Seneferu 1st Pharaoh 4th Dynasty

• Preferred Name: Seneferu 1st Pharaoh 4th Dynasty^[1]
  
• Gender: M
  
• Birth: 2650 BC
  
• Nickname:
  
• Burial: in Red Pyramid, Dahshur necropolis in Cairo, Egypt at LATI: N9.75 LONG: E1.2333 with note: also called the North Pyramid
  
• Death: ABT 2589 BC in Egypt at LATI: N7 LONG: E0 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Builder of the Dashur Pyramids2547 BC in Dahshur, Al Jizah, Egypt at LATI: N9.75 LONG: E1.2333 with note: reformatted
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: founding and 1st Pharoah of the 4th Dynasty of EgyptBET 2613 BC AND 2589 BC in Egypt at LATI: N7 LONG: E0
  
• FSID: G8Y1-38J
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Sneferu era filho do Faraó Huni e de Meresankh I, uma concubina ou esposa secundária que não seria de sangue real. Casou com Hetepherés I, provavelmente a sua meia-irmã, que seria filha de Huni com a sua esposa principal; desta forma o casamento com a meia-irmã teria como objectivo legitimá-lo como rei.
  
  Um dos filhos de Seneferu e Hetepherés I foi Quéops, seu sucessor e monarca associado à grande pirâmide de Guiza (Gizé). Com outras esposas teve outros filhos e filhas, como Ankhhaf, Nefermaet e Kanefer, dois filhos que se seriam tjatis.
  
  Durante seu reinado, hordas asiáticas invadiram o Delta, que ele defendeu construindo vários fortes na fronteira; estas construções foram lembradas e associadas ao seu nome por dez séculos.[1] Ele também teve problemas com as minas de cobre do Sinai, e, ao retomar seu controle, fez com que seu espírito fosse adorado pelas gerações seguintes como o deus protetor das minas.[1]
  
  Seneferu ordenou uma campanha militar na Núbia, a respeito das quais as inscrições egípcias falam de milhares de prisioneiros.[1] Há razões para duvidar da historicidade destes relatos; estas intervenções teriam tido como objetivo essencial manter a ordem e impedir ataques ao Egito por partes daqueles povos.
  
  Em contrapartida, as expedições comerciais foram inúmeras. O rei ordenou expedições para explorar as minas de turquesa de Uádi Magara no Sinai. Ele construiu uma frota de navios, e comerciou com Creta e a costa da Síria, trazendo do Líbano o seu famoso cedro.[1]
  
  O rei notabilizou-se pela sua grande atividade arquitetônica. Durante o seu reinado surgiu pela primeira vez a pirâmide lisa no Egito. A Seneferu estão associadas duas pirâmides, a maior das quais em Meidum.[1]
  
  A pirâmide de Meidum foi provavelmente começada no reinado do seu antecessor. Quando a corte se mudou para Dachur no ano 15 do reinado de Seneferu, o monarca ordenou a construção de uma pirâmide, conhecida hoje em dia como "romboidal", com arestas arqueadas que mudam de ângulo a meio da estrutura. Não se sabe se a arquitetura da pirâmide seria propositada ou um erro de construção.
  
  A outra pirâmides em Dachur é conhecida como a Pirâmide Vermelha. É considerada como a primeira verdadeira pirâmide construída no Egito. Também está associada a este rei uma pequena pirâmide em degraus em Seila.
  
  Foi durante o seu reinado que a arte egípcia adquiriu os padrões que a caracterizariam. O túmulo da sua esposa Heteferés é revelador do requinte das artes neste período. Situado perto da grande pirâmide de Gizé, encontrou-se nele um quarto de dormir com uma cama com pés em forma de patas de leão e uma grande cadeira com decoração com motivos vegetais.
  
  Durante seu reinado, o faraó deixou de se preocupar com todos os detalhes do governo, havia um "grão-vizir", controlando os departamentos de Estado, e vários outros oficiais, além dos governadores das cidades.
  
  Ele foi sucedido por Quéops, mas a relação entre Seneferu e Quéops tida por alguns como desconhecida, Seneferu não teria deixado descendentes e Quéops já era uma figura importante na corte, mas em mackenzie Quéops é chamado de filho de Sneferu.
  
  O Papiro de Westcar também relata Seneferu como pai de Quéops: Então Baufre levantou-se e disse: Ouça, Vossa Majestade, uma maravilha que aconteceu no tempo de seu pai, o faraó Seneferu, justificado, realizada pelo chefe dos sacerdotes-leitores e escriba dos livros Djadjaemankh. . De acordo com o referido papiro, a frase foi dirigida por Baufre ao Faraó Quéops, o que corrobora a ligação de Quéops (Queops) como realmente filho de Seneferu e não meramente seu sucessor no trono.
  
  Um raro piramídio, ou espigão, para a Pirâmide Vermelha foi descoberto e reconstruído, e agora está à mostra em Dachur — porém, não está claro se ele foi realmente usado alguma vez, já que seu ângulo de inclinação difere daquele para qual aparentemente a pirâmide foi pensada.
  
  A Pirâmide Vermelha é uma das muito poucas em que é possível ser escalada por dentro. A entrada alta no lado norte permite o acesso a uma longa passagem de 62m (200 pés) que é inclinada para baixo em um ângulo de cerca de 27º. Esta passagem mede aproximadamente 91cm (3 pés) de altura e 1.23m (4 pés) de largura. Não é recomendada para quem sofre algo além de uma leve claustrofobia. A presença de morcegos causa um cheiro forte de amônia, o que faz ser um alívio chegar a superfície. Uma vez alcançado o fim da passagem, a pessoa entra, através de um corredor curto, na primeira câmara, que tem uma altura de 12.3m (40 pés).
  
  É um bom exemplo de teto sustentado por mísulas, com onze camadas de blocos de pedra. No parte sul da câmara, outro corredor curto leva à segunda câmara, que tem dimensões similares às da primeira e também exibe o teto sustentado por mísulas. Esta câmara encontra-se bem abaixo do topo da pirâmide. Uma escada de madeira na parte sul desta câmara leva à terceira e última câmara. Acredita-se que esta seja a câmara do enterro. Esta também exibe um teto sustentado por mísulas e tem uma altura de cerca de 15.24m (50 pés).
  
  Pirâmide Vermelha
  Ela foi construída durante o reinado do faraó Seneferu, e alguns sugerem ter sido local de seu descanso final. É localizada a aproximadamente um quilômetro ao norte da pirâmide curvada e levou cerca d

1. Henutsen , Queen of Egypt, b. BEF 2589 BC    
2. Meritites bint Sneferu I,     d. 2566 BC
3. Khufu 'Cheops' , 2nd Pharaoh 4th Dynasty, b. 2610 BC     d. 2566 BC

1. Title: Biography of Pharaoh Sneferu
   Author: References Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, page 278–279 A. Dodson & D. Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames and Hudson Ltd: London, 2004. Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin Homs, George. "Snefru . Pharaoh of Egypt (± 2620-± 2547) » Stamboom Homs » Genealogie Online". Genealogie Online. Retrieved 2019-03-05. Jaromir Malek in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p.87 Krauss, Rolf (1996). "The length of Sneferu's reign and how long it took to build the 'Red Pyramid'". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 82: 43–50. JSTOR 3822113. Rainer Stadelmann: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alten Reiches: Die Länge der Regierung des Snofru. In: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institutes Kairo (MDAIK), Vol. 43. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISSN 0342-1279, p. 229–240. Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology", Archiv Orientální. vol. 69, Praha 2001, page 367 Verner, pp.36
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu;
   Note: Sneferu From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Pharoah snefru) Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the Egyptian pharaoh. For the cryptographic hash function, see Snefru. Sneferu Snefru, Seneferu, Snofru, Soris Limestone statue of Sneferu, Egyptian Museum Limestone statue of Sneferu, Egyptian Museum Pharaoh Reign 24, 30 or 48 years[1] c. 2600 BC (Fourth Dynasty) Predecessor Huni[2] Successor Khufu Royal titulary Consort Hetepheres I Children Khufu, Ankhhaf, Kanefer, Nefermaat, Netjeraperef, Rahotep, Ranefer, Iynefer I, Hetepheres A, Nefertkau I, Nefertnesu, Meritites I, Henutsen Mother Meresankh I Burial Red Pyramid ? Monuments Meidum Pyramid, Bent Pyramid, Red Pyramid Sneferu (snfr-wj "He has perfected me", from Ḥr-nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj "Horus, Lord of Maat, has perfected me", also read Snefru or Snofru),[4] well known under his Hellenized name Soris (Koinē Greek: Σῶρις by Manetho), was the founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC,[5] a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign,[6] and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign.[7] He built at least three pyramids that survive to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids. Contents 1 Reign length 2 Succession and family 2.1 Children 3 Building projects 4 Foreign relations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Reign length Detail of a relief showing Sneferu wearing the white robe of the Sed-festival, from his funerary temple of Dahshur and now on display at the Egyptian Museum The 24-year Turin Canon figure for Sneferu's reign is considered today to be an underestimate since this king's highest-known date is an inscription discovered at the Red Pyramid of Dahshur and mentioning Sneferu's 24th cattle count, corresponding to at least 24 full years.[8] Snefru, however, was known to have a minimum of at least three years after the cattle count dates: his years after the 10th, the 13th and the 18th count are attested at his Meidum pyramid.[9] This would mean that Sneferu ruled Egypt a minimum of 27 full years. However, in the Palermo Stone, recto 6 at the bottom of the fragment shows the year of the 7th count of Sneferu while recto 7 on the same following row shows the year of the 8th count of Sneferu.[10] Significantly, there is a previous mostly intact column for Sneferu in recto 5 which also mentions events in this king's reign in a specific year but does not mention the previous (6th) year.[11] This column must, therefore, be dated to the year after the 6th count of Sneferu. Hence, Sneferu's reign would be a minimum of 28 years. Since there are many periods in Snefru's reigns for which Egyptologists have few dates—only the years of the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd and 24th count are known for Sneferu before one considers the years after his cattle counts[12]—this pharaoh is most likely to have had a reign in excess of 30 years to manage to build three pyramids in his long rule but not 48 years since the cattle count was not regularly biannual during his kingship. (There are fewer years after the count dates known for Sneferu compared to year of the count or census dates.) Succession and family Sneferu was the first king of the fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt, who according to Manetho reigned for 24 years (2613–2589 BC). Cartouche name Sneferu in the Abydos King List Manetho was an Egyptian priest, living in the third century BC, who categorized the pharaohs of dynastic Egypt into 31 dynasties.[13] Manetho's schematic has its flaws; nevertheless, modern scholars conventionally follow his method of grouping. The Papyrus Prisse, a Middle Kingdom source, supports the fact that King Huni was indeed Sneferu's predecessor. It states that "the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Huni, came to the landing place (i.e., died), and the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferu, was raised up as a beneficent king in this entire land..."[14] Aside from Sneferu's succession, we learn from this text that later generations considered him to be a "beneficent" ruler. This idea may stem from the etymology of the king's name, for it can be interpreted as the infinitive "to make beautiful".[15] It is uncertain whether Huni was Sneferu's father; however, the Cairo Annals Stone denotes that his mother may have been a woman named Meresankh.[16] Hetepheres I was Sneferu's main wife and the mother of Khufu,[17] the builder of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau. Children Sons of Sneferu: Khufu – son of Sneferu and Hetepheres I, successor to Sneferu. Ankhhaf – King's Son of his Body, King's vizier (under his nephew Khafre). Buried in G 7510. A famous bust of Ankhhaf is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Ankhhaf was married to the King's Daughter Hetepheres.[18] Kanefer – King's eldest son and Son of his Body. Buried in tomb 28 in Dashur. Second Vizier of Sneferu, who continued to serve under Khufu.[19] Nefermaat I – eldest son of Sneferu and husband of Itet. Titles included: Priest of Bastet, Hereditary Prince, Guardian of Nekhen, great one of the five at the house of Thoth. First Vizier of Sneferu.[19] Netjeraperef, buried in Dashur.[20] Rahotep – King's Son of his Body, High Priest of Re in Heliopolis. Buried in Meidum with his wife Nofret. Owner of the famous statues now in the Cairo Museum.[20] Ranefer. Buried in Meidum.[20] Iynefer I. Buried in Dashur.[21] Daughters of Sneferu: Hetepheres A, married Ankhhaf. She was named after her mother, Queen Hetepheres. Nefertkau I – King's Daughter of his Body, eldest daughter of Sneferu. Buried in mastaba G 7050 at Giza. Her tomb dates to the time of Khafra. In the tomb Sneferu is mentioned as well as Nefertkau's son Nefermaat II and her grandson Sneferukhaf.[22][23] Nefertnesu – King's daughter, God's Daughter. Had a son named Kaemqed who is known from a false door. He was buried in Dashur during the 5th dynasty.[22] Meritites I, Great of Sceptre and King's Wife, married to her brother Khufu.[22] Henutsen – King's daughter, married to Khufu.[17] Building projects The Meidum pyramid Sneferu Pyramid waste limestone block. Hole in bottom, used as pivot block on which to turn heavy levers in moving stones. 4th Dynasty. From Meidum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London The most well known monuments from Sneferu's reign are the three pyramids he is considered to have built in Dahshur: the Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid and Meidum (the Meidum pyramid). Under Sneferu, there was a major evolution in monumental pyramid structures, which would lead to Khufu's Great Pyramid, which would be seen as the pinnacle of the Egyptian Old Kingdom's majesty and splendour, and as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The first of Sneferu's massive undertakings is the Pyramid at Meidum. There is some debate among scholars as to Sneferu's claim to the Meidum pyramid, and many credit its origin to King Huni. Nonetheless, the pyramid is a remarkable example of the progression of technology and ideology surrounding the king's burial site. The immense stone structure serves as physical testimony to the transition from the stepped pyramid structure to that of a "true" pyramid structure. Archaeological investigations of the pyramid show that it was first conceived as a seven-stepped structure, built in a similar manner to the Djoser complex at Saqqara. Modifications later were made to add another platform, and at an even later stage limestone facing was added to create the smooth, angled finish characteristic of a "true" pyramid.[24] Complete with a descending northern passage, two underground chambers, and a burial vault, the pyramid mainly follows the conventions of previous tombs in most aspects other than one: instead of being situated underneath the colossal structure, the burial chamber is built directly within the main body albeit very near ground level.[25] Sneferu's Bent Pyramid at Dahshur The Bent Pyramid, also known as the Rhomboidal or Blunted Pyramid, attests to an even greater increase in architectural innovations. As the name suggests, the angle of the inclination changes from 55° to about 43° in the upper levels of the pyramid. It is likely that the pyramid initially was not designed to be built this way, but was modified during construction due to unstable accretion layers. As a means of stabilising the structure, the top layers were laid horizontally, marking the abandonment of the step pyramid concept.[26] The internal components of the Rhomboidal pyramid have also evolved. There are two entrances, one from the north and another from the west. The subterranean chambers are much larger, and distinguished by corbel walls and ceilings with more complex diagonal portcullis systems in place. J.P Lepre asserts: It is apparent that with the interior design of the Bent Pyramid the architect was groping and experimenting, taking maximum advantage of the huge volume of the monument (50 million cubic feet), the largest pyramid constructed to that date.[27] The satellite pyramid complementing Sneferu's Bent Pyramid introduces more change in the architecture of the time, when the passageway is built ascending westward (as opposed to the conventionally descending northward direction of the passages of previously build pyramids) towards the burial chambers.[28] Egypt decided to open the Bent Pyramid for tourism in July 2019 for the first time since 1965. Tourists will be able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79-meter narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of the pyramid. 18-meter-high "side pyramid", which is assumed that have been built for Sneferu's wife Hetepheres will also be accessible. It is the first time for this adjacent pyramid opened to the public after its excavation in 1956. [29][30][3
   Page: This is his biography.