LEI ZU (嫘祖 公孫 西陵氏)

• Preferred Name: LEI ZU (嫘祖 公孫 西陵氏) ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]}
  
• Gender: F
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 黃帝正妃
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Chinese empress with note: Wikiwand: Leizu
  
• Death: 西元前2590年
  
• FSID: 2Z3D-RP9
  
• Nickname:
  
• Birth: 西元前2690年
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Leizu was a legendary Chinese empress and wife of the Yellow Emperor. According to tradition, she discovered sericulture, and invented the silk loom, in the 27th century BC. Leizu discovered silkworms while having an afternoon tea, and a cocoon fell in her tea. It slowly unraveled and she was enchanted by it.
  
  According to one account, the heat from the tea unwrapped the silk until it stretched across Leizu's entire garden. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. Another version says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup of tea, she dropped a cocoon into it. A fine thread started to separate itself from the milkworm cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger.
  
  She persuaded her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could domesticate the worms that made these cocoons. She is attributed with inventing the silk reel, which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving. She also is credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk. Leizu shared her discoveries with others, and the knowledge became widespread in China. She is a popular object of worship in modern China, with the title of "Silkworm Mother" ("Can Nainai").
  
  Leizu had a son named Changyi with the Yellow Emperor, and he was the father of Emperor Zhuanxu. Zhuanxu's uncles and his father, the sons of Huangdi, were bypassed and Zhuanxu was selected as heir to Huangdi.
  
  -- Wikiwand: Leizu
  
  黃帝即公孫軒轅。
  中國人所說的自己是“龍的傳人”，而這個龍就是指黃帝。而黃帝公孫軒轅，而“公孫”這個複姓是什麽意思呢？是蒙古語：[Gangluusun][suyan] ，漢語意思就是：旱龍之牙。也就是陸地之龍的龍牙，故有土德之瑞，因而稱黃帝。
  黃帝即公孫軒轅，是蒙古人。（原文编写——魏文成）
  中國人所說的自己是“龍的傳人”，而這個龍是誰呢？是指黃帝。而黃帝是誰呢？是公孫軒轅，而“公孫”這個複姓是什麽意思呢？是蒙古語：[Gangluusun][suyan] ，漢語意思就是：旱龍之牙。也就是陸地之龍的龍牙，故有土德之瑞，因而稱黃帝爲眞龍天子。其後人纔被稱為龍的傳人。而他的名字，是蒙古人的名字，因此，黃帝即公孫軒轅是蒙古人。
  
  一、從黃帝

1. 昌意 姫, b. 西元前2637年    
2. 少昊 金天氏, b. ABT 2679 BC in Xinzheng County, Henan     d. ABT 2513 BC in Qufu County, Shandong

1. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 方雷氏女節 - Family genealogies: birth-name: 方雷氏女節
   Author: Website, 炎黃世系考, 王立(本站顧問), www.mondlango.com/kulturo/w142.htm, Individual, 尹根亮, 620 Kalmia Ct.NW., Issaquah, WA 98027, Issaquah, Washington, USA
   Note: Family genealogies: birth-name: 方雷氏女節 Family genealogies: female Family genealogies: birth: 2670 BC; 中國河南 Family genealogies: death: 2560 BC; 中國河南
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244681737
   
2. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 螺祖 - Individual or family possessions: Family genealogies
   Author: Book, Individual, 黎萬億, 台灣省高雄縣旗山鎮南勝里旗南三路243之1號, 高雄縣, 台灣, 84200, 0987852820
   Note: Individual or family possessions: Family genealogies 黎氏族譜
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244439309
   
3. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 螺祖 - Individual or family possessions: Family genealogies: birth-name: 西陵螺祖
   Author: Book, 穎川陳氏 澎湖蒔裡族譜, 穎川陳氏 澎湖蒔裡族譜宗親會, Individual, 陳麗雪, 高雄市, 台灣, 807, 07-3507052 0920181320, Page number: 420
   Note: Individual or family possessions: Family genealogies: birth-name: 西陵螺祖
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3245298668
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Silk
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Silk;
   Note: Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm "Bombyx mori," reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors. Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some insects, such as webspinners and raspy crickets, produce silk throughout their lives. Silk production also occurs in hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropods produce silk, most notably various arachnids, such as spiders. Etymology The word silk comes from Old English: sioloc, from Ancient Greek: σηρικός, romanized: sērikós, "silken," ultimately from an Asian source—compare Mandarin sī "silk," Manchurian sirghe, Mongolian "sirkek." History Main article: History of silk Wild silk Main article: Wild silk Several kinds of wild silk, produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and spun in China, South Asia, and Europe since ancient times. E.g. production of Eri silk in Assam. However, the scale of production was always far smaller than for cultivated silks. There are several reasons for this: first, they differ from the domesticated varieties in colour and texture and are therefore less uniform; second, cocoons gathered in the wild have usually had the pupa emerge from them before being discovered so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths; and third, many wild cocoons are covered in a mineral layer that prevents attempts to reel from them long strands of silk. Thus, the only way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious and labor-intensive carding. Some natural silk structures have been used without being unwound or spun. Spider webs were used as a wound dressing in ancient Greece and Rome, and as a base for painting from the 16th century. Caterpillar nests were pasted together to make a fabric in the Aztec Empire. Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a white-colored silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread, permitting a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm.[9][10] A technique known as demineralizing allows the mineral layer around the cocoon of wild silk moths to be removed,[11] leaving only variability in color as a barrier to creating a commercial silk industry based on wild silks in the parts of the world where wild silk moths thrive, such as in Africa and South America. China Main article: Silk industry in China Silk use in fabric was developed first in ancient China. The earliest evidence for silk is the presence of the silk protein fibroin in soil samples from two tombs at the neolithic site Jiahu in Henan, which date back about 8,500 years. The earliest surviving example of silk fabric dates from about 3630 BC, and was used as the wrapping for the body of a child at a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun near Xingyang, Henan. Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu (Hsi-Ling-Shih, Lei-Tzu). Silks were originally reserved for the Emperors of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through Chinese culture and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of Asia. Because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in great demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, dated to the Eastern Zhou dynasty roughly 2,500 years ago. Although historians have suspected a long history of a formative textile industry in ancient China, this find of silk textiles employing "complicated techniques" of weaving and dyeing provides direct evidence for silks dating before the Mawangdui-discovery and other silks dating to the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD). Silk is described in a chapter of the "Fan Shengzhi shu" from the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD). There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost. The first evidence of the long distance silk trade is the finding of silk in the hair of an Egyptian mummy of the 21st dynasty, c.1070 BC. The silk trade reached as far as the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be known as the Silk Road. The Emperors of China strove to keep knowledge of sericulture secret to maintain the Chinese monopoly. Nonetheless sericulture reached Korea with technological aid from China around 200 BC, the ancient Kingdom of Khotan by AD 50, and India by AD 140. In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent, and many civilizations, such as the ancient Persians, benefited economically from trade. The Emperors of China strove to keep knowledge of sericulture secret to maintain the Chinese monopoly. Nonetheless sericulture reached Korea with technological aid from China around 200 BC, the ancient Kingdom of Khotan by AD 50, and India by AD 140. In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent,[22] and many civilizations, such as the ancient Persians, benefited economically from trade. Northeastern India In the northeastern state of Assam, three different types of indigenous variety of silk are produced, collectively called Assam silk: Muga, Eri and Pat silk. Muga, the golden silk, and Eri are produced by silkworms that are native only to Assam. They have been reared since ancient times similar to other East and South-East Asian countries. India Main article: Silk in the Indian subcontinent Silk has a long history in India. It is known as "Resham" in eastern and north India, and "Pattu" in southern parts of India. Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu-daro suggest that sericulture, employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species, existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization (now in Pakistan) dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC, while "hard and fast evidence" for silk production in China dates back to around 2570 BC. Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China "significantly earlier" than 2500–2000 BC, suggests, "people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk." India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw mulberry silk comes from six Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and West Bengal. North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million "Silk City" Ramanagara and Mysore, contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka. In Tamil Nadu, mulberry cultivation is concentrated in the Coimbatore, Erode, Bhagalpuri, Tiruppur, Salem and Dharmapuri districts. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, and Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu, were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units in India. India is also the largest consumer of silk in the world. The tradition of wearing silk sarees for marriages and other auspicious ceremonies is a custom in Assam and southern parts of India. Silk is considered to be a symbol of royalty, and, historically, silk was used primarily by the upper classes. Silk garments and sarees produced in Kanchipuram, Pochampally, Dharmavaram, Mysore, Arani in the south, Banaras in the north, Bhagalpur and Murshidabad in the east are well recognized. Thailand Main article: Thai silk Silk is produced year-round in Thailand by two types of silkworms, the cultured Bombycidae and wild Saturniidae. Most production is after the rice harvest in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. Women traditionally weave silk on hand looms and pass the skill on to their daughters, as weaving is considered to be a sign of maturity and eligibility for marriage. Thai silk textiles often use complicated patterns in various colours and styles. Most regions of Thailand have their own typical silks. A single thread filament is too thin to use on its own so women combine many threads to produce a thicker, usable fiber. They do this by hand-reeling the threads onto a wooden spindle to produce a uniform strand of raw silk. The process takes around 40 hours to produce a half kilogram of silk. Many local operations use a reeling machine for this task, but some silk threads are still hand-reeled. The difference is that hand-reeled threads produce three grades of silk: two fine grades that are ideal for lightweight fabrics, and a thick grade for heavier material. Th...
   
5. Title: 螺祖 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 034
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:1:3QZR-CNB;
   
6. Title: 螺祖 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 035
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:1:3QZT-T7L;
   
7. Title: 螺祖 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 036
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:1:3QZT-T75;
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: Bombyx mori
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bombyx_mori;
   Note: "Bombyx mori," the domestic silk moth, is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of "Bombyx mandarina," the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even Osage orange. Domestic silk moths are closely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths are different from their domestic cousins as they have not been selectively bred; they are thus not as commercially viable in the production of silk. Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has been under way for at least 5,000 years in China, whence it spread to India, Korea, Japan, and the West. The domestic silk moth was domesticated from the wild silk moth "Bombyx mandarina," which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock. Silk moths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic Age. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated "B. mori" and the wild "B. mandarina" still can breed and sometimes produce hybrids. Domestic silk moths are very different from most members in the genus "Bombyx"; not only have they lost the ability to fly, but their color pigments also have been lost. Types Mulberry silkworms can be categorized into three different but connected groups or types. The major groups of silkworms fall under the univoltine ("uni-"=one, "voltine"=brood frequency) and bivoltine categories. The univoltine type is generally linked with the geographical area within greater Europe. The eggs of this type hibernate during winter due to the cold climate, and cross-fertilize only by spring, generating silk only once annually. The second type is called bivoltine and is normally found in China, Japan, and Korea. The breeding process of this type takes place twice annually, a feat made possible through the slightly warmer climates and the resulting two life cycles. The polyvoltine type of mulberry silkworm can only be found in the tropics. The eggs are laid by female moths and hatch within nine to 12 days, so the resulting type can have up to eight separate life cycles throughout the year.[6] Process Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of "Morus," as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs. After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their lifecycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a vital layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few—the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea—have been exploited for fabric production. If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon and through the pupal phase of its lifecycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which seriously reduces the value of the silk threads, but not silk cocoons used as "stuffing" available in China and elsewhere for doonas, jackets, etc. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled. The heat kills the silkworms and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten. As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larva, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy "not to hurt any living thing." This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute. He also promoted Ahimsa silk, wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semiwild silk moths. The moth – the adult phase of the lifecycle – is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild "B. mandarina" and other "Bombyx" species, whose males fly to meet females and for evasion from predators. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved. This is because their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings. However, some silk moths can still fly. Silk moths have a wingspan of 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (for they are carrying many eggs), but are similarly colored. Adult Bombycidae have reduced mouthparts and do not feed, though a human caretaker can feed them. Cocoon The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are very fine and luscious, about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make 1 pound of silk (0.4 kg). At least 70 million pounds of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons. Research Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm.[citation needed] One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the very small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm. Currently, research is focusing on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described. Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide. One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms that can feed on food other than mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet. Research on the genome also raises the possibility of genetically engineering silkworms to produce proteins, including pharmacological drugs, in the place of silk proteins. Bombyx mori females are also one of the few organisms with homologous chromosomes held together only by the synaptonemal complex (and not crossovers) during meiosis. Kraig Biocraft Laboratories has used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In September 2010, the effort was announced as successful. Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications. Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures. They found that on particularly straight webs of lines, the silkworms would connect neighboring lines with silk, weaving directly onto the given shape. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days. Silkworms have been used in antibiotics discovery, as they have several advantageous traits compared to other invertebrate models. Antibiotics such as lysocin E, a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5 and GPI0363 are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms. Domestication The domestic species, compared to the wild species, has increased cocoon size, body size, growth rate, and efficiency of its digestion. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. The domestic silk moths cannot fly, so the males need human assistance in finding a mate, and it lacks fear of potential predators. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silk moths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. These changes have made the domesticated strains entirely dependent upon humans for survival. The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching. Silkworm breeding Silkworms first were domesticated in China over 5,000 years ago. Since then, the silk production capacity of the species has increased nearly tenfold. The silkworm is one of the few organisms wherein the principles of genetics and breeding were applied to harvest maximum output[citation needed]. It is second only to maize in exploiting the principles of heterosis and crossbreeding. Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The major objectives are improving fecundity (the egg-laying capacity of a breed), the health of larvae, quantity of cocoon and silk production, and disease resistance. Healthy larvae lead to a healthy cocoon crop. Health is dependent on factors such as better pupation rate, fewer dead larvae in the mountage, shorter larval duration (this les...
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: Empress of China
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Empress_of_China;
   Note: Empress of China usually refers to the consort of an Emperor; see list of Chinese consorts. It may also refer to Wu Zetian, the only ruling Empress in the history of China. The term may also refer to: . Empress of China (1783), a sailing ship built as a privateer; the first American ship to sail from the newly independent United States to China . RMS Empress of China, three Canadian Pacific Steamships ocean liners, one from 1891 to 1912, the other two briefly named Empress of China in 1921 . The Empress of China (film), a 1953 West German film . The Empress of China, a 2014 Chinese television drama series starring Fan Bingbing as a character based on the historical character Wu Zetian
   
10. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 方雷氏女節 - Published information: Family genealogies: birth: 2669 BC; Henan, China
    Author: Electronic document, 百度百科, 不詳, Google.com, Individual, 尹根亮, 620 Kalmia Ct. NW, Issaquah, Washington, USA, 98027
    Note: Published information: Family genealogies: birth: 2669 BC; Henan, China
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3245096586
    
11. Title: 螺祖 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 034
    Page: Migrated Asian Data Entry: urn:familysearch:source:2689800820_ADE:Batch:1160204Entry:034
    
12. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 螺祖 - Published information: female
    Note: Published information: female Published information: birth: 2693 BC; China Published information: death: ; Published information: birth-name: 西陵氏螺祖
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244688781
    
13. Title: Wikiwand: Leizu
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Leizu;
    Note: Leizu (Chinese: 嫘祖; pinyin: "Léi Zǔ"d), also known as Xi Ling-shi (Chinese: 西陵氏, Wade–Giles Hsi Ling-shih), was a legendary Chinese empress and wife of the Yellow Emperor. According to tradition, she discovered sericulture, and invented the silk loom, in the 27th century BC. Myths Leizu discovered silkworms while having an afternoon tea, and a cocoon fell in her tea. It slowly unraveled and she was enchanted by it. According to one account, a silkworm cocoon fell into her tea, and the heat unwrapped the silk until it stretched across her entire garden. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. Another version says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the milkworm cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger. She persuaded her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could domesticate the worms that made these cocoons. She is attributed with inventing the silk reel, which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving. She also is credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk. Leizu shared her discoveries with others, and the knowledge became widespread in China. She is a popular object of worship in modern China, with the title of "Silkworm Mother" ("Can Nainai"). Leizu had a son named Changyi with the Yellow Emperor, and he was the father of Emperor Zhuanxu. Zhuanxu's uncles and his father, the sons of Huangdi, were bypassed and Zhuanxu was selected as heir to Huangdi.
    
14. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 螺祖 - Family genealogies: birth: 2672 BC; Henan, China
    Author: Electronic document, 百度百科, 不詳, Google.com, Archive, Google.com & 尹氏宗支源流族譜, 620 Kalmia Ct. NW, Issaquah, Washington, USA
    Note: Family genealogies: birth: 2672 BC; Henan, China
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3245073381
    
15. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 方雷氏女節 - Family genealogies: birth-name: 西陵氏嫘祖
    Author: Website, 炎黃世系考, 王立(本站顧問), www.mondlango.com/kulturo/w142.htm, Individual, 尹根亮, 620 Kalmia Ct. NW, Issaquah, Wa 98027., Issaquah, Washington, USA
    Note: Family genealogies: birth-name: 西陵氏嫘祖 Family genealogies: female Family genealogies: death: 2559 BC; 中國河南
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244681758
    
16. Title: Wikiwand: Camellia sinensis
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Camellia_sinensis;
    Note: "Camellia sinensis" is a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees in the flowering plant family Theaceae whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. Common names include "tea plant," "tea shrub," and "tea tree" (not to be confused with "Melaleuca alternifolia," the source of tea tree oil, or "Leptospermum scoparium," the New Zealand tea tree). C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. s. var. assamica are two major varieties grown today. White tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, dark tea (which includes pu-erh tea) and black tea are all harvested from one or the other, but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from C. sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. Nomenclature and taxonomy The generic name "Camellia" is taken from the Latinized name of Rev. Georg Kamel, SJ (1661–1706), a Moravian-born Jesuit lay brother, pharmacist, and missionary to the Philippines. Carl Linnaeus chose his name in 1753 for the genus to honor Kamel's contributions to botany (although Kamel did not discover or name this plant, or any "Camellia," and Linnaeus did not consider this plant a "Camellia" but a "Thea"). Robert Sweet shifted all formerly "Thea" species to the genus "Camellia" in 1818. The name "sinensis" means "from China" in Latin. Four varieties of "C. sinensis" are recognized. Of these, "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis" and "C. s." var. "assamica" (JW Masters) Kitamura are used most commonly for tea, and "C. s." var. "pubilimba" Hung T. Chang and "C. s." var. "dehungensis" (Hung T. Chang & BH Chen) TL Ming sometimes are used locally. The Cambod type tea ("C. assamica" subsp. "lasiocaly") originally was considered a type of assam tea. However, later genetic work showed that it is a hybrid between Chinese small leaf tea and assam type tea. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated in the borderlands of north Burma and southwestern China. . Chinese (small leaf) tea ["C. sinensis' var. -"sinensis"] . Chinese Western Yunnan Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] . Indian Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] . Chinese Southern Yunnan Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] Chinese (small leaf) type tea may have originated in southern China possibly with hybridization of unknown wild tea relatives. However, since no wild populations of this tea are known, the precise location of its origin is speculative. Given their genetic differences forming distinct clades, Chinese Assam type tea ("C. s." var. "assamica") may have two different parentages – one being found in southern Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Pu'er City) and the other in western Yunnan (Lincang, Baoshan). Many types of Southern Yunnan Assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species "Camellia taliensis." Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam type tea ("also C. s." var. "assamica"). Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from the same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no haplotypes with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species "Camellia pubicosta." Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small leaf tea is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago, while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. This divergence tea would correspond to the last glacial maximum. Chinese small leaf type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British and some Indian Assam type tea (e.g. Darjeeling tea) appear to be genetic hybrids of Chinese small leaf type tea, native Indian Assam, and possibly also closely related wild tea species. Cultivars Hundreds, if not thousands of cultivars of C. sinensis are known. Some Japanese cultivars include: . Benifuuki . Fushun . Kanayamidori . Meiryoku . Saemidori . Okumidori . Yabukita Description "C. sinensis" is native to East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, but today it is cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m (6.6 ft) when cultivated for its leaves. It has a strong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5–4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) in diameter, with seven or eight petals. The seeds of "C. sinensis" and "C. oleifera" can be pressed to yield tea oil, a sweetish seasoning and cooking oil that should not be confused with tea tree oil, an essential oil that is used for medical and cosmetic purposes, and originates from the leaves of a different plant. The leaves are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine, as well as related compounds including theobromine. The young, light-green leaves are preferably harvested for tea production; they have short, white hairs on the underside. Older leaves are deeper green. Different leaf ages produce differing tea qualities, since their chemical compositions are different. Usually, the tip (bud) and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. This hand picking is repeated every one to two weeks. In 2017, Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of "C. s." var. "assamica." It contains about three billion base pairs, which was larger than most plants previously sequenced. Cultivation Main article: Tea cultivation "C. sinensis" is cultivated mainly in tropical and subtropical climates, in areas with at least 127 cm (50 in) of rainfall a year. Tea plants prefer a rich and moist growing location in full to part sun, and can be grown in hardiness zones 7 – 9. However, the clonal one is commercially cultivated from the equator to as far north as Cornwall and Scotland on the UK mainland. Many high quality teas are grown at high elevations, up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), as the plants grow more slowly and acquire more flavor. Tea plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Two principal varieties are used, the small-leaved Chinese variety plant ("C. s. sinensis") and the large-leaved Assamese plant ("C. s. assamica"), used mainly for black tea. Chinese teas The Chinese plant is a small-leafed bush with multiple stems that reaches a height of some 3 m. It is native to southeast China. The first tea plant variety to be discovered, recorded, and used to produce tea dates back 3,000 years ago, it yields some of the most popular teas. "C. s." var. "waldenae" was considered a different species, "C. waldenae" by SY Hu, but it later was identified as a variety of "C. sinensis." This variety is commonly called Waldenae Camellia. It is seen on Sunset Peak and Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong. It is also distributed in Guangxi province, China. Indian and Nepali teas Three main kinds of tea are produced in India: . Assam comes from the heavily forested northeastern section of the country, Assam. Tea from here is rich and full-bodied. In Assam, the first tea estate of India was established, in 1837. . Darjeeling is from the cool and wet Darjeeling region, tucked in the foothills of the Himalayas. Tea plantations reach 2,200 meters. The tea is delicately flavored, and considered to be one of the finest teas in the world. The Darjeeling plantations have three distinct harvests, termed "flushes," and the tea produced from each flush has a unique flavor. First (spring) flush teas are light and aromatic, while the second (summer) flush produces tea with a bit more bite. The third, or autumn flush gives a tea that is less in quality. Nepali tea also is considered to be similar to the tea produced in Darjeeling, mostly because the eastern part of Nepal, where a large amount of tea is produced, has similar topography to that of Darjeeling. . Nilgiri is from a southern region of India almost as high as Darjeeling. Grown at elevations between 1,000 and 2,500 m, Nilgiri teas are subtle and rather gentle, and are frequently blended with other, more robust teas. Pests and diseases Main article: List of tea diseases See also: List of Lepidoptera that feed on Camellia Tea leaves are eaten by some herbivores, such as the caterpillars of the willow beauty ("Peribatodes rhomboidaria"), a geometer moth. Health effects Main article: Health effects of tea Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using tea as a common beverage, no high-quality evidence shows that tea confers significant benefits. In clinical research over the early 21st century, tea has been studied extensively for its potential to lower the risk of human diseases, but none of this research is conclusive as of 2017. Biosynthesis of caffeine Caffeine, a molecule produced in "C. sinensis," functions as a secondary metabolite and acts as a natural pesticide: it can paralyze and kill predator insects feeding on the plant. Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and its biosynthesis occurs in young tea leaves and is regulated by several enzymes. The biosynthetic pathway in "C. sinensis" differs from other caffeine-producing plants such as coffee or guayusa. Analysis of the pathway was carried out by harvesting young leaves and using reverse transcription PCR to analyze the genes encoding the major enzymes involved in synthesizing caffeine. The gene "TCS1" encodes caffeine synthase. Younger leaves feature high concentrations of TCS1 transcripts, allowing more caffeine to be synthesized during this time. Dephosphorylation of xanthosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthosine is the committed step for the xanthosines entering the beginning of the most common pathway. A sequence of reactions turns xanthosine into 7-methylxanthosine, then 7-methylxanthine, then theobromine, and finally into...
    
17. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 螺祖 - Family genealogies: birth-name: 方雷氏
    Author: Manuscript, 尹氏宗支源流族譜, 尹永安, 族譜, Individual, 尹根亮, 620 Kalmia Ct. NW, Issaquah, Washington, USA, 98027
    Note: Family genealogies: birth-name: 方雷氏
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