Benerib Queen Consort of Egypt

• Preferred Name: Benerib Queen Consort of Egypt^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]}
  
• Gender: F
  
• Death: Y
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Queen Consort of Egypt with note: Wikiwand: Benerib
  
• FSID: G74B-Z6B
  
• Dynasty:+1st+Dynasty+of+Egypt: with note: Wikiwand: Benerib
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Benerib was a Queen Consort of ancient Egypt from the First dynasty. Benerib's name means "sweet of heart." She was a wife of pharaoh Hor-Aha, but she was not the mother of his heir, Djer. The mother of king Djer is named as Khenthap, another wife of Hor-Aha. Benerib is thought to be the wife of Hor-Aha based on ivories found in her tomb at Abydos which show his name. A fragment of an ivory box with the names of Hor-Aha and Benerib also was was found at Abydos and is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Benerib's titles are not known, and neither is the identity of her parents. Benerib was buried at Umm el-Qa'ab in tomb B14.
  
  -- Wikiwand: Benerib

1. HETEPJEKHEMUY REY DE EGIPTO DE AFRICA, b. in Africa     d. in Africa

1. Title: Who's Who of Egyptian people, queens and family: Dedyet
   Publication: Name: https://www.touregypt.net/who/dedyet.htm;
   Note: Dedyet was the sister and wife of Amenemhet I, who ruled during the 12th Dynasty. Both the king and queen were commoners and were of some Nubian descent. Dedyet was not the "Great Wife" of the king, Queen Nefru-totenen was. For the king to solidify his position, he had to marry into the Egyptian aristocracy.
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Late Period of ancient Egypt
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt;
   Note: The Late Period of ancient Egypt refers to the last flowering of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period in the 26th Saite Dynasty founded by Psamtik I, but includes the time of Achaemenid Persian rule over Egypt after the conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC as well. The Late Period existed from 664 BC until 332 BC, following a period of foreign rule by the Nubian 25th dynasty and beginning with a short period of Neo-Assyrian suzerainty, with Psamtik I initially ruling as their vassal. The period ended with the conquests of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty by his general Ptolemy I Soter, one of the Hellenistic diadochi from Macedon in northern Greece. With the Macedonian Greek conquest in the latter half of the 4th century BC, the age of Hellenistic Egypt began. Libyans and Persians alternated rule with native Egyptians, but traditional conventions continued in the arts. History 26th Dynasty Main article: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, also known as the Saite Dynasty after its seat of power the city of Sais, reigned from 672 to 525 BC, and consisted of six pharaohs. It started with the unification of Egypt under Psamtik I c. 656 BC, itself a direct consequence of the Sack of Thebes by the Assyrians in 663 BC. Canal construction from the Nile to the Red Sea began. One major contribution from the Late Period of ancient Egypt was the Brooklyn Papyrus. This was a medical papyrus with a collection of medical and magical remedies for victims of snakebites based on snake type or symptoms. Artwork during this time was representative of animal cults and animal mummies. This image shows the god Pataikos wearing a scarab beetle on his head, supporting two human-headed birds on his shoulders, holding a snake in each hand, and standing atop crocodiles. According to Jeremiah, during this time many Jews came to Egypt, fleeing after the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 BC). Jeremiah and other Jewish refugees arrived in Lower Egypt, notably in Migdol, Tahpanhes and Memphis. Some refugees also settled at Elephantine and other settlements in Upper Egypt. Jeremiah mentions pharaoh Apries as Hophra, whose reign came to a violent end in 570 BC. Historians have disputed the accuracy of these events. 27th Dynasty Main article: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt The First Achaemenid Period (525–404 BC) began with the Battle of Pelusium, which saw Egypt (Old Persian: "𐎸𐎭𐎼𐎠𐎹," "Mudrāya") conquered by the expansive Achaemenid Empire under Cambyses, and Egypt become a satrapy. The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt consists of the Persian emperors - including Cambyses, Xerxes I, and Darius the Great - who ruled Egypt as Pharaohs and governed through their satraps, as well as the Egyptian Petubastis III (522-520 BC) (and possibly the disputed Psammetichus IV), who rebelled in defiance of the Persian authorities. The unsuccessful revolt of Inaros II (460-454), aided by the Athenians as part of the Wars of the Delian League, aspired to the same object. The Persian satraps were Aryandes (525–522 BC; 518–c.496 BC) - whose rule was interrupted by the rebel Pharaoah Petubastis III, Pherendates (c.496–c.486 BC), Achaemenes (c.486–459 BC) - a brother of the emperor Xerxes I, and Arsames (c.454–c.406 BC). 28th–30th Dynasties Main articles: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt, Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt, and Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty consisted of a single king, Amyrtaeus, prince of Sais, who rebelled against the Persians. He left no monuments with his name. This dynasty reigned for six years, from 404 BC–398 BC. The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty ruled from Mendes, for the period from 398 to 380 BC. The Thirtieth Dynasty took their art style from the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty. A series of three pharaohs ruled from 380 BC until their final defeat in 343 BC led to the re-occupation by the Persians. The final ruler of this dynasty, and the final native ruler of Egypt until nearly 2,300 years later, was Nectanebo II. 31st Dynasty Main article: Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt The Second Achaemenid Period saw the re-inclusion of Egypt as a satrapy of the Persian Empire under the rule of the Thirty-First Dynasty, (343–332 BC) which consisted of three Persian emperors who ruled as Pharaoh - Artaxerxes III (343–338 BC), Artaxerxes IV (338–336 BC), and Darius III (336–332 BC) - interrupted by the revolt of the non-Achaemenid Khababash (338–335 BC). Persian rule in Egypt ended with the defeat of the Achaemenid Empire by Alexander the Great, who accepted the surrender of the Persian satrap of Egypt Mazaces in 332BC, and marking the beginning of Hellenistic rule in Egypt, which stabilized after Alexander's death into the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: Queen consort
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Queen_consort;
   Note: A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, or an empress consort in the case of an emperor. A queen consort usually shares her husband's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles, but historically, she does not share the king's political and military powers. In contrast, a queen regnant is a queen in her own right with all the powers of a monarch, who (usually) has become queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch. In Brunei, the wife of the Sultan is known as a "Raja Isteri" with prefix "Pengiran Anak," equivalent to queen consort in English, as were the consorts of tsars when Bulgaria was still a monarchy. Titles The title of king consort for the husband of a reigning queen is rare. Examples are Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Scotland; Antoine of Bourbon-Vendôme in Navarre; and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Portugal. Where some title other than that of king is held by the sovereign, his wife is referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as princess consort or empress consort. In monarchies where polygamy has been practiced in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practiced today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of wives of the king varies. In Morocco, King Mohammed VI has broken with tradition and given his wife, Lalla Salma, the title of princess. Prior to the reign of King Mohammed VI, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In Thailand, the king and queen must both be of royal descent. The king's other consorts are accorded royal titles that confer status. Other cultures maintain different traditions on queenly status. A Zulu chieftain designates one of his wives as "Great Wife," which would be the equivalent to queen consort. Conversely, in Yorubaland, all of a chief's consorts are essentially of equal rank. Although one of their number, usually the one who has been married to the chief for the longest time, may be given a chieftaincy of her own to highlight her relatively higher status when compared to the other wives; she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a lady courtier in his service who is not married to him, but who is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf. Role In general, the consorts of monarchs have no power "per se," even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. However, often the queen consort of a deceased king (the dowager queen or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor—for example: . Anne of Kiev, wife of Henry I of France . Munjeong, mother of King Myeongjong of Korea . Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots . Catherine of Austria, grandmother of Sebastian of Portugal . Marie de Medici, mother of Louis XIII of France . Kösem Sultan, mother of Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire . Luisa de Guzmán, mother of Afonso VI of Portugal . Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi and mother of Damodar Rao . Maria Christina of Austria, mother of Alfonso XIII of Spain . Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, mother of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands . Anna Khanum, mother of Abbas II of Persia . Helen of Greece, mother of King Michael of Romania Besides these examples, there have been many cases of queens consort being shrewd or ambitious stateswomen and, usually (but not always) unofficially, being among the king's most trusted advisors. In some cases, the queen consort has been the chief power behind her husband's throne; e.g. Maria Luisa of Parma, wife of Charles IV of Spain. Examples of queens and empresses consort Past queens consort: . Queen Jang, consort to Sukjong of Joseon. Demoted back in 1694 to the rank of hui-bin, Royal Noble Consort Joseon rank 1 . Queen Marie Antoinette, consort to Louis XVI of France . Queen Charlotte was George III's consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her Britain's longest-tenured queen consort. . Queen Mary, consort of George V . Queen Elizabeth, consort of George VI . Queen Fabiola, consort of Baudouin I of the Belgians . Queen Paola, consort of Albert II of Belgium . Queen Anne Marie, consort of Constantine II of Greece . Queen Geraldine, consort of Zog I of Albania . Queen Marie José, consort of Umberto II of Italy . Queen Kapiolani, consort of King Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi . Queen Soraya Tarzi, consort of King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan . Tsaritsa Ioanna, consort of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria . Queen Regent Saovabha Phongsri, consort of Chulalongkorn of Siam . Panapillai Amma (queen consort) Srimathi Lakshmi Pilla Kochamma Chempakaraman Arumana Ammaveedu, wife of Visakham Thirunal Maharajah of Travancore . Queen Catherine, first queen consort of Henry VIII of England, was also regent when he was in a war in France. . Queen Hortense, consort of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland . Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi, consort of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran . Queen Wilhelmine, consort of William I of the Netherlands . Queen Anna Pavlovna, consort of William II of the Netherlands . Queen Sophie, first consort of William III of the Netherlands . Queen Emma, second consort of William III of the Netherlands: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, Wilhelmina, the late king's only surviving child. . Queen Ratna, second consort of Mahendra of Nepal . Queen Sirikit, consort of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand . Queen Ruth, consort of Seretse Khama, King of the Bamangwato Tswanas of Botswana Past empresses consort: . Empress Theodora, consort of Justinian I, East Roman Emperor . Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, consort of Akbar the Great, the third Mughal Emperor. . Empress Hürrem Sultan, consort of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Nurbanu Sultan, consort of Selim II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Safiye Sultan, consort of Murad III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Kösem Sultan, consort of Ahmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Nur Jahan, consort of Jahangir, Mughal Emperor . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, consort of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor . Titular Empress Carlota Joaquina of Spain, consort of John VI of Portugal, Titular Emperor of Brazil . Empress Maria Leopoldina, consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil . Empress Xiao Zhen Xian, consort of Xianfeng, Qing Emperor . Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, consort of Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia . Empress Shubhadrangi, consort of Bindusara, Mauryan emperor . Empress Durdhara, consort Chandragupta Maurya, first Mauryan emperor . Empress Asandhimitra, principal consort ( agramahishi) of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor . Empress Devi, first consort of Ashoka . Empress Karuvaki, consort of Ashoka . Empress Padmavati, consort of Ashoka . Empress Tishyaraksha, consort of Ashoka . Empress Michiko, consort of Emperor Akihito of Japan Current queens consort: . Queen Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho, consort of Tupou VI of Tonga . Queen 'Masenate, consort of Letsie III of Lesotho . Queen Jetsun Pema, consort of Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck of Bhutan . Queen Saleha, consort of Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei Darussalam . Queen Máxima, consort of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands . Queen Mathilde, consort of Philippe of Belgium . Queen Rania, consort of Abdullah II of Jordan . Queen Silvia, consort of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden . Queen Suthida, consort of Vajiralongkorn of Thailand . Queen Letizia, consort of Felipe VI of Spain . Queen Sonja, consort of Harald V of Norway . Queen Sylvia, consort of Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda, Uganda. Her official title is Nnabagereka of Buganda. Current empress consort: . Empress Masako, consort of Emperor Naruhito of Japan Because queens consort lack an ordinal with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of George V, is usually called Mary of Teck, and Queen Maria José, consort of Umberto II of Italy, is usually called Marie José of Belgium).
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egyptian religion
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egyptian_religion;
   Note: Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities believed to be present in, and in control of, the world. Rituals such as prayer and offerings were provided to the gods to gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaohs, the rulers of Egypt, believed to possess a divine power by virtue of their position. They acted as intermediaries between their people and the gods, and were obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain Ma'at, the order of the cosmos. The state dedicated enormous resources to religious rituals and to the construction of temples. Individuals could interact with the gods for their own purposes, appealing for help through prayer or compelling the gods to act through magic. These practices were distinct from, but closely linked with, the formal rituals and institutions. The popular religious tradition grew more prominent over the course of Egyptian history as the status of the pharaoh declined. Egyptian belief in the afterlife and the importance of funerary practices is evident in the great efforts made to ensure the survival of their souls after death - via the provision of tombs, grave goods, and offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased. The religion had its roots and branches in Egypt's prehistory and lasted for more than 3,000 years. The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted. At various times, certain gods became preeminent over the others, including the sun god Ra, the creator god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures. Beliefs The beliefs and rituals now referred to as "ancient Egyptian religion" were integral within every aspect of Egyptian culture. The Egyptian language possessed no single term corresponding to the modern European concept of religion. Ancient Egyptian religion consisted of a vast and varying set of beliefs and practices, linked by their common focus on the interaction between the world of humans and the world of the divine. The characteristics of the gods who populated the divine realm were inextricably linked to the Egyptians' understanding of the properties of the world in which they lived. Deities Main article: Ancient Egyptian deities The Egyptians believed that the phenomena of nature were divine forces in and of themselves. These deified forces included the elements, animal characteristics, or abstract forces. The Egyptians believed in a pantheon of gods, which were involved in all aspects of nature and human society. Their religious practices were efforts to sustain and placate these phenomena and turn them to human advantage. This polytheistic system was very complex, as some deities were believed to exist in many different manifestations, and some had multiple mythological roles. Conversely, many natural forces, such as the sun, were associated with multiple deities. The diverse pantheon ranged from gods with vital roles in the universe to minor deities or "demons" with very limited or localized functions. It could include gods adopted from foreign cultures, and sometimes humans: deceased pharaohs were believed to be divine, and occasionally, distinguished commoners such as Imhotep also became deified. The depictions of the gods in art were not meant as literal representations of how the gods might appear if they were visible, as the gods' true natures were believed to be mysterious. Instead, these depictions gave recognizable forms to the abstract deities by using symbolic imagery to indicate each god's role in nature. This iconography was not fixed, and many of the gods could be depicted in more than one form. Many gods were associated with particular regions in Egypt where their cults were most important. However, these associations changed over time, and they did not mean that the god associated with a place had originated there. For instance, the god Montu was the original patron of the city of Thebes. Over the course of the Middle Kingdom, however, he was displaced in that role by Amun, who may have arisen elsewhere. The national popularity and importance of individual gods fluctuated in a similar way. Deities had complex interrelationships, which partly reflected the interaction of the forces they represented. The Egyptians often grouped gods together to reflect these relationships. One of the more common combinations was a family triad consisting of a father, mother, and child, who were worshipped together. Some groups had wide-ranging importance. One such group, the Ennead, assembled nine deities into a theological system that was involved in the mythological areas of creation, kingship, and the afterlife. The relationships between deities could also be expressed in the process of syncretism, in which two or more different gods were linked to form a composite deity. This process was a recognition of the presence of one god "in" another when the second god took on a role belonging to the first. These links between deities were fluid, and did not represent the permanent merging of two gods into one; therefore, some gods could develop multiple syncretic connections. Sometimes, syncretism combined deities with very similar characteristics. At other times it joined gods with very different natures, as when Amun, the god of hidden power, was linked with Ra, the god of the sun. The resulting god, Amun-Ra, thus united the power that lay behind all things with the greatest and most visible force in nature. Many deities could be given epithets that seem to indicate that they were greater than any other god, suggesting some kind of unity beyond the multitude of natural forces. This is particularly true of a few gods who, at various points, rose to supreme importance in Egyptian religion. These included the royal patron Horus, the sun god Ra, and the mother goddess Isis. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) Amun held this position. The theology of the period described in particular detail Amun's presence in and rule over all things, so that he, more than any other deity, embodied the all-encompassing power of the divine. Cosmology The Egyptian conception of the universe centered on "Ma'at," a word that encompasses several concepts in English, including "truth," "justice," and "order." It was the fixed, eternal order of the universe, both in the cosmos and in human society, and it was often personified as a goddess. It had existed since the creation of the world, and without it the world would lose its cohesion. In Egyptian belief, "maat" was constantly under threat from the forces of disorder, so all of society was required to maintain it. On the human level this meant that all members of society should cooperate and coexist; on the cosmic level it meant that all of the forces of nature—the gods—should continue to function in balance. This latter goal was central to Egyptian religion. The Egyptians sought to maintain "maat" in the cosmos by sustaining the gods through offerings and by performing rituals which staved off disorder and perpetuated the cycles of nature. The most important part of the Egyptian view of the cosmos was the conception of time, which was greatly concerned with the maintenance of Maat. Throughout the linear passage of time, a cyclical pattern recurred, in which Maat was renewed by periodic events which echoed the original creation. Among these events were the annual Nile flood and the succession from one king to another, but the most important was the daily journey of the sun god Ra. When thinking of the shape of the cosmos, the Egyptians saw the earth as a flat expanse of land, personified by the god Geb, over which arched the sky goddess Nut. The two were separated by Shu, the god of air. Beneath the earth lay a parallel underworld and undersky, and beyond the skies lay the infinite expanse of Nu, the chaos that had existed before creation. The Egyptians also believed in a place called the Duat, a mysterious region associated with death and rebirth, that may have lain in the underworld or in the sky. Each day, Ra traveled over the earth across the underside of the sky, and at night he passed through the Duat to be reborn at dawn. In Egyptian belief, this cosmos was inhabited by three types of sentient beings. One was the gods; another was the spirits of deceased humans, who existed in the divine realm and possessed many of the gods' abilities. Living humans were the third category, and the most important among them was the pharaoh, who bridged the human and divine realms. Kingship See also: Pharaoh Egyptologists long have debated the degree to which the pharaoh was considered a god. It seems most likely that the Egyptians viewed royal authority itself as a divine force. Therefore, although the Egyptians recognized that the pharaoh was human and subject to human weakness, they simultaneously viewed him as a god, because the divine power of kingship was incarnated in him. He therefore acted as intermediary between Egypt's people and the gods. He was key to upholding Maat, both by maintaining justice and harmony in human society and by sustaining the gods with temples and offerings. For these reasons, he oversaw all state religious activity. However, the pharaoh's real-life influence and prestige could differ from his portrayal in official writings and depictions, and beginning in the late New Kingdom his religious importance declined drastically. The king also was associated with many specific deities. He was ident..
   
5. Title: Wikiwand: Benerib
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Benerib;
   Note: Benerib was a Queen Consort of ancient Egypt from the First dynasty. Benerib's name means "sweet of heart". Biography Benerib was a wife of pharaoh Hor-Aha, but she was not the mother of his heir, Djer. The mother of king Djer is named as Khenthap, another wife of Hor-Aha. Benerib is thought to be the wife of Hor-Aha based on ivories found in her tomb at Abydos which show his name. A fragment of an ivory box with the names of Hor-Aha and Benerib was also found at Abydos and is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Benerib's titles are not known, and neither is the identity of her parents. Benerib was buried at Umm el-Qa'ab in tomb B14.
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Hor-Aha
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Hor-Aha;
   Note: Hor-Aha (or Aha or Horus Aha) is considered the second pharaoh of the First Dynasty of Egypt by some Egyptologists, others consider him the first one and corresponding to Menes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thought to have had a long reign. Identity Name The commonly used name "Hor-Aha" is a rendering of the pharaoh's Horus-name, an element of the royal titulary associated with the god Horus, and is more fully given as "Horus-Aha" meaning 'Horus the Fighter." The Greek historian Manetho's record "Aegyptiaca" (translating to History of Egypt) lists his Greek name as Athothis, or "Athotís." For the Early Dynastic Period, the archaeological record refers to the pharaohs by their Horus-names, while the historical record, as evidenced in the Turin and Abydos king lists, uses an alternative royal titulary, the "nebty-"name. The different titular elements of a pharaoh's name were often used in isolation, for brevity's sake, although the choice varied according to circumstance and period. Mainstream Egyptological consensus follows the findings of Petrie in reconciling the two records and connects Hor-Aha (archaeological) with the "nebty-"name "Ity" (historical). The same process has led to the identification of the historical Menes (a 'nebty-"name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) evidenced in the archaeological record (both figures are credited with the unification of Egypt and as the first pharaoh of Dynasty I) as the predecessor of Hor-Aha (the second pharaoh). Theories There has been some controversy about Hor-Aha. Some believe him to be the same individual as the legendary Menes and that he was the one to unify all of Egypt. Others claim he was the son of Narmer, the pharaoh who unified Egypt. Narmer and Menes may have been one pharaoh, referred to with more than one name. Regardless, considerable historical evidence from the period points to Narmer as the pharaoh who first unified Egypt (see Narmer Palette) and to Hor-Aha as his son and heir. Reign Successor to Narmer Seal impressions discovered by G. Dreyer in the Umm El Qa'ab from Den and Qa'a burials identify Hor-Aha as the second pharaoh of the first dynasty. His predecessor Narmer had united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom, "Upper and Lower Egypt." Hor-Aha probably ascended the throne in the late 32nd or early 31st century. Interior policy Hor-Aha seems to have conducted many religious activities. A visit to a shrine of the goddess Neith is recorded on several tablets from his reign. The sanctuary of Neith he visited was located in the north-west of the Nile Delta at Sais. Furthermore, the first known representation of the sacred Henu-bark of the god Seker was found engraved on a year tablet dating from his reign. Vessel inscriptions, labels and sealings from the graves of Hor-Aha and Queen Neithhotep suggest that this queen died during the reign of Aha. He arranged for her burial in a magnificent mastaba excavated by Jacques de Morgan. Queen Neithhotep is plausibly Aha's mother[10] The selection of the cemetery of Naqada as the resting place of Neithhotep is a strong indication that she came from this province. This, in turn, supports the view that Narmer married a member of the ancient royal line of Naqada to strengthen the domination of the Thinite kings over the region. However, in January 2016, a rock inscription has demonstrated that Neithhotep was actually a queen regent early during the reign of Djer, Hor-Aha's successor. Therefore, the cemetery evidence above only proves that Neithhotep did live during the reign of Hor-Aha but succeeded him into Djer's reign. Most important, the oldest mastaba at the North Saqqara necropolis of Memphis dates to his reign. The mastaba belongs to an elite member of the administration who may have been a relative of Hor-Aha, as was customary at the time. This is a strong indication of the growing importance of Memphis during Aha's reign. Economic development Few artifacts remain of Hor-Aha's reign. However, the finely executed copper-axe heads, faience vessel fragments,[12] ivory box and inscribed white marbles all testify to the flourishing of craftsmanship during Aha's time in power.[7] Activities outside Egypt Inscription on an ivory tablet from Abydos suggests that Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians. On a year tablet, a year is explicitly called "Year of smiting of Ta-Sety" (i.e. Nubia). During Hor-Aha's reign, trade with the Southern Levant seems to have been on the decline. Contrary to his predecessor Narmer, Hor-Aha is not attested outside of the Nile Valley. This may point to a gradual replacement of long-distance trade between Egypt and its eastern neighbors by a more direct exploitation of the local resources by the Egyptians. Vessel fragment analysis from an Egyptian outpost at En Besor suggests that it was active during Hor-Aha's reign. Other Egyptian settlements are known to have been active at the time as well (Byblos and along the Lebanese coast). Finally, Hor-Aha's tomb yielded vessel fragments from the Southern Levant. Family Hor-Aha's chief wife was Benerib, whose name was "written alongside his on a number of [historical] pieces, in particular, from tomb B14 at Abydos, Egypt." Tomb B14 is located directly adjacent to Hor-Aha's sepulchre. Hor-Aha also had another wife, Khenthap, with whom he became father of Djer. She is mentioned as Djer's mother on the Cairo Annals Stone. Tomb The tomb of Hor-Aha is located in the necropolis of the kings of the 1st Dynasty at Abydos, known as the Umm el-Qa'ab. It comprises three large chambers (designated B10, B15, and B19), which are directly adjacent to Narmer's tomb. The chambers are rectangular, directly dug in the desert floor, their walls lined with mud bricks. The tombs of Narmer and Ka had only two adjacent chambers, while the tomb of Hor-Aha comprises three substantially larger yet separated chambers. The reason for this architecture is that it was difficult at that time to build large ceilings above the chambers, as timber for these structures often had to be imported from Palestine. A striking innovation of Hor-Aha's tomb is that members of the royal household were buried with the pharaoh, the earliest known retainer sacrifices in Egypt. It is unclear if they were killed or committed suicide. Among those buried were servants, dwarfs, women and even dogs. A total of 36 subsidiary burials were laid out in three parallel rows north-east of Hor-Aha's main chambers. As a symbol of royalty Hor-Aha was even given a group of young lions.
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egypt
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egypt;
   Note: Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Near East, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Libyans, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the Macedonians under the command of Alexander the Great. The Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom, formed in the aftermath of Alexander's death, ruled Egypt until 30 BC, when, under Cleopatra, it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province. The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which supported a more dense population, and social development and culture. With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to assert Egyptian dominance. Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh, who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known planked boats, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty, made with the Hittites. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were copied widely, and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy. History Main articles: Ancient Egyptian agriculture, History of ancient Egypt, History of Egypt, and Population history of Egypt The Nile has been the lifeline of its region for much of human history. The fertile floodplain of the Nile gave humans the opportunity to develop a settled agricultural economy and a more sophisticated, centralized society that became a cornerstone in the history of human civilization.[10] Nomadic modern human hunter-gatherers began living in the Nile valley through the end of the Middle Pleistocene some 120,000 years ago. By the late Paleolithic period, the arid climate of Northern Africa became increasingly hot and dry, forcing the populations of the area to concentrate along the river region. Predynastic period Main article: Predynastic Egypt In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Large regions of Egypt were covered in treed savanna and traversed by herds of grazing ungulates. Foliage and fauna were far more prolific in all environs and the Nile region supported large populations of waterfowl. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians, and this also is the period when many animals were first domesticated. By about 5500 BC, small tribes living in the Nile valley had developed into a series of cultures demonstrating firm control of agriculture and animal husbandry, and identifiable by their pottery and personal items, such as combs, bracelets, and beads. The largest of these early cultures in upper (Southern) Egypt was the Badarian culture, which probably originated in the Western Desert; it was known for its high quality ceramics, stone tools, and its use of copper. The Badari was followed by the Naqada culture: the Amratian (Naqada I), the Gerzeh (Naqada II), and Semainean (Naqada III). These brought a number of technological improvements. As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. In Naqada II times, early evidence exists of contact with the Near East, particularly Canaan and the Byblos coast. Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqada culture developed from a few small farming communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and resources of the Nile valley. Establishing a power center at Nekhen (in Greek, Hierakonpolis), and later at Abydos, Naqada III leaders expanded their control of Egypt northwards along the Nile. They also traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean and Near East to the east, initiating a period of Egypt-Mesopotamia relations. The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse selection of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite, as well as societal personal-use items, which included combs, small statuary, painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience, which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, amulets, and figurines. During the last predynastic phase, the Naqada culture began using written symbols that eventually were developed into a full system of hieroglyphs for writing the ancient Egyptian language. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3050–2686 BC) Main article: Early Dynastic Period (Egypt) The Early Dynastic Period was approximately contemporary to the early Sumerian-Akkadian civilisation of Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties, a system still used today. He began his official history with the king named "Meni" (or "Menes" in Greek) who was believed to have united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. The transition to a unified state happened more gradually than ancient Egyptian writers represented, and there is no contemporary record of Menes. Some scholars now believe, however, that the mythical Menes may have been the king Narmer, who is depicted wearing royal regalia on the ceremonial Narmer Palette, in a symbolic act of unification. In the Early Dynastic Period, which began about 3000 BC, the first of the Dynastic kings solidified control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which he could control the labour force and agriculture of the fertile delta region, as well as the lucrative and critical trade routes to the Levant. The increasing power and wealth of the kings during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified king after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the kings served to legitimize state control over the land, labour, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization. Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt Major advances in architecture, art, and technology were made during the Old Kingdom, fueled by the increased agricultural productivity and resulting population, made possible by a well-developed central administration.[26] Some of ancient Egypt's crowning achievements, the Giza pyramids and Great Sphinx, were constructed during the Old Kingdom. Under the direction of the vizier, state officials collected taxes, coordinated irrigation projects to improve crop yield, drafted peasants to work on construction projects, and established a justice system to maintain peace and order. With the rising importance of central administration in Egypt a new class of educated scribes and officials arose who were granted estates by the king in payment for their services. Kings also made land grants to their mortuary cults and local temples, to ensure that these institutions had the resources to worship the king after his death. Scholars believe that five centuries of these practices slowly eroded the economic vitality of Egypt, and that the economy could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. As the power of the kings diminished, regional governors called nomarchs began to challenge the supremacy of the office of king. This, coupled with severe droughts between 2200 and 2150 BC, is believed to have caused the country to enter the 140-year period of famine and strife known as the First Intermediate Period. First Intermediate Period (2181–1991 BC) Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt After Egypt's central government collapsed at the end of the Old Kingdom, the administration no longer could support or stabilize the country's economy. Regional governors could not rely on the king for help in times of crisis, and the ensuing food shortages and political dispute..
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: First Dynasty of Egypt
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt;
   Note: The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, possibly by Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, a time at which power was centered at Thinis. The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the beginning of the First Dynasty—the accession of Hor-Aha—was placed at 3100 BC give or take a century (3218–3035, with 95% confidence). Rulers Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows: Name Image Comments Dates Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Around 3100 BC Hor-Aha Greek form: Athotís. Around 3050 BC Djer Greek form: Uenéphes (after his Gold name In-nebw); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. 54 years Djet Greek form: Usapháis. 10 years Den Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen). First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity-name. 42 years Anedjib Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his ominous nebwy-title. 10 years Semerkhet Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. 8½ years Qa'a Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. 34 years Sneferka Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Horus Bird Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead, as well as Den and Qa'a king lists. No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them. Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years. Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada, in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis, reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors. Stone was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments, vessels, and occasionally, for statues. Tamarix ("tamarisk" or "salt cedar") was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats. One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint. A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead, as well as Den and Qa'a king lists. No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them. Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years. Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada, in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis, reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors. Stone was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments, vessels, and occasionally, for statues. Tamarix ("tamarisk" or "salt cedar") was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats. One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint. A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." Human sacrifice Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals. The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys, were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife. For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty.
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: Umm El Qa'ab
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Umm_El_Qa%27ab;
   Note: Umm El Qaʻāb (sometimes romanized Umm El Gaʻab, Arabic: أم القعاب‎) is a necropolis of the Early Dynastic Period kings at Abydos, Egypt. Its modern name means "Mother of Pots" as the whole area is littered with the broken pot shards of offerings made in earlier times. The cultic ancient name of the area was "(w-)pkr" or "(rꜣ-)pkr," "District of the pkr[-tree]" (an unidentified species) or "Opening of the pkr[-tree]" (Coptic: "upoke"), belonging to "tꜣ-dsr," "the secluded/cleared land" (necropolis) or "crk-hh," "Binding of Eternity" (Coptic: "Alkhah"). The area was a site of veneration and worship in ancient Egypt, and by the time of the Middle Kingdom, at least one of the royal tombs was excavated and rebuilt for the priests of Osiris. The tombs of this area were first excavated by Émile Amélineau in the 1890s and more systematically by Flinders Petrie between 1899-1901. Since then the area has been excavated repeatedly by the German Archaeological Institute since the 1970s, which has allowed for a thorough reconstruction of the original layout and appearance of these tombs. Pre-dynastic tombs . U-j – Unknown ruler, but possibly Scorpion I from scorpion insignia found in tomb . B1/B2 – Iry-Hor . B7/B8/B9 – Ka First Dynasty tombs Known as "Cemetery B," this area contains the Early Dynastic tombs of the pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt and the last two kings of the Second Dynasty. . B17/B18 – Narmer . B10/B15/B19 – Aha . O – Djer . Z – Djet . Y – Merneith . T – Den . X – Anedjib . U – Semerkhet . Q – Qa'a Second Dynasty tombs The last two kings of the Second Dynasty returned to be buried near to their ancestors - they also revived the practice of building mud-brick funerary enclosures nearby. . P – Peribsen. A seal found in this tomb contains the first full sentence written in hieroglyphs. . V – Khasekhemwy. This tomb was on a massive scale, with several interconnecting mud-brick chambers, and the actual burial chamber being constructed of dressed limestone blocks. When excavated by Petrie in 1901 it contained a scepter made from sard and banded with gold, limestone vases with golden covers, and a ewer and basin of bronze. Human sacrifice and 1st Dynasty tombs Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with the first dynasty. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals thought to have been sacrificed. The people and animals sacrificed, such as asses, were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife. It appears that Djer's courtiers were strangled and their tombs all closed at the same time. For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty, with shabtis taking the place of actual people to aid the pharaohs with the work expected of them in the afterlife.
   
10. Title: Wikiwand: Pharaoh
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Pharaoh;
    Note: Pharaoh (/ˈfɛəroʊ/, US also /ˈfeɪ.roʊ/; Coptic: "ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ," "Pǝrro") is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE,[2] although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj") name, and the Two Ladies ("nbtj") name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added. In Egyptian society, religion was central to everyday life. One of the roles of the pharaoh was as an intermediary between the gods and the people. The pharaoh thus deputized for the gods; his role was both as civil and religious administrator. He owned all of the land in Egypt, enacted laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt from invaders as the commander-in-chief of the army. Religiously, the pharaoh officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples. He was responsible for maintaining Maat (mꜣꜥt), or cosmic order, balance, and justice, and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat, such as to obtain resources. During the early days prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Deshret or the "Red Crown," was a representation of the kingdom of Lower Egypt, while the Hedjet, the "White Crown," was worn by the kings of the kingdom of Upper Egypt. After the unification of both kingdoms into one united Egypt, the Pschent, the combination of both the red and white crowns was the official crown of kings. With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties like the Khat, Nemes, Atef, Hemhem crown, and Khepresh. At times, it was depicted that a combination of these headdresses or crowns would be worn together. Etymology, The word "pharaoh" ultimately derives from the Egyptian compound "pr ꜥꜣ," */ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/ "great house," written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ꜥꜣ "column," here meaning "great" or "high." It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-ꜥꜣ "Courtier of the High House," with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace. From the Twelfth Dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, May it Live, Prosper, and be in Health," but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person. Sometime during the era of the New Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, "pharaoh" became the form of address for a person who was king. The earliest confirmed instance where "pr" is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Akhenaten (reigned c. 1353–1336 BCE) which is addressed to "Great House, L, W, H, the Lord." However, there is a possibility that the title pr ꜥꜣ was applied to Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BCE), depending on whether an inscription on the Temple of Armant can be confirmed to refer to that king. During the Eighteenth Dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late Twenty-first Dynasty (10th century BCE), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BCE) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative. From the nineteenth dynasty onward "pr-" on its own was used as regularly as "ḥm," "Majesty." The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the Twenty-Second Dynasty and Twenty-third Dynasty. For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun. This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the Twenty-second Dynasty kings. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenq, beloved of Amun," whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I—the founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty—including Alan Gardiner in his original 1933 publication of this stela. Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as pr-ˤ3 continued in traditional Egyptian narratives. By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced *[parʕoʔ] whence Herodotus derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, Koinē Greek: Φερων. In the Hebrew Bible, the title also occurs as Hebrew: פרעה‎ [parʕoːh]; from that, in the Septuagint, Koinē Greek: φαραώ, romanized: pharaō, and then in Late Latin pharaō, both -n stem nouns. The Qur'an likewise spells it Arabic: فرعون‎ firʿawn with n (here, always referring to the one evil king in the Book of Exodus story, by contrast to the good king Aziz in surah Yusuf's story). The Arabic combines the original ayin from Egyptian along with the -n ending from Greek.
    
11. Title: Wikiwand: List of ancient Egyptians
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_ancient_Egyptians;
    Note: This is a list of ancient Egyptian people who have articles on Wikipedia. The list covers key ancient Egyptian individuals from the start of the first dynasty until the end of the ancient Egyptian nation when the Ptolemaic Dynasty ended and Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Note that the dates given are approximate. The list that is presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z A Name Main Title Dynasty Date Comment Aahotepre Pharaoh 14th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) A pharaoh of Canaanite descent from the 14th Dynasty possibly identical to 'Ammu. Aat Queen 12th dynasty (fl. c. late-19th century BC) Queen and wife of Amenemhat III. Abar Queen 25th dynasty (fl. c. mid-8th century BC) An Egyptian queen, the mother of King Taharqa and probably the wife of King Piye. Achillas Military commander Ptolemaic (fl. mid-1st century BC) Commander under the Ptolemaic Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII. Executed at the orders of Arsinoe IV of Egypt by Ganymedes. Addaya Diplomat 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-14th century BC) Egyptian commissioner in southern Canaan mentioned in the Amarna letters. He probably served under Pharaohs Amenhotep III and/or Akhenaten. Agathoclea Mistress Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Mistress of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and sister of his chief minister, Agathocles. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Agathocles Minister Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Chief minister of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and brother of the king's mistress Agathoclea. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Ahaneith Queen 1st dynasty (fl. c. 30th century BC) Wife of King Djet Ahhotep I Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was probably the sister, as well as the wife, of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao. Ahhotep reigned as regent until her son, Ahmose I, was of age. Also known as Ahhotpe or Aahhotep. Ahhotep II Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Kamose. Ahmes Scribe 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics. Also called Ahmose. Senakhtenre Ahmose Pharaoh 17th dynasty fl. c. mid-16th century BC Pharaoh of the late 17th dynasty, his existence and complete name were confirmed by recent archeological discoveries. Ahmose I Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1549 BC – c. 1524 BC) Founder of the 18th dynasty. He was a son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the seventeenth dynasty, Kamose. During his reign, he completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region and restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt. Ahmose Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Sitdjehuti. Ahmose was a half-sister of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Wife of 18th dynasty pharaoh, Thutmose I, and the mother of queen and later, pharaoh, Hatshepsut. Ahmose King's son High Priest of Re 18th dynasty (fl. c. late 15th century BC) Probably a son of pharaoh Amenhotep II. He was in office as High Priest of Re in Heliopolis during the reign of his brother Thutmose IV. Ahmose, son of Ebana Military Commander 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) Served in the Egyptian military under the 17th and 18th dynasty pharaohs Seqenenre Tao, Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I. Ahmose-ankh Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A son of Pharaoh Ahmose I and queen Ahmose Nefertari. He was the crown prince but pre-deceased his father. Ahmose-Henutemipet Princess 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and probably Queen Ahhotep I. She was the sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of 17th dynasty pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Ahmose-Inhapi. She was probably married to her half-brother Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu was a half-sister to queen Ahmose-Nefertari. Ahmose-Inhapi Princes / Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose and was sister to Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao, and the queens Ahhotep I and Sitdjehuti. She was married to her (half-)brother Seqenenre Tao and they had a daughter, Ahmose-Henuttamehu. Ahmose-Meritamon Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) She was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao. Her mummy was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Ahmose-Meritamun Princess / Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefertari, and was queen of her brother Amenhotep I. Ahmose-Nebetta Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose Nefertari Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) A daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the wife of pharaoh Ahmose I. Following Ahmose I's death, Ahmose-Nefertari became the regent for her son Amenhotep I and ruled until he was old enough to rule on his own. Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet Military Commander 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th to early-15th century BC) An Egyptian official and military commander who started his career under Ahmose I and served all subsequent pharaohs until Thutmose III. Ahmose Sapair Prince 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a son of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a brother of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Sitamun Princess 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) The daughter of Pharaoh Ahmose I and sister of Amenhotep I. A colossal statue of hers stood before the eighth pylon at Karnak. Ahmose called Si-Tayit Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Ahmose I. Possibly the first Viceroy to serve in that capacity. Early in the reign of Amenhotep I, the position passed from Si-Tayit to his son Ahmose called Turo. Ahmose-Sitkamose Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Pharaoh Kamose. She probably married Ahmose I. Also called Sitkamose. Ahmose-Tumerisy Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose called Turo Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush under Amenhotep I and Tuthmosis I. Son of Ahmose called Si-Tayit. Akhenaten Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1353 BC – c. 1336 BC) Was known before the 5th year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (or Amenophis IV). He abandoned traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on Aten. Also called Echnaton or Akhenaton. Akhraten King of Kush (reigned c. 350 BC – c. 335 BC) Possibly a son of Harsiotef and a brother of Nastasen. Akhraten may have been succeeded by Nastasen. Alara of Nubia King of Kush (fl. c. early-8th century BC) The founder of the Napatan royal dynasty and was the first recorded prince of Nubia. He unified all of Upper Nubia from Meroë to the Third Cataract. His successors would comprise the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. Alexander Helios Prince Ptolemaic (40 BC – c. 29 BC) Eldest son of queen Cleopatra VII and Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Amanibakhi King of Kush (fl. c. mid-4th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The successor of Akhraten and the predecessor of Nastasen. Amanineteyerike King of Kush (fl. c. late-5th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The son of King Malewiebamani, and brother of Baskakeren. His predecessor Talakhamani was either an older brother or an uncle. His name is also written as Amanneteyerike, Aman-nete-yerike, or Irike-Amannote. Amasis II Pharaoh 26th dynasty (reigned c. 570 BC – c. 526 BC) Based at Sais and the successor to Apries. Under Amasis II, Egypt's agricultural based economy reached its zenith. He was able to defeat an invasion of Egypt by the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar II. Also called Ahmose II. Amenemhat I Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1991 BC – c. 1962 BC) The first ruler of the 12th dynasty. Amenemhat I was a vizier of his predecessor Mentuhotep IV. He moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy. Amenemhat II Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1929 BC – c. 1895 BC) The third pharaoh of the 12th dynasty of Egypt. He was the son of Senusret I through the latter's chief wife, Queen Neferu III. Amenemhat III Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1860 BC – c. 1814 BC) Sixth king of the 12th dynasty. Son of Senusret III. Amenemhat IV Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1815 BC – c. 1806 BC) Seventh king of the 12th dynasty. Possibly a son of Amenemhat III. Amenemhat V Sekhemkare Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. early 18th century BC) An Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears as 'Sekhemkare' in the Turin King List. Amenemhet VI Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. mid-18th century BC) The seventh king of the Thirteenth Dynasty according to the Turin Canon. Amenemhat Nomarch 12th dynasty (fl. 20th century BCE) Also known as Ameny, a governor at Men'at Khufu during the reign of pharaoh Senusret I. Amenemhat High Priest of Amun 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-15th century BC) High Priest of Amun during the reign of pharaoh Amenhotep II. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-15th century BC) Son of Pharaoh Thutmose III. He was the eldest son and appointed heir but predeceased his father. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. early-14th century BC) The son of Pharaoh Thutmose IV. He died young and was buried in his father's tomb. Amenemhatankh Prince 12th dynasty (fl. c. early 19th century BC) A son of Amenemhat II. A..
    
12. Title: Ancient Egypt: A list of Queens of Ancient Egypt
    Author: The names of these Queens and the titles have been taken mailny from: Dodson and Hilton: "The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt" W. Grajetzki: "Ancient Egyptian Queens: a hieroglyphic dictionary." Some information comes from Kitchen's books on Ramesside Inscriptions. These books have much more detailed information about these Queens :) Page by Anneke Bart
    Note: Middle Kingdom 11th Dynasty Neferu I: The mother of Inyotef II; mentioned on the stela of Tjeti. no titles known. Neferukhayet: Possibly the wife of Intef II. Known from a stela from her estate manager Redi-Khnum. May be identical to Queen Neferu I mentioned above. Titles: King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt) Iah: She was a daughter of Intef II, wife of Inyotef III, and mother of Mentuhotep II and Neferu II. She was depicted with her royal son on a stela. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr) Henhenet: She was the wife of Mentuhotpe II and was buried in a vast mortuary complex of the King at Deir El-Bahri. Titles: Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt), Sole Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt-w’tit), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr) Neferu (II): She was the Chief wife of Mentuhotpe II. Had her own rock-cut tomb. Titles: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), She who sees Horus and Seth (m33t-hrw-stsh), Lady of the House (nbt-pr), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f) Lady of all Women (hnwt-hmwt-nbwt), King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), KD, his beloved (s3t-niswt-meryt.f), Eldest KD of his body (s3t-niswt-smst-nt-kht.f), Foster Child of Wadjet (sdjtit-w3djt) Kawit: She was a royal companion of Mentuhotpe II. Titles: Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt), Sole Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt-w’tit), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr) Tem: She was a wife of Mentuhotpe II and believed to be the mother of Mentuhotpe III. Her tomb is one of the largest female grave sites ever found.The sarcophagus in her burial chamber was made of alabaster and sandstone. Titles: King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Mother of the Dual King (mwt-niswt-biti), King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), Great one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes). Sadhe: She was a lesser wife of Mentuhotpe II. Titles: Sole Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt-w’tit), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr) Ashayet: Wife of Mentuhotpe II. She was buried with the King in his eleborate mortuary complex at Deir El-Bahri. Titles: Sole Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt-w’tit), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr), Priestess of Hathor, great in her souls, foremost in her places (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr-wrt-m-[k3w].s-khntit-m-swt.s), Priestess of Hathor, Lady of Denderah, great in her souls, foremost in her places (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr-nbt-iwnt-wrt-m-k3w.s-khntit-m-swt.s), Kemsit: She was a royal companion of Mentuhotpe II. She was buried in the Kings' mortuary complex. Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt), Sole Royal Ornament (khkrt-niswt-w’tit), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Priestess of Hathor (hmt-ntr-hwt-hr) Imi: Mother of Mentuhotpe IV. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) 12th Dynasty Nefret: Mother of Amenemhet I. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) Neferitatjenen: Wife of Amenemhet I and the mother of Senwosret I. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) Neferu (III): Daughter of Amenemhet I. Wife of Senwosret I and the mother of Amenemhet II. Had her own pyramid in her husband’s pyramid complex in Lisht. May have been buried near her son in Dashur. Titles: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), Mother of the Dual King (mwt-niswt-biti), King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), King’s Wife in United with the places of Kheperkare (hmt-niswt-m-khnmt-swt-khpr-k3-r’), King’s Wife in United with the places of Senusret (hmt-niswt-m-khnmt-swt-[zi-n-wsrt]), Lady of all Women (hnwt-hmwt-nbwt), King’s Daughter of his body (s3t-niswt-nt-kht.f), King’s Daughter in High in the beauty of Amenemhat (s3t-niswt-m-k3i-nfrw-imn-m-h’t) Senet: Likely a wife of Amenemhat II and the mother of Senwosret II. Known from statues in the Delta. Titles: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw). Kaneferu: Possibly a wife of Amenemhat II. Named with him on a seal. Title: Mistress of All Women. Keminub: Wife of Amenemhet II. Buried in tomb in her husband’s funerary complex in Dashur. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw). Itaweret: Daughter of Amenemhat II and possibly a wife of Senwosret II. Buried in double tomb with Sit-Hathor-Iunet. Titles: King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt). Khnemet: Daughter of Amenemhat II. Possibly a wife of Senwosret II. Buried in in a daouble tomb with the king’s daughter Ita (another daughter of Amenemhat II). Titles: King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt). Neferet: Daughter of Amenemhat II. Wife of Senwosret II. Possibly buried in a small pyramid in Lahun (near Senwosret II) Titles: King’s Daughter of his body (s3t-niswt-nt-kht.f), Great one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes), Mistress of the Two Lands (hnwt-t3wy). Khnemet-nefer-hedjet I named Weret: Wife of Senwosret II, mother of Senwosret III. Prabably buried in a small pyramid in Lahun (near Senwosret II) Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), Mistress of the Two Lands (hnwt-t3wy), Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Great one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes), Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), Foster Child of Wadjet (sdjtit-w3djt), Priestess of Sobek, lord of Sumenu (hmt-ntr-sbk-nb-swmnw), Daughter of Geb (s3t-Gb). Sit-Hathor-Iunet: Wife of Senwosret III. Titles: King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Mertseger: Wife of Senwosret III. Only mentioned in later sources (i.e the new kingdom temple in Semna). Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt) Khnemet-nefer-hedjet II named Weret: Wife of Senwosret III. Her skeleton appears to be of a woman about seventy years old. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), Great one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes). Khnemet-nefer-hedjet-khered: Wife of Senwosret III. Khnemet-nefer-hedjet-“the child” is mentioned on a papyrus from Lahun. Possibly Khnemet-nefer-hedjet-khered II ? Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Khnemet-nefer-hedjet : Wife of Senwosret III. Possibly Khnemet-nefer-hedjet-khered II again? Known from a canopic jar and two scarabs. Titles: Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), Mistress of the Two Lands (hnwt-t3wy) Neferhenut: Wife of Senwosret III. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt). Aat: Wife of Amenemhet III. She is reported to have died at the age of 35, and was buried at Dashur. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), King’s Wife, his beloved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt) Hetepi: Possibly a wife of Amenemhet III. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt), Mistress of the Two Lands (hnwt-t3wy) Nefruptah: She was a daughter of Amenemhet III. Wrote her name in a cartouche at the end of her life. May have been regarded as a potential female ruler. Sister of Sobekneferu. Titles: Great one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes), King’s Daughter of his body (s3t-niswt-nt-kht.f) Nefru-Sobek: She was a Queen-Pharoah and the eighth ruler of the 12th Dynasty. She was probably the daughter of Amenemhet III and the half sister of Amenemhet IV, whom she succeeded. She was mentioned in the Karnak, Saqqara and Turin Kings' list. Three statues of her and a sphinx were discovered in the Delta. 13th Dynasty Nubhotepti (A): Possible wife of Hor Titles: Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt), King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) Seneb[nehas] (A): Probable wife of Khendjer Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-niswt) Iy: Wife of Imyromesha or Inyotef IV or possibly Sobekhotep II. Iy was related to the vizier Ankhu. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Iuhebitu (A): Mother of Sobekhotep III. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt). Senebnehas (C): Wife of Sobekhotep III Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) , United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt), Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Great of Grace (wrt-im3t), Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), Mistress of the Entire Land (hnwt-t3w-mhw) Neni: Wife of Sobekhotep III and mother of the Princesses Iuhetibu (B) Fendi and Dedetanuq. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Senebsen: Wife of Neferhotep I. Possibly mother of Neferhotep A Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Tjin: Wife of Sobekhotep IV; Mother of Prince Amenhotep and Princess Nebetiunet. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Nubhotepi (B): Mother of Sobekhotep V. Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt). Nubkhaes: Wife of either Sobekhotep V, VI or Iaib. Daughter of the scribe of the vizier and great one of the Tens of Upepr Egypt dedusobek and the lady Duanofret. Mother of Duaneferet, Bebires and Khonskhufsy Titles: Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt), Hereditary Princess (iryt-p`t), Great of Grace (wrt-im3t), Lady of all Women (hnwt-hmwt) Inni: Possible wife of Aya. Titles: Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt) Ahhotepi: Wife and Mother of unknown kings. Known from scarabs. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), King’s Mother (mwt-niswt). Iuhetibu (Q): Mother of an unknown king, Wife of Dedusobek (A) Titles: King’s Mother (mwt-niswt). Neferet (R): Wife of an unknown king. Mother of a princess Hatshepsut. Titles: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Queens known from seals only: Aashit: Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt) Ankhmari: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt) Wadjet (or Iaret): King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Resenufer: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw), United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt) Mesneb: King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) Nubhetepti: Seals are known for a King’s Wife (hmt-nisw) and King’s Mother (mwt-niswt) Nubhetepti. Other seals exist for a Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt) and United with the White Crown (khnmt-nfr-hdjt) Nubhetepti. It is not clear to me if ..