn of historical record. The Dynasty corresponds to the early part of the Old Elamite period (dated c.2700 – c. 1600 BC), it was succeeded by the Shimashki Dynasty (2200-1900 BC) and later the Sukkalmah Dynasty. The Elamites were likely major rivals of neighboring Sumer from remotest antiquity; they were said to have been defeated by Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 25th century BC), who is the earliest archaeologically attested Sumerian king, as well as by a later monarch, Eannatum I of Lagash. Awan was a city or possibly a region of Elam whose precise location is not certain, but it has been variously conjectured to be north of Susa, in south Luristan, close to Dezful, or Godin Tepe. Elam and Sumer According to the "Sumerian King List," a dynasty from Awan exerted hegemony in Sumer at one time. It mentions three Awan kings, who supposedly reigned for a total of 356 years. Their names have not survived on the extant copies, apart from the partial name of the third king, "Ku-ul...", who it says ruled for 36 years. This information is not considered reliable, but it does suggest that Awan had political importance in the 3rd millennium BC. A royal list found at Susa gives 12 names of the kings in the Awan dynasty. As there are very few other sources for this period, most of these names are not certain. Little more of these kings' reigns is known, but Elam seems to have kept up a heavy trade with the Sumerian city-states during this time, importing mainly foods, and exporting cattle, wool, slaves and silver, among other things. A text of the time refers to a shipment of tin to the governor of the Elamite city of Urua, which was committed to work the material and return it in the form of bronze — perhaps indicating a technological edge enjoyed by the Elamites over the Sumerians. It also is known that the Awan kings carried out incursions in Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder. Events become a little clearer at the time of the Akkadian Empire (c. 2300 BC), when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the Iranian plateau. Sargon of Akkad boasted of defeating a "Luh-ishan king of Elam, son of Hishiprashini," and mentions plunder seized from Awan, among other places. Luhi-ishan is the eighth king on the Awan king-list, while his father's name "Hishiprashini" is a variant of that of the ninth listed king, Hishepratep - indicating either a different individual, or if the same, that the order of kings on the Awan king list has been jumbled. Sargon's son and successor, Rimush, is said to have conquered Elam, defeating its king who is named as Emahsini. Emahsini's name does not appear on the Awan kinglist, but the Rimush inscriptions claim that the combined forces of Elam and Warahshe, led by General Sidgau, were defeated at a battle "on the middle river between Awan and Susa." Scholars have adduced a number of such clues that Awan and Susa were probably adjoining territories. With these defeats, the low-lying, westerly parts of Elam became a vassal of Akkad centred at Susa. This is confirmed by a document of great historical value, a peace treaty signed between Naram-Sin of Akkad and an unnamed king or governor of Awan, probably Khita or Helu. It is the oldest document written in Elamite cuneiform that has been found. Although Awan was defeated, the Elamites were able to avoid total assimilation. The capital of Anshan, located in a steep and mountainous area, was never reached by Akkad. The Elamites remained a major source of tension, that would contribute to destabilizing the Akkadian state, until it finally collapsed under Gutian pressure. Reign of Kutik-Inshushinak, the height of Awan When the Akkadian empire started to break down around 2240 BC, it was Kutik-Inshushinak (or Puzur-Inshushinak), the governor of Susa on behalf of Akkad, who liberated Awan and Elam, ascending to the throne. By this time, Susa had started to gain influence in Elam (later, Elam would be called Susiana), and the city began to be filled with temples and monuments. Kutik-Inshushinak next defeated Kimash and Hurtum (neighboring towns rebelling against him), destroying 70 cities in a day. Next he established his position as king, defeating all his rivals and taking Anshan, the capital. Not content with this, he launched a campaign of devastation throughout northern Sumer, seizing such important cities as Eshnunna. When he finally conquered Akkad he was declared king of the four quarters, owner of the known world. Later, Ur-Nammu of Ur, founder of the 3rd dynasty of Ur defeated Elam, ending the dynasty of Awan. Kutik-Inshushinak's work was not only as a conqueror; he created Elam's organization and the administrative structure. He extended the temple of Inshushinak, where he erected a statue of her. After his defeat, the Awan dynasty disappears from history, probably cut down by the Guti or Lullubi tribes that then sowed disorder in Mesopotamia and the Zagros, and Elam was left in the hands of the Shimashki dynasty. Postscript: Awan and Anshan? The toponym "Awan" only occurs once more following the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak, in a year-name of Ibbi-Sin of Ur. The name Anshan, on the other hand, which only occurs once before this time (in an inscription of Manishtushu), becomes increasingly more commonplace beginning with king Gudea of Lagash, who claimed to have conquered it around the same time. It has accordingly been conjectured that Anshan not only replaced Awan as one of the major divisions of Elam, but that it also included the same territory. Awan king list 1. Peli 2. Tata, 3. Ukku-Tanhish, 4. Hishutash, 5. Shushun-Tarana, 6. Napi-Ilhush, 7. Kikku-Siwe-Temti, 8. Luhi-ishshan, [contemporary with Sargon of Akkad] 9. Hishep-Ratep 10. Helu 11. Hita 12. Puzur-Inshushinak [contemporary with Ur-Nammu] "Twelve kings of Awan." Elamite Governors of Susa under Akkadian rule . Sanam-Shimut (until c. 2325 BC) . Zinuba (until c. 2315 BC) . Epirmupi (from c. 2315 BC) . (contemporary with Manishtusu king of Akkad) . Eshpum (cont. with Manishtusu king of Akkad) . Uba (cont. with Manishtusu king of Akkad) . Enammuna (cont. with Naram-Sin king of Akkad) . Ur-Ili-Adad . Ilishmani . Shinpi-hish-huk . Kutik-Inshushinak
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: List of rulers of Elam
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_rulers_of_Elam;
   Note: This is a list of rulers of Elam from earliest times to the Persian Empire. All dates are middle chronology. Elamite Empire, c. 2700 – 650 BC The Elamites were a people located in southwestern Iran, in what is now Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared. Name Portrait Title Born-Died Entered office Left office Family Relations Note Old Elamite Period, c. 2700–c. 1500 BC Early Elamite kings, c. 2700–c. 2600 BC Awan dynasty,[1][2][3] c. 2600–2078 BC 3 The unnamed King of Awan King of Awan ?–? c. 2580 BC ? ? contemporary with the last king of the first dynasty of Uruk[4] 4 ...Lu King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 5 Kur-Ishshak King of Awan ?–? ? c. 2550 BC ? 36 years. contemporary with Lugal-Anne-Mundu king of Adab & Ur-Nanshe king of Lagash 6 Peli King of Awan ?–? c. 2500 BC ? ? 7 Tata I King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 8 Ukku-Tanhish King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 9 Hishutash King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 10 Shushun-Tarana King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 11 Napi-Ilhush King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 12 Kikku-Siwe-Temti King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 13 Hishep-Ratep I King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 14 Luh-Ishshan King of Awan ?–c. 2325 BC ? c. 2325 BC Son of Hishep-Ratep I 15 Hishep-Ratep II King of Awan ?–? c. 2325 BC ? Son of Luh-Ishshan 16 Emahsini[5] King of Awan ?–2311 BC c. 2315 BC 2311 BC 17 Helu King of Awan ?–? ? ? ? 18 Hita King of Awan ?–? c. 2270 BC c. 2270 BC ? contemporary of Naram-Sin king of Akkad 19 Kutik-Inshushinak[6] King of Awan ?–? c. 2100 BC c. 2100 BC son of Shinpi-hish-huk contemporary of Ur-Nammu king of Ur. Susa conquered by Ur troops in 2078 and 2016 BC Shimashki Dynasty,[7][8] c. 2100–c. 1928 BC 20 The unnamed king of Simashki king of Simashki ?–c. 2100 BC ? c. 2100 BC ? cont. Kutik-Inshushinak king of Awan 21 Gir-Namme I king of Simashki ?–? ? ? ? 22 Tazitta I king of Simashki ?–? c. 2040 BC[5] c. 2037 BC[5] ? 23 Eparti I king of Simashki ?–? ? c. 2033 BC[5] ? 24 Gir-Namme II king of Simashki ?–? c. 2033 BC ? ? 25 Tazitta II king of Simashki ?–? ? ? ? 26 Lurak-Luhhan king of Simashki ?–2022 BC c. 2028 BC 2022 BC ? 27 Hutran-Temti king of Simashki ?–? ? ? ? 28 Indattu-Inshushinak I king of Simashki ?–2016 BC ? 2016 BC son of Hutran-Temti 29 Kindattu king of Simashki ?–? before 2006 BC after 2005 BC son of Tan-Ruhuratir conqueror of Ur 30 Indattu-Inshushinak II king of Simashki ?–? c. 1980 BC ? son of Pepi[6] cont. Shu-Ilishu king of Isin & Bilalama king of Eshnunna 32 Tan-Ruhuratir I king of Simashki ?–? c. 1965 BC ? son of Indattu-Inshushinnak II cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin 33 Indattu-Inshushinak III king of Simashki ?–? ? ? son of Tan-Ruhuratir I more than 3 years 35 Indattu-Napir king of Simashki ?–? ? ? ? 36 Indattu-Temti king of Simashki ?–? ? 1928? BC ? Sukkalmah/ Epartid dynasty,[9] c. 1970–c. 1500 BC 31 Eparti II king of Anshan & Susa, Sukkalmah ?–? c. 1973 BC ? Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.[10] cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin 34 Shilhaha king of Anshan & Susa, Sukkalmah ?–? ? ? son of Eparti II 37 Kuk-Nashur I Sukkalmah ?–? ? ? son (ruhushak)[11] of Shilhaha 38 Atta-hushu Sukkal and Ippir of Susa, Shepherd of the people of Susa, Shepherd of Inshushinak ?–after 1894 BC ?1928 BC after 1894 BC son of Kuk-Nashur I (?) 39 Tetep-Mada Shepherd of the people of Susa ?–? after c. 1890 BC ? son of Kuk-Nashur I (?) 40 Palar-Ishshan Sukkalmah ?–? ? ? ? 41 Kuk-Sanit ?–? ? ? son of Palar-Ishshan (?) 42 Kuk-Kirwash Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa ?–? ? ? son of Lan-Kuku & nephew of Palar-Ishshan 43 Tem-Sanit ?–? ? ? son of Kuk-Kirwash 44 Kuk-Nahhunte ?–? ? ? son of Kuk-Kirwash 45 Kuk-Nashur II Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa ?–? ? ? son of Kuk-Nahhunte (?) 46 Shirukduh Sukkalmah ?–? c. 1790 BC ? ? cont. Shamshi-Adad I king of Assyria 47 Shimut-Wartash I ?–? ? ? son of Shirukduh 48 Siwe-Palar-Hupak Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa, Prince of Elam ?–? before 1765 BC after 1765 BC son of Shirukduh 49 Kuduzulush I Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa ?–? ? ? son of Shirukduh 50 Kutir-Nahhunte I Sukkalmah ?–? c. 1710 BC ? son of Kuduzulush I 51 Atta-Merra-Halki ?–? ? ? son of Kuduzulush I (?) 52 Tata II Sukkal ?–? ? ? brother of Atta-Merra-Halki 53 Lila-Irtash ?–? ? ? son of Kuduzulush I 54 Temti-Agun Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Susa ?–? ? ? son of Kutir-Nahhunte I 55 Kutir-Shilhaha Sukkalmah, Sukkal ?–? ? ? son of Temti-Agun 56 Kuk-Nashur III Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Susa ?–? before 1646 BC after 1646 BC son of Kutir-Shilhaha 57 Temti-Raptash ?–? ? ? son of Kutir-Shilhaha 58 Shimut-Wartash II ?–? ? ? son of Kuk-Nashur III 59 Shirtuh King of Susa ?–? ? ? son of Kuk-Nashur III 60 Kuduzulush II Sukkalmah, King of Susa ?–? ? ? son of Shimut-Wartash II 61 Tan-Uli Sukkalmah, Sukkal ?–? ? ? ? 62 Temti-Halki Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam and Simashki and Susa ?–? ? ? son of Tan-Uli 63 Kuk-Nashur IV[5] Sukkalmah ?–? ? ? son of Tan-Uli 64 Kutik-Matlat[4] ?–? c. 1500 BC ? son of Tan-Uli Middle Elamite Period, c. 1500–c. 1000 BC Kidinuid dynasty,[9] c. 1500–c. 1400 BC 65 Kidinu king of Anshan & Susa ?–? 15th century BC ? ? 66 Inshushinak-Sunkir-Nappipir king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? 67 Tan-Ruhuratir II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? 15th century BC ? ? 68 Shalla king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? 76 Temti-Ahar king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1370 BC ? ? cont. Kadashman-Enlil I Kassite king of Babylon Igehalkid dynasty,[9] c. 1400–c. 1200 BC 69 Ata-Halki[12] king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? 70 Attar-Kittah I[12] king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Ata-Halki 71 Ige-Halki king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? 72 Pahir-Ishshan I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1390 BC ? son of Ige-Halki cont. Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon 73 Kidin-Hutran I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Pahir-Ishshan I[13] 74 Attar-Kittah II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Ige-Halki 75 Humban-Numena I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1370 BC ? son of Attar-Kittah II cont. Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon 77 Untash-Napirisha or Untash-Humban king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1340 BC ? son of Humban-Numena I 78 Kidin-Hutran II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Untash-Naprisha[13] 79 Napirisha-Untash or Humban-Untash king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Kidin-Hutran II[13] 80 Pahir-Ishshan II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? 81 Unpatar-Napirisha or Unpatar-Humban king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Pahir-Ishshan II 82 Kidin-Hutran III king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1224 BC c. 1217 BC son of Pahir-Ishshan II cont. Enlil-nadin-shumi & Adad-shuma-iddina Kassite kings of Babylon[10] Shutrukid dynasty,[9] c. 1200–c. 970 BC 83 Hallutush-Inshushinak king of Anshan & Susa ?–? c. 1200 BC ? ? 84 Shutruk-Nahhunte I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? before c. 1158 BC after c. 1158 BC son of Hallutush-Inshushinak 85 Kutir-Nahhunte II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? before c. 1155 BC after c. 1155 BC son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I 86 Shilhak-Inshushinak I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I 87 Hutelutush-Inshushinak king of Anshan & Susa ?–? before c. 1110 BC after c. 1110 BC son of Kutir-Nahhunte II 88 Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar king of Anshan & Susa ?–? after 1110 BC ? son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I 89 Humban-Numena II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? early 11th century BC ? ? 90 Shutruk-Nahhunte II king of Anshan & Susa ?–? middle of 11th century BC ? son of Humban-Numena II 91 Shutur-Nahhunte I king of Anshan & Susa ?–? middle of 11th century BC ? son of Humban-Numena II Created the Kul-e Farah inscription 92 Mar-biti-apla-usur[14] "son" of Elam ?–? before 983 BC after 978 BC ? ? Akshir-Shimut king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? ? Akshir-Nahhunte king of Anshan & Susa ?–? ? ? ? ? Kara-Indash king of Elam ?–? ? ? ? Neo-Elamite Period, c. 1000–c. 500 BC Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite) dynasty,[15] c. 830–521 BC 96 The unnamed king of Elam king of Anshan & Susa ?–? before c. 821 BC after c. 821 BC ? cont. Shamshi-Adad V king of Assyria 97 Humban-Tahrah I king of Elam ?–743 BC ? 743 BC ? 98 Humban-Nikash I king of Elam ?–717 BC 743 BC 717 BC son of Humban-Tahrah I 99 Shutur-Nahhunte II king of Anshan & Susa ?–699 BC 717 BC 699 BC son (Ruhushak) of Humban-Nikash I 100 Hallushu-Inshushinak king of Anshan & Susa ?–oct. 693 BC 699 BC oct. 693 BC brother of Shutur-Nahhunte II 101 Kutir-Nahhunte III king of Anshan & Susa ?–July 692 BC oct. 693 BC July 692 BC son of Hallushu-Inshushinak 102 Humban-Numena III king of Anshan & Susa ?–feb. 688 BC July 692 BC feb. 688 BC son of Hallushu-Inshushinak 103 Humban-Haltash I king of Anshan & Susa ?–oct. 681 BC feb. 688 BC oct. 681 BC son of Humban-Numena III (?) 104 Humban-Haltash II king of Anshan & Susa ?–sept. 675 BC oct. 681 BC sept. 675 BC son of Humban-Haltash I 105 Urtak[16] king of Anshan & Susa ?–663 BC sept. 675 BC 664 BC[16] brother of Humban-Haltash II 106 Teumman king of Anshan & Susa ?–sept. 653 BC 663 BC sept. 653 BC 107 Humban-Nikash II king of Anshan & Susa ?–651 BC sept. 653 BC 651 BC son of Urtak 108 Tammaritu II king of Anshan & Susa ?–after 645/4 BC 652 BC 649 BC son of Humban-Hapua son of Urtak 109 Indabibi king of Anshan & Susa ?–after July 648 BC 649 BC after July 648 BC ? 110 Humban-haltash III king of Anshan & Susa ?–after 645/4 BC after July 648 BC 645/4 BC son of Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak 108 Tammaritu II king of Anshan & Susa ?–after 645/4 BC 647 BC 647 BC son of Humban-Hapua son of Urtak 111 Humban-Nikash III king of Anshan & Susa ?–after 645/4 BC 647 BC 647 BC son of Atta-Merra-Halki 112 Umhuluma king of Anshan & Susa ?–? 647 BC 647 BC ? 113 Indattu-Inshushinak IV king of Anshan & Susa ?–? 647 BC after autumn 646 BC ? 114 Humban-Hapua king of Anshan & Susa ?–? 647 BC 647 BC ? 115 Pa'e king of Anshan & Susa ?–after 645/4 BC autumn ..
   
5. Title: Ancient Middle East Website: Famous leaders of the Cities in the Ancient Middle East
   Publication: Name: https://sites.google.com/a/newington.nsw.edu.au/ancientmiddleeast6m2013/famous-leaders;
   Note: Leaders of Persia IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 1) In-Su-Kush-Siranna 2700-2670 BC (not exact date) 2) Humbaba 2670-2650 BC (not exact date) 3) Kur-Ish-shak 2640-2630 BC (not exact date) 4) Peli 2630-2600 BC (not exact date) 5) Emahsini 2400-2360 BC (not exact date) 6) Kurom 2230-2100 BC (not exact date) 7) Hublum 2100-240 BC (not exact date) Famous Leaders Cyrus the Great was the man who created what we call the Persian Empire by conquering many neighbors and mixing these towns and cities into one kingdom, with himself as emperor, of course. His reign lasted 30 years 559 BC – 530 BC. Xerxes overtook his father, Darius the Great, as emperor of the Persian Empire. He tried to invade Greece but failed, just like his father had. Xerxes was the fourth King of Persia. In Judeo-Christian tradition, Xerxes I is said to be the Persian king disguised as Ahasuerus in the biblical book of Esther. Hammurabi was an Amorite king who ruled much of Mesopotamia for a time and is famous for his famous set of laws, the Code of Hammurabi. He was the sixth and arguable the best king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC middle chronology. He became the first King of the Babylonian Empire. Current Leaders From Pakistan to Northwest Africa, and with a few exceptions along the way people of the Middle East are ruled by three varieties of leaders, all of them men: authoritarian men, men creeping toward the standard authoritarian model of Middle East rule, or men with more tendency for corruption than authority. The leaders didn't even get the good feeling that they were elected because they just took the job.
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Elam
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Elam;
   Note: Elam (/ˈiːləm/; Elamite: "𒁹𒄬𒆷𒁶𒋾," "haltamti"; Sumerian: "𒉏𒈠𒆠," "NIM.MAki"; Hebrew: "עֵילָם‎," "ʿÊlām"; Old Persian: "𐎢𐎺𐎩," "Ūvja") was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration "elam(a)," along with the later Akkadian "elamtu," and the Elamite "haltamti." Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature Elam was also known as Susiana (US: /ˌsuːʒiˈænə/ UK: /ˌsuːziˈɑːnə/; Ancient Greek: "Σουσιανή," "Sousiānḗ"), a name derived from its capital Susa. Elam was part of the early urbanization during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history, where slightly earlier records have been found. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role during the Persian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a language isolate unrelated to the much later arriving Persian and Iranic languages; however, some linguists hypothesize that Elamite and the Dravidian languages of India belong to the same language family. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matches, some historians argue that the Elamites comprise a large portion of the ancestors of the modern day Lurs, whose language, Luri, split from Middle Persian. Etymology The Elamite language endonym of Elam as a country appears to have been "Haltamti." Exonyms included the Sumerian names "NIM.MAki," "𒉏𒈠𒆠" and "ELAM," the Akkadian "Elamû" (masculine/neuter) and "Elamītu" (feminine) meant "resident of Susiana, Elamite." In prehistory, Elam was centered primarily in modern Khuzestān and Ilam. The name "Khuzestān" is derived ultimately from the Old Persian "Hūjiya" (Old Persian: "𐎢𐎺𐎩") meaning Susa/Elam. In Middle Persian this became "Huź," "Susiana," and in modern Persian "Xuz," compounded with the toponymic suffix "-stån" "place." Geography In geographical terms, Susiana basically represents the Iranian province of Khuzestan around the river Karun. In ancient times, several names were used to describe this area. The great ancient geographer Ptolemy was the earliest to call the area "Susiana," referring to the country around Susa. Another ancient geographer, Strabo, viewed Elam and Susiana as two different geographical regions. He referred to Elam ("land of the Elymaei") as primarily the highland area of Khuzestan. Disagreements over the location also exist in the Jewish historical sources says Daniel T. Potts. Some ancient sources draw a distinction between Elam as the highland area of Khuzestan, and Susiana as the lowland area. Yet in other ancient sources "Elam" and "Susiana" seem equivalent. The uncertainty in this area extends also to modern scholarship. Since the discovery of ancient Anshan, and the realization of its great importance in Elamite history, the definitions were changed again. Some modern scholars argued that the center of Elam lay at Anshan and in the highlands around it, and not at Susa in lowland Khuzistan. Potts disagrees suggesting that the term "Elam" was constructed primarily by the Mesopotamians to describe the area in general terms, without referring specifically either to the lowlanders or the highlanders, "Elam is not an Iranian term and has no relationship to the conception that the peoples of highland Iran had of themselves. They were Anshanites, Marhashians, Shimashkians, Zabshalians, Sherihumians, Awanites, etc. That Anshan played a leading role in the political affairs of the various highland groups inhabiting southwestern Iran is clear. But to argue that Anshan is coterminous with Elam is to misunderstand the artificiality and indeed the alienness of Elam as a construct imposed from without on the peoples of the southwestern highlands of the Zagros mountain range, the coast of Fars and the alluvial plain drained by the Karun-Karkheh river system." History Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly Mesopotamian (Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Babylonian) sources. The history of Elam is conventionally divided into three periods, spanning more than two millennia. The period before the first Elamite period is known as the proto-Elamite period: . Proto-Elamite: c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC (Proto-Elamite script in Susa) . Old Elamite period: c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC (earliest documents until the Sukkalmah Dynasty) . Middle Elamite period: c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa) . Neo-Elamite period: c. 1100 – 540 BC (characterized Assyrian and Median influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period.) Proto-Elamite (c. 3200 – c. 2700 BC) Main article: Proto-Elamite Proto-Elamite civilization grew up east of the Tigris and Euphrates alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam: Anshan (modern Fars Province), Awan (modern Lorestan Province) and Shimashki (modern Kerman). References to Awan are generally older than those to Anshan, and some scholars suggest that both states encompassed the same territory, in different eras (see Hanson, "Encyclopædia Iranica"). To this core Shushiana (modern Khuzestan) was annexed periodically and broken off. In addition, some Proto-Elamite sites are found well outside this area, spread out on the Iranian plateau; such as Warakshe, Sialk (now a suburb of the modern city of Kashan) and Jiroft in Kerman Province. The state of Elam was formed from these lesser states as a response to invasion from Sumer during the Old Elamite period. Elamite strength was based on an ability to hold these various areas together under a coordinated government that permitted the maximum interchange of the natural resources unique to each region. Traditionally, this was done through a federated governmental structure. The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation. During its early history, it fluctuated between submission to Mesopotamian and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22—17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the Uruk period. Proto-Elamite influence from the Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible from about 3200 BC, and texts in the still undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system continue to be present until about 2700 BC. The Proto-Elamite period ends with the establishment of the Awan dynasty. The earliest known historical figure connected with Elam is the king Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 2650 BC?), who subdued it, according to the Sumerian king list. Elamite history can only be traced from records dating to beginning of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) onwards. The Proto-Elamite states in Jiroft and Zabol (not universally accepted), present a special case because of their great antiquity. In ancient Luristan, bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid-3rd millennium BC, and has many Elamite connections. Bronze objects from several cemeteries in the region date to the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) I, and to Ur-III period c. 2900–2000 BC. These excavations include Kalleh Nisar, Bani Surmah, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi. Old Elamite period (c.2700 – c.1500 BC) The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by Enmebaragesi, the Sumerian king of Kish in Mesopotamia. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of Awan (or Avan; c. 2400 – c. 2100) and Simashki (c. 2100 – c. 1970), are known from a list from Susa dating to the Old Babylonian period. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and Hamazi; and likewise, several of the stronger Sumerian rulers, such as Eannatum of Lagash and Lugal-anne-mundu of Adab, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. Awan dynasty Main article: Awan dynasty The Awan dynasty (2350–2150 BC) was partly contemporary with that of the Mesopotamian emperor Sargon of Akkad, who not only defeated the Awan king Luhi-ishan and subjected Susa, but attempted to make the East Semitic Akkadian the official language there. From this time, Mesopotamian sources concerning Elam become more frequent, since the Mesopotamians had developed an interest in resources (such as wood, stone, and metal) from the Iranian plateau, and military expeditions to the area became more common. With the collapse of Akkad under Sargon's great great-grandson, Shar-kali-sharri, Elam declared independence under the last Avan king, Kutik-Inshushinak (c. 2240 – c. 2220), and threw off the Akkadian language, promoting in its place the brief Linear Elamite script. Kutik-Inshushinnak conquered Susa and Anshan, and seems to have achieved some sort of political unity. Following his reign, the Awan dynasty collapsed as Elam was temporarily overrun by the Guti, another pre-Iranic people from what is now north west Iran who also spoke a language isolate. Shimashki dynasty Main article: Shimashki Dynasty About a century later, the Sumerian king Shulgi of the Neo-Sumerian Empire retook the city of Susa and the surrounding region. During the first part of the rule of the Simashki dynas..
   
7. Title: The History Files > Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Persia and the East: Elam / Haltamtu / Susiana
   Publication: Name: https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternElam.htm;
   Note: Elam was one of the longest-surviving kingdoms in history in one of the oldest civilized areas in the world. It was founded by circa 2700 BC and was situated in south-western Iran, on the east bank of the Tigris from modern Kuwait along the coast of the Persian Gulf (approximately the modern region of Khuzestan and Ilam Province, the latter of which inherits the former kingdom's name). Culturally, the kingdom achieved less than its advanced neighbors, and imported much of what it needed, including writing from Sumer and architecture from the later Babylon. From the few surviving records, it seems the Elamite language bore no relation to any others; Semitic, Sumerian or Indo-European, forming part of a group called Elamo-Dravidian which reached into India. Elamite records are also extremely sparse in recording local events, and large areas of their history are almost totally unknown except through Sumerian records. The form of the kingdom's name, "Elam" (meaning "highland"), is Akkadian (and through them, Hebrew), while in the original Elamite form it was Haltamtu or Haltamti. It was also known in classical writings as Susiana, from the city state of Susa which usually formed its capital. The Old Testament claims Elam as a son of Shem, ancestor of the Israelites, and founder figure of the kingdom bearing his name. The Elamites, however, certainly were not Semites. Their language is considered to be a linguistic isolate, not linked to later-arriving language-speakers such as the Semites. The kingdom's four major cities were Awan, Anshan, Simash, and Susa, the capital, a hundred kilometres (seventy-five miles) east of the Tigris, in which the rulers practised kingship by matrilineal descent, being referred to as "son of a sister." (Information by Peter Kessler, with additional information by Wayne McCleese (the list of Abraham's ancestors), and from External Link: Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology, Jan Tavernier (PDF).) from 7000 BC The first traces of civilization appear in the Elamite region. Susa shows traces of early settlement. c.4000 BC Susa emerges as an important regional center. c.3200 - 2700 BC The Proto-Elamite Period witnesses the development of a semi-pictographic writing system. Susa begins to be influenced by the cultures of the Iranian Plateau to the east, and dominates the lowlands to the west of the Zagros Mountains. Approximately 400 kms to the south, Anshan, in the modern province of Fars, becomes prominent and expands in size, dominating the highlands of the southern mountain range. Old Elamite Period The Old Elamite Period marks the beginnings of the historical era in Elam and relations with the flourishing Sumerian city states. Three dynasties of kings ruled, with the last of them forming a short-lived empire. It seems that at various times, Anshan and Susa were ruled as separate kingdoms, and were perhaps only briefly united within one state. However, Sumerian writings start referring to them as the land of Elam, suggesting an element of unity, perhaps as a loose coalition of city states. c.2600 BC According to the Sumerian king list, the ruler of the city state of Kish subdues Elam. Avan / Awan Kings The founding of the Awan dynasty of Elamite rulers ended the hazy Proto-Elamite Period, although precise details of their rule are extremely fragmentary. Awan was one of Elam's four major cities, located to the immediate north-west of Susa, and the first three kings are mentioned on the Sumerian king list, in the fourth set of post-diluvian entries. The first foreign rulers of Sumer, they briefly held dominance there, having gained the kingship from Lagash or more probably Umma (although these cities are missing from the list, and the dating is misaligned). According to the king list, a total of three kings of Awan ruled Sumer for 356 years, once (one dynasty) in Awan. This is the fourth set of entries on the list comprising kings 40-42, but the text was destroyed in this section. Here, List 1 is primarily used, backed up by List 2 (see Sumer for details). c.2550 - ? BC (Name Unknown) Ruled for ? years, holding dominance in Sumer. (Name Unknown) Ruled for ? years, holding dominance in Sumer. (Name Unknown) Ruled for ?/36 years, holding dominance in Sumer. Awan is defeated and the Sumerian kingship passes to Kish. It could be possible that the following three kings are the same as the three unnamed kings who had dominated Sumer. Their dates are much closer to fitting in with those in which the kings of Awan could have seized power from Lagash or Umma and ruled for about forty years. fl c.2450 BC Peli Some lists place three kings of Ebla after Peli as Awan kings. However, the names seem to be Syrian ones: Igrish-Halam, Irkab-Damu, and Ar-Ennum. c.2450 BC Eannatum of Lagash extends his power to parts of Elam and the Persian Gulf, and the succeeding rulers of Lagash engage in contests against Elam for the next century or so. c.2430 BC Enshakushanna of Uruk throws the Elamites out of Awan. Tata / Taar / Tari Ukku-Takhesh Khishur / Hishur Shushun-Tarana Napil-Khush Kikku-Sive-Temti fl c.2350/2325 BC Lukh-Ishshan c.2350 BC Elam is reputedly conquered by Alusarsid of Akkad. At the same time a kingdom or confederation known as Marhashi is emerging to the east, on the Iranian Plateau. fl c.2320 BC Khishep-Ratep / Hishep-rasher Vassal of Akkad? Eshpum Ruled? Vassal of Akkad? Ilishmani Ruled? Vassal of Akkad? Epirmupi Ruled? Vassal of Akkad? c.2300 - 2280 BC Khelu / Helu Vassal of Akkad? c.2280 - 2250 BC Khita / Hita Vassal of Akkad? c.2278 - 2270 BC After an attempted rebellion, Elam is re-conquered by Rimush of Akkad, and real Elamite history can be traced from this point. The state of Marhashi is now a cohesive entity, bordering Anshan to the east. Shimpishuk Ruled? Vassal king? c.2240? BC Both Marhashi and Kutik-Inshushinnak declares independence from Akkad (although perhaps not immediately as it seems they are re-conquered for a time), eventually throwing off Akkadian language influences. The ruler conquers Susa and Anshan, forming a centralized and unified kingdom. c.2240 - 2220 BC Kutik (or Puzur)-Inshushinnak Governor and general of Susa & king of Awan. Tazitta I c.2210 BC Marhashi overruns Elam for a time, and unites eastern efforts in fighting against the Akkadian empire. A battle is fought near Akshak, at the confluence of the Diyala and Tigris rivers between the two states. c.2193 BC Elam is overthrown by the Gutians as they sweep through southern Mesopotamia from the Zagros Highlands, also destroying the Akkadian empire. The new Simash dynasty eventually comes to power during a period of instability. Eparti fl before 2120 BC Tazitta II Simash Kings Although records are characteristically sparse, it seems that the invading Gutians caused the downfall of the former ruling dynasty in Elam, and their replacements, the Shimashki, faced a period of alternate diplomacy and attack from the Gutians and Sumerians. Some names may not be in the same order on all lists. ? ? c.2050 BC Elam loses its capital at Susa when it is conquered by Shulgi of Ur. fl c.2030? BC Gir-Namme fl c.2010? BC Enpi-Luhhan fl c.2007? BC Khutran-Temtt fl c.2004 BC Kindattu c.2004 BC Kindattu, together with the people of Susa, sacks Ur and lead its king into captivity. ending the third dynasty. With this threat removed, Elam becomes a powerful kingdom, although it is pushed out of southern Mesopotamia six years later by the Amorite city state of Isin. However, Elam appears to hold on to Kish. Indattu-Inshushinnak I Tan-Rukhurater Indattu-Inshushinnak II Indattu-Napir Indattu-Tempt MapEparti Kings Under the stronger Eparti kings the Elamites swiftly rose to become a regional power, being contemporaneous with the Old Babylonian empire, and threatening it and the other Amorite city states, such as Isin, with conquest. The Eparti also were called "of the sukkalmahs" due to the title which their kings bore. In some lists the Eparti are included as Simash/Shimashki kings. Details on rulers is extremely sparse, and some names may not even be in the correct order. Recent excavations (up to 2015) that have been led by archaeologist Behzad Mofidi-Nasrabadi of Mainz University at the site of Haft Tepe or Tappeh (approximately twenty kilometers from Susa) have uncovered a workshop with an attached clay tablet archive that dates to this period in which the city is a prominent center in the Elamite empire. The workshop records the expansion of commerce, arts, and crafts. Physical evidence of this prosperity includes lavish grave goods that have been found in the tomb of a female official, and a well-crafted female figurine. (Additional information from External Link: Archaeology.org.) c.1970 BC Eparti I Eparti II fl bef. c.1850 BC Eparti III c.1835 BC Kudur-mabug King of an Elamite state north of Susa? In Zagros Mountains? c.1835 BC Kudur-mabug, apparent king of an otherwise unknown Elamite state to the north, manages to install his son, Warad-Sin, on the throne of Larsa. Shilkhakha fl after c.1830 BC Attakhushu Tetep-mada? fl c.1792 BC Sirukdukh c.1772 - 1763 BC Shimut-Wartash c.1770? - 1765 BC Elam apparently takes control of the city of Apum after the fall of the kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia. Elamite rule is thrown out eventually when the city of Andarig takes control there. c.1763 BC Following an attempted invasion the previous year (during which Ekallatum is conquered by Elam), the Elamites are defeated in southern Mesopotamia by Hammurabi's Babylonian empire, and the kingdom begins a period of vassalage to Babylon, still with their own kings, although the region's previous political unity probably is shattered. c.1763 - 1745 BC Siwe-Palar-Khuppak For a time the most powerful ruler in the area. c.1750 BC Kudur Lagamar King Chedorlaomer of the Bible, but existence is unconfirmed. c.1745 - 173 ...
   
8. Title: AntikForever: P
   Publication: Name: https://antikforever.com/Dico/Lettres/corps-p.htm;
   Note: PAB See PAP . PABATMA Queen of Egypt and Napata of the XXVth dynasty. She was the sister and one of the wives of the Pharaoh and King of Napata Kachta (760-747). She gave him three children: Two daughters, Aménardis I whom the King installed Divine Adoratrice d'Amon> in Thebes (v.740-720) and Peksater who married his half-brother Piânkhy and a son: Chabaka who was King (716- 702). PABILGAGI King of Umma around 2475 BC He would be the first "native" King of the city. His name was deciphered on a statuette dedicated to the God Enlil. PACAHYA See PÉKAHIYA. PACCIA Marciana (died 185 AD) Roman Princess, she was the wife in 175, of the future Emperor Septimius Severus I (193-211). PACORUS King of Medea around 55 AD Son of the Parthian King Vononès II (50-51). PACORUS or Pakoros or Pacoros Name of 2 Kings of the Arsacid Parthians. PACORUS I Co-King of the Arsacid Parthians from around 40 to 38 with his father Orodes II (Arsace XIV or Hyrodes, 57-38 or 54-38). Taking advantage of the Roman Civil War, he waged two campaigns against Roman Syria and Asia Minor. He seized Jerusalem, which passed under his control and imposed as governor a Jewish King at his convenience. This Parthian advance frightened the Romans so much that they feared a landing in Italy itself. But his victories were short-lived, he was killed shortly after June 9, 38 during an attack on the Roman camp. PACORUS II or Arsace XXIV King of the Arsacid Parthians from 78 to 105 AD. Brother of Vologese I. He will first reign on the throne of Atropatene Media from 54 to 78, while his younger brother Tiridate I became King of Armenia (53 and 54- 58 and 62-73) and his other brother Vologèse I recovered the Parthian throne. On his death he came into conflict with his nephew Vologèse II for the succession and came out victorious. According to Dion Cassius (or Cassius Dio Cocceianus, Roman historian, v.155-v.235) Pacorus II would have sold the kingdom of Osroene to King Abgar VII bar Ezad (109-116) and according to Ammianus Marcellinus (Roman Historian, c. 325-v. 391) he enlarged the Parthian territory and built the ramparts of Ctesiphon. (See Persia, Parthes, Pacorus II). PADDATISHU or Paddatišu or Paddatisu King of Kizzuwatna from around 1500 to around 1480. He was an ally of the Hittites against the Mitanni Hourrite. Pilliya succeeded him (Maybe her son). PADIASET I Sovereigns of Athribis and Heliopolis from 790 to around 760 BC (See Egypt, Local kingdoms, Athribis). PADIBASTET See PÉTOUBASTIS. PADIMENTI King of Lycopolis (Assiut) under the XXIII dynasty from 747 to 715 BC (See Egypt, Local kingdoms, Padimenti I). PADO'EL See PUDU-ILU. PAHIR-ISHSHAN I King of Elam of the Igehalkid dynasty from around 1385 to 1375 BC JC PAIRISADÈS or Parisades or Pairisades or Pairisádēs or Parisádēs or Bērisádēs Name of 5 Kings of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. PAIRISADÈS I (In Greek: Παιρισάδης A ') King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus from 349/8 to 311/10 or 349 to 311 or 348 to 311 BC He was the son of Leucon I to whom he succeeded. He took the throne jointly with his brother Spartokos II (or Spartakos) until 344, then Pairisades I alone. Strabo (Greek geographer, historian and philosopher, 64 BC-23 AD) tells us that "Pairisadès I governed with great gentleness and moderation and even deserved to be given divine honors." According to Yulia Ustinova, Pairisades I married Kamasarye, a daughter of Gorgippos (or Gorgippus). She is known by a dedication to the Gods Sanergès and Astara found in Phanagoria. She gave him several children, including at least four sons: Satyros II, Gorgippos, Prytanis and Eumelos (or Eumelus) which contended for the throne. PAIRISADÈS II (In Greek: Παιρισάδης B ') King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus from 284/3 to 245 or 284 to 245 BC He was perhaps the son of Spartokos III to whom he succeeded. Unless he was the Pairisades, mentioned by Diodorus of Sicily, son of Satyros II who escaped the massacre of Eumelos? We do not know the exact date of his death. He was still on the throne in 250 because this year he made the offering of a cup to the city of Delos. The specialists are unanimous enough to say that he probably died soon after, around 245, because it was one of his sons who recognized by a letter the right of asylum at the sanctuary of Cos (or Kos) and the celebration in 242 of Asclépieia (Contest in honor of the doctor God Asclépios). His two sons, Spartokos IV and Leucon II will succeed him. PAIRISADÈS III (In Greek: Παιρισάδης Y ') King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus from around 180 to around 170 or around 180 to around 150 BC JC Kamasarye became Queen after the death of her father Spartokos V, she then married Pairisadès III, who according to historians may be his brother or half-brother, where still a son of Leucon II. From this period, specialists made several hypotheses, sometimes contradictory, concerning the last sovereigns of the kingdom. For the majority, like Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff, after the death of Pairisadès III, around 170, Kamasarye reigned jointly with their son Pairisadès IV and this until around 160. PAIRISADÈS IV Philometor (In Greek: Παιρισάδης Δ ') King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus from around 170 to around 150 or around 150 to around 125 BC From this period, specialists made several hypotheses, sometimes contradictory, concerning the last sovereigns of the kingdom. For the First, and they are the minority, Queen Kamasarye died around 160 and her husband Pairisades III kept the throne until around 150 where he was succeeded by her son Pairisades IV Philometor. For others, like Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff, and they are the majority today, after the death of Pairisadès III, around 170, Kamasarye reigned jointly with their son Pairisadès IV and this until around 160. It would be at this time that the Reine and her son adopted respectively the names of Philoteknos "Who loves his children Who loves his mother," copied from the names common to the courts of the contemporary King Ptolemy VI (176-145), with whom, according to Gary Reger, they maintained diplomatic and commercial relations. Around 160, the Queen left the throne to her son and remarried a Argoats (or Argatou), sometimes considered a Scythian Prince and contained in his ribs with his son in an inscription. PAIRISADÈS V (In Greek: Παιρισάδης E ') King of the Cimmerian Bosphorus from around 140 to 107. On the death of Pairisades IV Philometor the succession always appears as confused. For some it is followed directly by Pairisadès V. Others, who are in the majority, like Hatto H. Schmitt, Ernst Vogt and Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff, include a King by the name of Spartokos VI who would be the son of Pairisadès IV Philometor, who succeeded his son, Pairisadès V. In 111/110, unable to resist the attacks of the Scythians carried out by Saumacus (or Saumakos), Pairisadès V asked for help from the King of the Bridge, Mithridates VI (123-63). From 110 to 107, he managed to put an end to the conflict. This success was organized by one of the Generals of Mithridates VI, a certain Diophant (or Diophantos), who was earlier sent to Tauric Chersonese to help the Greek cities against Palacus of Little Scythia, but it therefore required no less than four campaigns. Saumacus (or Saumakos) defeated, was sent captive in the kingdom of the Bridge. The recovery was not smooth, Pairisadès V was assassinated by Scythians (or killed during a battle, we find both versions?). PAKOROS King of Armenia of the Arsacid dynasty from 161 to 163 AD He was vassal of the Arsacid Parthians. PALA-ISHSHAN or Pala-Ishan Name of 2 Kings of Elam from the Eparti dynasty. PALA-ISHSHAN I King of Elam from around 1835 to? BC PALA-ISHSHAN II King of Elam from around 1570 to around 1545 BC PALASH or Valash or Balash or Balaxes or Vologèse King of the Sassanid Persians from 484 to 488 AD Brother of Perôz I. Immediately after his seizure of power, according to J. Le Stylite, recovered an Empire ravaged by the Huns, whose population fled the cities and whose treasure was empty. He decided to drive the Hephthalites out of Persia. With this objective in mind, he sent an armed contingent under the command of an officer named Sukra (or Sufraii) to destroy the Huns. They were surprised and were forced to enter into negotiations. Shortly after the victory over the Huns, Palash made peace with the Armenians. (See Persia, Sassanides, Palash). PALESTINE See SYRIA-PALESTINE. PALIK or Babek or Papag or Pāpağ or Papak or Babak Son of Sassan. He was originally the leader (210-v223) of a small town called Kheir, but he succeeded, in 205 AD, in deposing Gocihr, the last King of the Bazrangids (Vassal of the Parthes Arsacids) and named himself - same as the new leader. He married Rodhagh, who was the daughter of the Governor of the province of Persia (Persis, Pārs). Following Palik's death around 210, his two sons Ardachêr I and the elder Châhpûhr (or Šāpūr) engaged in a power struggle which was won by Ardachêr I, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty. PALLAS Queen of Judea. She was the 8th wife of the King of Judea and Israel Herod the Great (41-4 BC). She gave him a son Phasael. City-state, capital of Palmyrene (Syria) Already mentioned in the third millennium. Palmyra was a large palm grove halfway between the Orontes and the Euphrates, a must in the Syrian desert. True oasis in the middle of the steppe, the Palmyrene was a vast fertile plain and rich in springs, it was a stage of caravan trade between ... ...PELI King of Awan, circa 2500 BC The Kings of Awan were the first in Elam to have left a royal list, which suggests that they were one of the very first Elamite kingdoms to emerge. He was the first known King of the Awan dynasty... ...
   
9. Title: Main Kings in Mesopotamia: Awan
   Publication: Name: http://antikforever.com/Mesopotamie/Divers/Principaux%20Rois.htm;
   Note: PELI From 2430 to 2340 see Kings of Ur Then see King of Elam
   
10. Title: Livius: Awan King List
    Author: This page was created in 2009; last modified on 14 July 2016.
    Publication: Name: https://www.livius.org/sources/content/awan-king-list/;
    Note: The Awan King List, written on a cuneiform tablet found in Susa and now in the Louvre, mentions several kings who ruled in the last third of the third millennium in Elam: in the left column the rulers of Awan and in the right column the kings of Simaški. It was written in the second quarter of the second millennium, in Babylonian cuneiform. The kings are: Pieli? Girnamme Tari/ip Tazitta Ukkutahieš Ebarti Hišur Tazitta Šušuntarana Lu?-x-luuhhan Na-?-pilhuš Kindattu Kikkutanteimti Idaddu Luhhiššan Tan-Ruhurater Hišepratep Ebarti Hielu? Idaddu Hita-Idaddu-napir Puzur-Inšušinak Idaddu-Temti