昌意 姫

• Preferred Name: 昌意 姫^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]}
  
• Alternate Name: 昌意 姬
  
• Alternate Name: 昌意 公孫
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: LVTL-TN6
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 皇太子
  
• Death: Y
  
• Birth: 西元前2637年
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  （前7世）
  
  === 曹俠（邾俠）祖先 ===
  祖先
  
  二世昌意：
  母曰嫘祖，黃帝之世，降居若水，娶蜀山氏之女曰昌僕，亦謂之女樞，生顓頊（高陽氏）。

1. 顓頊 黃姬, b. 西元前2735年     d. 西元前2785年

1. 顓頊 黃姬, b. 西元前2735年     d. 西元前2785年
2. 乾荒 姬, b. 2575 BC in Sichuan, China     d. in China

1. Title: The Chen Family Tree (Tide Lotus, Jiangmen, Guangdong)
   Page: 根据我的家谱p15
   
2. Title: Genealogy from 恩成 to 理徵
   Author: Sina Blog
   Publication: Name: http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_664591380100gx4e.html;
   Page: To provide sources of reference for the geneaology from 恩成 to 理徵。
   
3. Title: Li Genealogy Volume 1 - 1st to 36th generations
   Author: Li Genealogy Volume 1 - 1st to 36th generations - in John Michael Chan possession.
   Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/photos/artifacts/24126074;
   Note: Li Genealogy Volume 1 - 1st to 36th generations page B2
   Page: Record of 36 Generations
   
4. Title: 昌意 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 036
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/2:1:3QZT-T7G;
   
5. Title: 公孫 昌意 - Asian Data Entry, Batch: 1160204, Entry: 036
   Page: Migrated Asian Data Entry: urn:familysearch:source:2689800820_ADE:Batch:1160204Entry:036
   
6. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 公孫 昌意 - Published information: birth-name: 姬昌意
   Note: Published information: birth-name: 姬昌意 Published information: male Published information: birth: 2672 BC; China
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244688781
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Emperor Ku
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Emperor_Ku;
   Note: Kù (simplified Chinese: 喾; traditional Chinese: 嚳, variant graph Chinese: 俈), usually referred to as Dì Kù (simplified Chinese: 帝喾; traditional Chinese: 帝嚳), also known as Gaoxin or Gāoxīn Shì (Chinese: 高辛氏), was a descendant of Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor. He went by the name Gaoxin until receiving imperial authority, when he took the name Ku and the title Di, thus being known as Di Ku. He is considered the ancestor of the ruling families of certain subsequent dynasties. Some sources treat Ku as a semi-historical figure, while others make fantastic mythological or religious claims about him. Besides varying in their degree of historicizing Ku, the various sources also differ in what specific stories about him they focus on, so that putting together the various elements of what is known regarding Ku results in a multifaceted story. Di Ku was (according to many versions of the list) one of the Five Emperors of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of Chinese mythology. Ku, or Gaoxin, is also known as the "White Emperor." Birth Ku's lineage is derived from descent from the legendary Yellow Emperor, then through the line of Shaohao (as opposed to the line through Changyi, which led to Zhuanxu). He was the son of Qiaoji (蟜極/蟜极), and thus grandson to Shaohao, and great-grandson to Yellow Emperor. According to speculative dates calculated after 100 BC by Liu Xin, he is supposed to have ruled from c. 2436 BC to c. 2366 BC, though other dates also are mentioned. As emperor When he became emperor, Ku added the title "Di," meaning "God-emperor," in front of his name. After achieving the imperial title, Ku was said to travel seasonally by riding a dragon in spring and summer, and a horse in autumn and winter. Among other things, Ku was said to be an inventor of musical instruments and composer of songs. According to the "Lüshi Chunqiu," drums, bells, chimes, pipes, ocarinas, and flutes all were invented, on the orders of Ku, by his subordinate Yourui; Ku's lyrics had musical scores composed by his assistant Xianhei; and by a further imperial command, a dance accompaniment was provided by a phoenix. Although Ku held the title "Di," it is unclear what territory, if any, his empire might have consisted of. The same title "Di" later was assumed by the King of Qin, upon conquering his neighboring kingdoms and forging them into the first historically known empire of China. Wives and Descendants Ku had several wives. The best known of his consorts are four ladies: Jiang Yuan, Jiandi, Changyi, and Qingdu. Once each of these ladies had given birth to a son (Houji, Xie, Zhi, and Yao, respectively) Ku had a diviner foretell for him which of the sons was destined to rule the empire, and he received the answer that all four would. Another source mentions a lady with whom he had eight sons, each one born after she had dreamed of swallowing the sun; although her name is uncertain, she was said to be from Zoutu. Shiji also recorded the lineage names of Zhi's mother as Juzi (娵訾氏) and Yao's mother as Chenfeng (陳鋒氏). According to some traditions, each of these four sons inherited Ku's empire or was ancestral founder of a Chinese dynasty. The first of Ku's sons to rule the kingdom was Emperor Zhi, who was the son of Changyi. Another of his sons later became the Emperor Yao. Ku's son Xie, born miraculously to Jiandi after she swallowed the egg of a black bird, became the pre-dynastic founder of the ruling family of the Shang dynasty. Ku's son Houji, born miraculously to Jiang Yuan after she stepped in the footprint of a god, became the pre-dynastic founder of the lineage of the Zhou dynasty. According to "Samguk Sagi," the kings of Goguryeo regarded themselves as a descendant of Chinese heroes because he called his surname "Go" (Hanja: 高) as they were the descendant of Gao Yang (Hanja: 高陽) who was a grandchild of the Yellow Emperor and Gaoxin (Hanja: 高辛) who was a great-grandchild of Yellow Emperor. Bamboo Annals In the "Bamboo Annals," one of the earliest sources, it is mentioned that when Emperor Zhuanxu died, a descendant of Shennong named Shuqi raised a disturbance, but was destroyed a descendant of Huangdi, Ku (of the Gaoxin lineage) the Prince of Xin; Ku then ascended to the throne. It also states that Ku "was born with double rows of teeth, and had the wisdom of a sage," and that he "made blind men beat drums, and strike bells and sounding stones, at which phoenixes flapped their wings and gambolled." The "Annals" further record that in the 16th year of his reign, he sent his general Chong to defeat the state of Yukwai. In the 45th year, Ku designated the prince of Tang (his son Yao) as his successor, however upon his death in the 63rd year, his elder son Zhi then took the throne instead, ruling 9 years before being deposed and replaced by Yao.
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: Zhuanxu
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Zhuanxu;
   Note: Zhuanxu (Chinese: trad. 顓頊, simp. 颛顼, pinyin "Zhuānxū"), also known as Gao Yang (t 高陽, s 高阳, p "Gāoyáng"), was a mythological emperor of ancient China. In the traditional account recorded by Sima Qian, Zhuanxu was a grandson of the Yellow Emperor who led the Shi clan in an eastward migration to present-day Shandong, where intermarriages with the Dongyi clan enlarged and augmented their tribal influences. At age twenty, he became their sovereign, going on to rule for seventy-eight years until his death. Family Zhuanxu was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor and his wife Leizu by way of his father Changyi. His mother was named Changtsu according to Sima Qian, Niuqu according to the "Bamboo Annals." Zhuanxu subsequently was claimed as an ancestor by many of the dynasties of Chinese history, including the Mi of Chu and Yue, the Yíng of Qin, and the Cao of Wei. Reign Zhuanxu was held by many sources to be one of the Five Emperors. According to Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian," upon the passing of the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu's uncle Shaohao never actually reigned as king, as in other reports. Rather, Gaoyang was chosen as the tribe's new leader, with the regnal name Zhuanxu, in preference to his father and all his uncles. Zhuanxu defeated Gonggong, a descendant of the Emperor Yan. However, the account in the "Bamboo Annals" states that Zhuanxu became an assistant to his uncle, Emperor Shaohao, at the age of ten, and became king in his own right at age 20. He made contributions to a unified calendar, astrology, religion reforms to oppose shamanism, upheld the patriarchal (as opposed to the previous matriarchal) system, and forbade close-kin marriage. The "Bamboo Annals" also credit him with composing one of the earliest pieces of music, known as "The Answer to the Clouds." Zhuanxu was succeeded by his cousin, Shaohao's grandson, Ku. According to "Shiji," Zhuanxu himself, or Zhuanxu's lineage, had an incompetent son (不才子) derided as Taowu (梼杌; literally: "block-stump; blockhead"). Two other descendants of Zhuanxu also were named: one is Zhuanxu's son Qiongchan, from whom descended Emperor Shun; the other is Gun, father of Yu the Great. Emperor Yao also had criticized Gun for being incompetent and ruinous. Qiongchan was an insignificant commoner though it does not mention how he fell from grace. Eight other of Zhuanxu's descendants, unnamed yet of good repute, later worked for Shun. Calendar The "Bamboo Annals" record that in his 13th year of reign, Zhuanxu "invented calendric calculations and delineations of the heavenly bodies." Since Zhuanxu was claimed as a founder of the Qin dynasty, his name was taken for inauguration of the new calendar system by Shi Huangdi. Mythology Zhuanxu is also mentioned as a god of the Pole Star. Potential connection with Longshan culture? Zhuanxu commonly is associated with the extremely important myth of the separation of the Heaven from Earth. According to the Lu Xing chapter of Shang Shu: "We are told that the Miao ... created oppressive punishments which the people into disorder. Shang Di, the Lord on High ... surveyed the people and found them lacking in virtue. Out of pity for those who were innocent, the August Lord .. had the Miao exterminated. 'Then he charged Chong and Li to cut the communication between Heaven and Earth so that there would be no descending and ascending." After this had been done, order was restored and the people returned to virtue." Several Chinese mythologists interpreted this myth as a representation or symbolization of the increasing social stratification occurring. Before the 'separation of Earth and Heaven', in Yangshao culture, it was open to every household that had or could hire a shaman. However, during Longshan culture, shamans could be hired only by a few people, suggesting a monopoly of the ability to ascend to and descend from Heaven. In this sense, this myth marks the start of social stratification on China's rise to civilization. Episode According to "Samguk Sagi," the kings of Goguryeo regarded themselves as a descendant of Chinese heroes because he called his surname "Go" (Hanja: 高) as they were the descendant of Gao Yang (Hanja: 高陽) who was a grandchild of the Yellow Emperor and Gaoxin (Hanja: 高辛) who was a great-grandchild of Yellow Emperor.
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: Leizu
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Leizu;
   Note: Leizu (Chinese: 嫘祖; pinyin: "Léi Zǔ"d), also known as Xi Ling-shi (Chinese: 西陵氏, Wade–Giles Hsi Ling-shih), was a legendary Chinese empress and wife of the Yellow Emperor. According to tradition, she discovered sericulture, and invented the silk loom, in the 27th century BC. Myths Leizu discovered silkworms while having an afternoon tea, and a cocoon fell in her tea. It slowly unraveled and she was enchanted by it. According to one account, a silkworm cocoon fell into her tea, and the heat unwrapped the silk until it stretched across her entire garden. When the silk ran out, she saw a small cocoon and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk. Another version says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons. She collected some cocoons, then sat down to have some tea. While she was sipping a cup, she dropped a cocoon into the steaming water. A fine thread started to separate itself from the milkworm cocoon. Leizu found that she could unwind this soft and lovely thread around her finger. She persuaded her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees, where she could domesticate the worms that made these cocoons. She is attributed with inventing the silk reel, which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving. She also is credited with inventing the first silk loom. It is not known how much, if any, of this story is true, but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk. Leizu shared her discoveries with others, and the knowledge became widespread in China. She is a popular object of worship in modern China, with the title of "Silkworm Mother" ("Can Nainai"). Leizu had a son named Changyi with the Yellow Emperor, and he was the father of Emperor Zhuanxu. Zhuanxu's uncles and his father, the sons of Huangdi, were bypassed and Zhuanxu was selected as heir to Huangdi.
   
10. Title: Legacy NFS Source: 姬昌意 - Published information: birth-name: 姬昌意
    Note: Published information: birth-name: 姬昌意 Published information: male Published information: birth: 2199 BC; China Published information: death: ; China
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3245312440
    
11. Title: Wikiwand: Shaohao
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Shaohao;
    Note: Shaohao (Chinese: 少昊; pinyin: "Shàohào"), also known as Shao Hao, Jin Tian or Xuanxiao, was a legendary Chinese sovereign who reigned c. 2600 BC. Shaohao usually is identified as a son of the Yellow Emperor. According to some traditions (for example the "Book of Documents"), he is a member of the Five Emperors. The historicity of Shaohao is controversial. The Doubting Antiquity School of historians represented by Gu Jiegang posit that Shaohao was added to the orthodox legendary succession by Liu Xin as part of a political campaign of revisions to ancient texts around the 1st century AD. Orthodox Legend The usually accepted version of his life, the provenance of which only can be reliably traced to the Han Dynasty from the 1st century AD onwards, posits that Shaohao is a son of the Yellow Emperor. He was the leader of the Dongyi, whose capital he shifted to Qufu, Shandong. Ruling for eighty-four years, he was succeeded by his nephew Zhuanxu, the son of his brother Changyi. However, "Shiji" listed no emperor between the Yellow Emperor and Zhuanxu. Shaohao is mentioned as a person living between the two who was fretting over an incompetent son, who was derided as Qiongji (窮奇; literally "Thoroughly Odd"). If Shaohao were to be identified with Xuanxiao (Hanzi:玄囂), the oldest son of the Yellow Emperor found earlier in the text; the incompetent Qiongji would be identified with Jiaoji (Hanzi:蟜極), Xuanxiao's only known offspring, who was also passed over as emperor. Jiaoji's son, Ku, and grandsons (Zhi and Yao) would become emperors though. Shaohao's tomb, most likely built during the Song dynasty, traditionally is located in present-day Jiuxian ("old prefecture") village, on the eastern outskirts of Qufu. The tomb enclosure also includes a pyramidal monument called Shou Qiu, which according to legend was the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor. Legends with alternative origin A different legend, in the Bamboo Annals (019), posits that Shaohao was not the Yellow Emperor's son but the son of a certain Lady Jie (Hanzi:女節), who miraculously conceived him after seeing a rainbow-like star flowing downwards onto the Hua islet (Hanzi: 華渚). Another legend says that his mother, a weaver goddess, was a beautiful fairy named Huang'e who fell in love with the planet Venus while drifting along the Milky Way. The two enjoyed many intimate nights together on her raft and they created a son. She soon gave birth to Shaohao, who grew up to be a handsome young man with a lot of potential. His great uncle, the Yellow Emperor, was so impressed with him that he named him god of the Western Heavens. The myth says that Shaohao created a kingdom in the five mountains of the Eastern Paradise that was inhabited by different types of birds. As the ruler of this bureaucratic land, he captured the identity of a vulture. Other birds worked below him, such as a phoenix as his Lord Chancellor, a hawk that delegated the law, and a pigeon that was in charge of education. He chose the four seasons of the year to watch over the remaining birds. Although his kingdom was successful for many years, he moved back to the west and left his kingdom of birds to his son Chong. With a different son, Ru Shou, he made his home on Changliu Mountain, where he could rule over the Western Heavens. In union as father and son, they were responsible for the daily setting of the sun. In addition, Shaohao was thought to have introduced China to the twenty-five string lute. Controversy over historicity Whether Shaohao actually existed, or was a sovereign, is controversial. The Doubting Antiquity School of historians, represented by Gu Jiegang, posited that Shaohao was inserted into the orthodox legendary lineage of ancient rulers by Han Dynasty imperial librarian Liu Xin, as part of a wide-ranging campaign of editing ancient texts, in order to either justify the rule of the Han imperial house, or the brief Xin Dynasty that overthrew it. This theory posits that Liu Xin was keen to create a narrative of the succession of legendary kings and subsequent dynasties, which would satisfactorily reflect the "succession of five elements" theory of dynastic succession, as well as a rotation between different lineages, which would together legitimize the rule of the Han Dynasty and/or the succession by the Xin Dynasty. There is debate whether that Shaohao was a real or legendary ruler of the Dongyi, a people who lived in eastern China. It is theorized that the worship of Shaohao was brought west by the Qin as they migrated west. Documentary evidence of Shaohao originates in the extant version of the ancient text "Zuo Zhuan," but the lineage recited there, that includes Shaohao, is not corroborated by contemporaneous or earlier texts. The Doubting Antiquity School therefore theorises that Liu Xin took an existing but separate legendary figure, and inserted him into the legendary lineage of early rulers during his edit of the Zuo Zhuan. Whether, and at what point, Shaohao was inserted into the narrative of ancient Chinese rulers remains controversial among historians. Shaohao and Kim Yu-sin The "Samguk Sagi" that Kim Yu-sin was of the ethnic Shaohao race.
    
12. Title: Wikiwand: Camellia sinensis
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Camellia_sinensis;
    Note: "Camellia sinensis" is a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees in the flowering plant family Theaceae whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. Common names include "tea plant," "tea shrub," and "tea tree" (not to be confused with "Melaleuca alternifolia," the source of tea tree oil, or "Leptospermum scoparium," the New Zealand tea tree). C. sinensis var. sinensis and C. s. var. assamica are two major varieties grown today. White tea, yellow tea, green tea, oolong, dark tea (which includes pu-erh tea) and black tea are all harvested from one or the other, but are processed differently to attain varying levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from C. sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. Nomenclature and taxonomy The generic name "Camellia" is taken from the Latinized name of Rev. Georg Kamel, SJ (1661–1706), a Moravian-born Jesuit lay brother, pharmacist, and missionary to the Philippines. Carl Linnaeus chose his name in 1753 for the genus to honor Kamel's contributions to botany (although Kamel did not discover or name this plant, or any "Camellia," and Linnaeus did not consider this plant a "Camellia" but a "Thea"). Robert Sweet shifted all formerly "Thea" species to the genus "Camellia" in 1818. The name "sinensis" means "from China" in Latin. Four varieties of "C. sinensis" are recognized. Of these, "C. sinensis" var. "sinensis" and "C. s." var. "assamica" (JW Masters) Kitamura are used most commonly for tea, and "C. s." var. "pubilimba" Hung T. Chang and "C. s." var. "dehungensis" (Hung T. Chang & BH Chen) TL Ming sometimes are used locally. The Cambod type tea ("C. assamica" subsp. "lasiocaly") originally was considered a type of assam tea. However, later genetic work showed that it is a hybrid between Chinese small leaf tea and assam type tea. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated in the borderlands of north Burma and southwestern China. . Chinese (small leaf) tea ["C. sinensis' var. -"sinensis"] . Chinese Western Yunnan Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] . Indian Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] . Chinese Southern Yunnan Assam (large leaf) tea ["C. sinensis" var. "assamica"] Chinese (small leaf) type tea may have originated in southern China possibly with hybridization of unknown wild tea relatives. However, since no wild populations of this tea are known, the precise location of its origin is speculative. Given their genetic differences forming distinct clades, Chinese Assam type tea ("C. s." var. "assamica") may have two different parentages – one being found in southern Yunnan (Xishuangbanna, Pu'er City) and the other in western Yunnan (Lincang, Baoshan). Many types of Southern Yunnan Assam tea have been hybridized with the closely related species "Camellia taliensis." Unlike Southern Yunnan Assam tea, Western Yunnan Assam tea shares many genetic similarities with Indian Assam type tea ("also C. s." var. "assamica"). Thus, Western Yunnan Assam tea and Indian Assam tea both may have originated from the same parent plant in the area where southwestern China, Indo-Burma, and Tibet meet. However, as the Indian Assam tea shares no haplotypes with Western Yunnan Assam tea, Indian Assam tea is likely to have originated from an independent domestication. Some Indian Assam tea appears to have hybridized with the species "Camellia pubicosta." Assuming a generation of 12 years, Chinese small leaf tea is estimated to have diverged from Assam tea around 22,000 years ago, while Chinese Assam tea and Indian Assam tea diverged 2,800 years ago. This divergence tea would correspond to the last glacial maximum. Chinese small leaf type tea was introduced into India in 1836 by the British and some Indian Assam type tea (e.g. Darjeeling tea) appear to be genetic hybrids of Chinese small leaf type tea, native Indian Assam, and possibly also closely related wild tea species. Cultivars Hundreds, if not thousands of cultivars of C. sinensis are known. Some Japanese cultivars include: . Benifuuki . Fushun . Kanayamidori . Meiryoku . Saemidori . Okumidori . Yabukita Description "C. sinensis" is native to East Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, and Southeast Asia, but today it is cultivated across the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is an evergreen shrub or small tree that is usually trimmed to below 2 m (6.6 ft) when cultivated for its leaves. It has a strong taproot. The flowers are yellow-white, 2.5–4 cm (0.98–1.57 in) in diameter, with seven or eight petals. The seeds of "C. sinensis" and "C. oleifera" can be pressed to yield tea oil, a sweetish seasoning and cooking oil that should not be confused with tea tree oil, an essential oil that is used for medical and cosmetic purposes, and originates from the leaves of a different plant. The leaves are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) broad. Fresh leaves contain about 4% caffeine, as well as related compounds including theobromine. The young, light-green leaves are preferably harvested for tea production; they have short, white hairs on the underside. Older leaves are deeper green. Different leaf ages produce differing tea qualities, since their chemical compositions are different. Usually, the tip (bud) and the first two to three leaves are harvested for processing. This hand picking is repeated every one to two weeks. In 2017, Chinese scientists sequenced the genome of "C. s." var. "assamica." It contains about three billion base pairs, which was larger than most plants previously sequenced. Cultivation Main article: Tea cultivation "C. sinensis" is cultivated mainly in tropical and subtropical climates, in areas with at least 127 cm (50 in) of rainfall a year. Tea plants prefer a rich and moist growing location in full to part sun, and can be grown in hardiness zones 7 – 9. However, the clonal one is commercially cultivated from the equator to as far north as Cornwall and Scotland on the UK mainland. Many high quality teas are grown at high elevations, up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), as the plants grow more slowly and acquire more flavor. Tea plants will grow into a tree if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Two principal varieties are used, the small-leaved Chinese variety plant ("C. s. sinensis") and the large-leaved Assamese plant ("C. s. assamica"), used mainly for black tea. Chinese teas The Chinese plant is a small-leafed bush with multiple stems that reaches a height of some 3 m. It is native to southeast China. The first tea plant variety to be discovered, recorded, and used to produce tea dates back 3,000 years ago, it yields some of the most popular teas. "C. s." var. "waldenae" was considered a different species, "C. waldenae" by SY Hu, but it later was identified as a variety of "C. sinensis." This variety is commonly called Waldenae Camellia. It is seen on Sunset Peak and Tai Mo Shan in Hong Kong. It is also distributed in Guangxi province, China. Indian and Nepali teas Three main kinds of tea are produced in India: . Assam comes from the heavily forested northeastern section of the country, Assam. Tea from here is rich and full-bodied. In Assam, the first tea estate of India was established, in 1837. . Darjeeling is from the cool and wet Darjeeling region, tucked in the foothills of the Himalayas. Tea plantations reach 2,200 meters. The tea is delicately flavored, and considered to be one of the finest teas in the world. The Darjeeling plantations have three distinct harvests, termed "flushes," and the tea produced from each flush has a unique flavor. First (spring) flush teas are light and aromatic, while the second (summer) flush produces tea with a bit more bite. The third, or autumn flush gives a tea that is less in quality. Nepali tea also is considered to be similar to the tea produced in Darjeeling, mostly because the eastern part of Nepal, where a large amount of tea is produced, has similar topography to that of Darjeeling. . Nilgiri is from a southern region of India almost as high as Darjeeling. Grown at elevations between 1,000 and 2,500 m, Nilgiri teas are subtle and rather gentle, and are frequently blended with other, more robust teas. Pests and diseases Main article: List of tea diseases See also: List of Lepidoptera that feed on Camellia Tea leaves are eaten by some herbivores, such as the caterpillars of the willow beauty ("Peribatodes rhomboidaria"), a geometer moth. Health effects Main article: Health effects of tea Although health benefits have been assumed throughout the history of using tea as a common beverage, no high-quality evidence shows that tea confers significant benefits. In clinical research over the early 21st century, tea has been studied extensively for its potential to lower the risk of human diseases, but none of this research is conclusive as of 2017. Biosynthesis of caffeine Caffeine, a molecule produced in "C. sinensis," functions as a secondary metabolite and acts as a natural pesticide: it can paralyze and kill predator insects feeding on the plant. Caffeine is a purine alkaloid and its biosynthesis occurs in young tea leaves and is regulated by several enzymes. The biosynthetic pathway in "C. sinensis" differs from other caffeine-producing plants such as coffee or guayusa. Analysis of the pathway was carried out by harvesting young leaves and using reverse transcription PCR to analyze the genes encoding the major enzymes involved in synthesizing caffeine. The gene "TCS1" encodes caffeine synthase. Younger leaves feature high concentrations of TCS1 transcripts, allowing more caffeine to be synthesized during this time. Dephosphorylation of xanthosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthosine is the committed step for the xanthosines entering the beginning of the most common pathway. A sequence of reactions turns xanthosine into 7-methylxanthosine, then 7-methylxanthine, then theobromine, and finally into...