Horus-Qaâ Sa-Semerkhet

• Preferred Name: Horus-Qaâ Sa-Semerkhet^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: GHGP-55R
  
• Birth: 2976 BC
  
• Death: 2926 BC
  
• Burial: in Umm el-Quaab, Abydos, Egypt
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: pharaoh (Predecessor: Semerkhet; Successor: Hotepsekhemwy [most likely] or Sneferka, Horus Bird)ruled very long, 33-34 years, from about 2910 BC (1st Dynasty) with note: -- Wikiwand: Qa'a -- Wikiwand: List of pharaohs -- Wikiwand: First Dynasty of Egypt
  

1. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egyptian royal titulary
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary;
   Note: The royal titulary or royal protocol is the standard naming convention taken by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. It symbolises worldly power and holy might and also acts as a sort of mission statement for the reign of a monarch (sometimes it even changed during the reign). The full titulary, consisting of five names, did not come into standard usage until the Middle Kingdom but remained in use as late as the Roman Empire. Origins In order that the pharaoh, who held divine office, could be linked to the people and the gods, special epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. These titles also served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were developed over the centuries beginning with the Horus Name. This name identified the figure as a representative of the god Horus. The Nebty name (the Two Ladies Name) was the second part of the royal titular of Upper and Lower Egypt. This name placed the king under the protection of two female deities, Nekhbet and Wadjet and began sometime towards the end of the First Dynasty as a reference to "The one who belongs to Upper and Lower Egypt", along with mention of the Two Ladies. Beginning sometime in the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt, the Gold Falcon name (sometimes called the Horus of Gold) was created. The last two names of the king, the prenomen and the nomen, were generally depicted within the circular, roped cartouche of the king (eventually the cartouche would contain all royal names, including the queen and the royal children) and were known as the Throne name and the Son of Re name. Horus name Main article: Horus name The Horus name is the oldest form of the pharaoh's name, originating in prehistoric Egypt. Many of the oldest-known Egyptian pharaohs were known only by this title. The Horus name was usually written in a serekh, a representation of a palace façade. The name of the pharaoh was written in hieroglyphs inside this representation of a palace. Typically an image of the falcon god Horus was perched on top of or beside it. At least one Egyptian ruler, the Second Dynasty pharoah Seth-Peribsen, used an image of the god Set instead of Horus, perhaps signifying an internal religious division within the country. He was succeeded by Khasekhemwy, who placed the symbols of both Set and Horus above his name. Thereafter, the image of Horus always appeared alongside the name of the pharaoh. By the time of the New Kingdom, the Horus name was often written without the enclosing serekh. Nebty ("two ladies") name Main article: Nebty name The Nebty name (lit. "two ladies") was associated with the so-called "heraldic" goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt: . Nekhbet, patron deity of Upper Egypt, represented by a vulture, and . Wadjet, patron deity of Lower Egypt, represented by a cobra. The name definitively ia used first by the First Dynasty pharaoh Semerkhet, though it only became a fully independent title by the Twelfth Dynasty. This particular name was not typically framed by a cartouche or serekh, but always begins with the hieroglyphs of a vulture and cobra resting upon two baskets, the dual noun "nebty." Horus of Gold Also known as the "Golden Horus Name," this form of the pharaoh's name typically featured the image of a Horus falcon perched above or beside the hieroglyph for gold. The meaning of this particular title has been disputed. One belief is that it represents the triumph of Horus over his uncle Seth, as the symbol for gold can be taken to mean that Horus was "superior to his foes." Gold also was strongly associated in the ancient Egyptian mind with eternity, so this may have been intended to convey the pharaoh's eternal Horus name. Similar to the Nebty name, this particular name typically was not framed by a cartouche or serekh. Throne name ("prenomen") Main article: Prenomen (Ancient Egypt) The pharaoh's throne name, the first of the two names written inside a cartouche, and usually accompanied the title "nsw-bity" ("nsw(t)-bjt(j)"), traditionally interpreted as "[He] of sedge [and] bee" and often translated for convenience as "King of Upper and of Lower Egypt," with the sedge and bee being symbols for Upper and Lower Egypt, respectively, although recent research has thrown this interpretation into doubt. The epithet "nb tꜣwy," "Lord of the Two Lands," referring to valley and delta regions of Egypt, often occurs as well. Personal name (nomen) Main article: Nomen (Ancient Egypt) This was the name given at birth. The name itself was preceded by the title "Son of Ra,, written with the hieroglyph of a duck ("za"), a homonym for the word meaning "son" ("za"), adjacent to an image of the sun, a hieroglyph for the chief solar deity Ra. It was first introduced to the set of royal titles in the Fourth Dynasty and emphasizes the king's role as a representative of the solar god Ra. For women who became pharaoh, the preceding title was interpreted as "daughter" also. Modern historians typically refer to the ancient kings of Egypt by this name, adding ordinals (e.g. "II", "III") to distinguish between different individuals bearing the same name. Examples of the full titulary Senusret I In the Middle Kingdom, the full titulary was sometimes written in a single cartouche, as in this example from Senusret I, from Beni Hasan. Hatshepsut The full titulary of Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Hatshepsut, providing a guide to pronunciation and its equivalent meaning and showing the differences since this pharaoh is a woman, is as follows, . Horus name: Wesretkau, "Mighty of Kas" . Nebty name: Wadjrenput, "She of the Two Ladies, Flourishing of years" . Golden Horus: Netjeretkhau, "Divine of appearance" (Netjeret is the feminine form of netery meaning 'godly' or 'divine', and khau, 'appearances') . Praenomen: Maatkare, "Truth [Ma'at] is the Ka of Re" . Nomen: Khnumt-Amun Hatshepsut, "Joined with Amun, Foremost of Noble Ladies" Thutmose III The full titulary of Eighteenth Dynasty pharaoh Thutmose III, providing a guide to pronunciation and its equivalent meaning, is as follows . Horus name: Kanakht Khaemwaset, "Horus Mighty Bull, Arising in Thebes" . Nebty name: Wahnesytmireempet, "He of the Two Ladies, Enduring in kingship like Re in heaven" . Golden Horus: Sekhempahtydjeserkhaw, "Horus of Gold Powerful of strength, Sacred of appearance" . Praenomen: Menkheperre, "He of the Sedge and the Bee, Enduring of form is Re" . Nomen: Thutmose Neferkheperu, "Son of Ra, Thutmose, beautiful of forms"
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Qa'a
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Qa%27a;
   Note: Qa'a (also Qáa or Ka'a) was the last king of the First Dynasty of Egypt. He reigned for 33 years at the end of the 30th century BC. Identity Manetho calls Qa'a Biénechês and gives him a reign of 26 years. Other versions of copies of Manetho's epitomes give Óubiênthis and Víbenthis as hellenized names. Family The parents of Qa'a are unknown, but it is thought that either his predecessor Anedjib or Semerkhet was his father, since it was tradition to leave the throne to the eldest son. If Manetho suggested correctly (remembering the tradition), Semerkhet was the father. Reign There is not much known about Qa'a's reign, but it seems that he reigned for a long time (around 33 years). Several stone vessel inscriptions mention a second Sed festival for Qa'a, which points to at least 33 years of reign. The first festival was usually not celebrated before 30 years of reign, and subsequent festivals could be repeated every third year. The Palermo Stone only mentions the year of coronation and some usual cultic events that were celebrated under every king. The numerous ivory tags dating to his reign also mention only typical arrangements, such as depicting and counting burial offerings and personal possessions of the king. Several mastaba tombs of high officials date into Qa'a's reign: "Merka" (S3505), "Henuka" (burial unknown), "Neferef" (burial also unknown) and "Sabef" (buried in the royal necropolis of Qa'a). End of reign Despite Qa'a's long and prosperous reign, evidence shows that after his death, a dynastic war between different royal houses began over the newly empty throne. In the tomb of the high official "Merka," a stone vessel with the name of a king Sneferka was found. It is unclear whether "Sneferka" was an alternate name of Qa'a or if he was a separate, ephemeral ruler. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Toby Wilkinson point to a further mysterious ruler named "Horus Bird," whose name was found on vessel fragments dating to the end of the first dynasty. It is postulated that Sneferka and Horus Bird fought for power and that Hotepsekhemwy ended the fight and finally ascended the throne of Egypt, thus starting the Second Dynasty. Strong clues to that theory are traces of grave robberies and arsons found in the royal tombs of Abydos. Clay seals of Hotepsekhemwy found in Qa'a's tomb suggest that he restored the tomb or buried Qa'a, maybe in an attempt to legitimize his rule. Tomb Qa'a had a fairly large tomb in Abydos which measures 98.5 X 75.5 feet or 30 X 23 meters. A long reign is supported by the large size of this ruler's burial site at Abydos. This tomb was excavated by German archaeologists in 1993 and proved to contain 26 satellite (i.e. sacrificial) burials. A seal impression bearing Hotepsekhemwy's name was found near the entrance of the tomb of Qa'a (Tomb Q) by the German Archaeological Institute in the mid-1990s. The discovery of the seal impression has been interpreted as evidence that Qa'a was buried, and therefore succeeded, by Hotepsekhemwy, the founder of the second dynasty of Egypt, as Manetho states. The beautiful tomb stela of Qa'a is now on display at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. The tomb of one of Qa'a's state officials at Saqqara—a certain nobleman named Merka—contained a stele with many titles. There is a second Sed festival attested. This fact plus the high quality of a number of royal steles depicting the king implies that Qa'a's reign was a fairly stable and prosperous period of time. A number of year labels have also been discovered dating to his reign at the First Dynasty burial site of Umm el-Qa'ab in Abydos. Qa'a is believed to have ruled Egypt around 2916 BCE. A dish inscribed with the name and titles of Qa'a was discovered in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (Tomb P of Petrie).
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: Horus Bird (pharaoh)
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Horus_Bird_(pharaoh);
   Note: Horus Bird, also known as Horus-Ba, is the serekh-name of a pharaoh who may have had a very short reign between the 1st dynasty and 2nd dynasty of Egypt. Name sources There are very few reliable name sources for Horus-Bird. The first known attestation of this king may be a serekh with an undetailed bird found by Flinders Petrie in the tomb of Qa'a at Abydos. Another more legible inscription showing a serekh with a bird was later found on a vessel fragment PD IV n.108 in Djoser's pyramid complex at Saqqara. An inscription on shist vase P.D. IV n97 from Djoser's pyramid complex could also refer to Horus-Bird. Since the hieroglyphic sign is written in such an erratic way, the correct reading remains uncertain. Whilst Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Peter Kaplony see a depiction of a goose, they read the name as Sa (which would make it a "Son of Horus") or as Geb(eb) (which would make it an "Heir of Horus"). Egyptologist Nabil Swelim instead sees an depicting of a sattle-billed stork and reads Ba (making it a "Soul of Horus"). Identity Very little is known about King Horus-Bird. The few archaeological evidences point to the existence of one or more ephemeral rulers following Qa'a's death and before Hotepsekhemwy of which Horus-Bird may have been one. Egyptologists such as Jaroslav Černý and Kaplony think that Horus-Bird could be identical to the likewise sparsely attested King Horus-Ba. Indeed, this ruler wrote his name with the leg sign or the leg and ram signs, which read "Ba". Černý and Kaplony think that the bird in the serekh of Horus-Bird is the goose sign with the same transcription, "Ba.. In this case Horus-Ba and Horus "Bird" could be the same historical figure. Černý and Kaplony's theory is not commonly accepted, the presence of Horus-Bird serekh in the tomb of Qa'a pointing rather to an interregnum with Horus-Bird between the first and second dynasties. Horus-Bird's burial site is unknown.
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egyptian retainer sacrifices
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egyptian_retainer_sacrifices;
   Note: Ancient Egyptian retainer sacrifice is a type of human sacrifice in which pharaohs and occasionally other high court nobility would have servants killed after the pharaohs' deaths to continue to serve them in the afterlife. In Egypt, retainer sacrifice only existed during the First Dynasty, from about 3100 BC to 2900 BC, slowly dwindling, and eventually dying out. Historical context Egypt's beliefs about the afterlife Ancient Egyptians, like many cultures, believed in an afterlife and much of what remains of their civilization reflects this because only the temples, tombs and other religious structures survive well. One belief that was at the center of Egyptian beliefs about life after death was the belief in the ka. The ka was believed by the Egyptians to be ones' life source, essence, and soul. Egyptians believed that after they died, their ka would continue to live as they had lived on earth in the afterlife. It would enjoy the same activities the individual had enjoyed on earth. Egyptians also believed that the ka had to have a body to return to, and because of this belief they would mummify their dead. Egyptians also took precautionary measures, in case their body did not survive, by commissioning ka statues; statues of the deceased that were buried in the tomb, along with the body, and would serve as a replacement if the body decayed beyond recognition. It was especially important to ensure the comfort of the king's ka in the afterlife, due to his prominent position both in politics, and religion. Egyptians looked at the afterlife as a continuation of this life, and believed that they would be able to enjoy many of the same activities. They also held the belief that they would be able to maintain the same social hierarchy. Egyptians, especially upper class Egyptians, were very preoccupied with making sure their life to come would be as comfortable, if not more comfortable, than their life on earth. They took every precautionary measure to ensure that they would enjoy the same comforts. Excavated tombs were found to contain food, painted murals, statues, jewelry, and various other items. Power of the Pharaoh Egyptian pharaohs held the highest positions in Egyptian society, both in religious and political spheres. Kings were revered as gods in human form. Ellen F. Morris, a professor in Columbia University's Department of Anthropology, suggests that pharaohs used retainer sacrifices as a way to flaunt their power. She also argues that pharaohs would have to have significant power, in both a political and religious sense, to convince their subjects that it was worth sacrificing their lives on earth for the pharaoh and his comfort in the next life. In addition, their families would have to be convinced that the pharaoh's comfort in the life to come was important enough to allow their loved ones to be sacrificed. This would not be possible if those being sacrificed did not have a very strong belief in the life to come. Egypt's government had to convince the people that the king was a god, and what belonged to him in his life on earth, belonged to him in the afterlife also. Dr. David O'Connor, from New York University Institute of Fine Arts, proposes that subjects of a king being willing to escort him into the afterlife demonstrates that a change had occurred in the way the Egyptians viewed their king. Evidence for retainer sacrifices As is common with most Egyptian archaeology, the plundering and destructive excavation of tombs, both in the past and the present, for tomb riches, has hindered the ability to gain as much knowledge about retainer sacrifices as would be available if the tombs were intact. Dr. O'Connor does believe that retainer sacrifices were the exception, instead of the norm, in ancient Egypt. While there is some disputation as to the authenticity of retainer sacrifices, due to less than substantial evidence, most Egyptologists believe that retainer sacrifice did exist. Normally, people in ancient Egypt were buried at different times, while in the graves believed to contain retainer sacrifices, the individuals were buried simultaneously, suggesting these retainers were sacrificed. The archaeologists claim that since the roofing is continuous, the burials had to be made at the same time. Reasons for retainer sacrifices Pharaohs' and nobles' perspective The purpose of retainer sacrifices was "to enable the wealthy noble[s and pharaohs] to enjoy the same kind of life-style after death as [they] had during [their] lifetime." The thought was that the next life without that kind of luxury and ease was unthinkable. They also wanted to maintain the same social status they had enjoyed on earth; a social hierarchy that was based upon being served by others. Pharaohs used retainer sacrifices to reinforce the power of the position of the pharaoh, by showing the control they had over their subjects. Pharaohs also used retainer sacrifices to help communicate the idea that the state was literally worth dying for. Retainers' perspective Pharaohs' subjects viewed the pharaoh as a living god, the god Horus. Once the pharaoh died, he became the god Osiris, the king of eternity. While some retainers' deaths appear to have been taken for granted, other sacrifices appear to have raised the status and wealth of some retainers in the afterlife. This can be inferred from the wealth they were interred with and their graves' position in relation to the king's grave. This also suggests that the retainers agreed to be sacrificed to raise their social status and wealth in the afterlife. Matthew Adams, an archaeologist from the University of Pennsylvania and the associate director of an expedition made by New York University, Yale and the University of Pennsylvania, suggests that the ancient Egyptians may have viewed being sacrificed at a king's death a sure way to reach eternal life. For a civilization so centered on the life to come, a guarantee of eternal happiness and security would seem a likely motivation for a retainer to agree to be sacrificed. First dynasty retainer sacrifices in general Graves around royal tombs often contained harem members, minor palace function members, court dwarfs, and even dogs, as denoted by the stelae buried in the tombs. However, there was a variety in the demographics of those retainers that were sacrificed. During the First Dynasty, pharaohs were not the only individuals that had retainer sacrifices carried out. Servants of both royalty and high court officials were slain to accompany their master in the next world. The number of retainers buried surrounding the king's tomb was much greater than those of high court officials; however, again suggesting the greater importance of the pharaoh. Specific kings' retainer sacrifices from the first dynasty King Aha King Aha, the second pharaoh of the first dynasty of Egypt, was also known as King Hor-Aha. According to Ellen Morris, he had thirty-five retainer sacrifices in his tomb, and twelve in three surrounding tombs enclosed in his funerary complex. Two other accounts from popular sources are given regarding the number of sacrificed retainers found in King Aha's funerary complex. One account found in "The New York Times" was given by an archaeological team organized by New York University, Yale, and the University of Pennsylvania. These universities began a project to excavate the funerary complex of King Aha. They found six graves near a mortuary ritual site of King Aha. Five of the six graves contained "skeletons of court officials, servants, and artisans that appear to have been sacrificed to meet the king's needs in the afterlife." Another account is given by "National Geographic," in an article entitled "Abydos: Life and Death at the Dawn of Egyptian Civilization." In this account, six retainer sacrifices were buried inside of Aha's tomb with him, and thirty-five were buried in surrounding tombs inside his funerary complex. King Djer King Djer, Aha's son and successor, had 318 retainer sacrifices buried in his tomb, and 269 retainer sacrifices buried in enclosures surrounding his tomb. Dr. O'Connor believes that the more than 200 graves found in King Djer's funerary complex contain retainer sacrifices, as well. According to "Ancient Egypt: A Social History," King Djer was buried with over 580 retainers. It is highly unlikely that all these retainers died of natural causes at the same time, suggesting that these retainers were sacrificed upon the death of King Djer. According to the "National Geographic" article, however, 569 retainers were sacrificed for King Djer. King Djet King Djet had 174 sacrificed retainers buried around his tomb at Abydos and sixty-two retainers buried around his tomb at Saqqara. King Den After the death of King Den, about 230 individuals died simultaneously for "something or someone of extreme importance." Once again, it is highly unlikely that such a large number of individuals would die all at once of natural causes and it can be inferred that these individuals were sacrificed to serve King Den in the afterlife. Perhaps this reflected the varied court positions in the pharaoh's kingdom, possibly including family members, noble court members, and servants. King Qaa The funerary complex of King Qaa helps illustrate the decline of retainer sacrifices. It is estimated that only thirty retainers were sacrificed after the death of King Qaa. Demographics of sacrificed retainers S.O.Y. Keita and A.J. Boyce, authors of "Variation in Porotic Hyperostosis in the Royal Cemetery Complex at Abydos, Upper Egypt: A Social Interpretation," examined forty-four skulls from the funerary complex of King Djer and discovered that those buried outside the tomb enjoyed better health than those in the actual tomb. This can be interpreted in two ways. First, those buried outside the tomb were believed to have enjoyed better health because they were wealthier, and consequently, had better nutritional standards. The sec..
   
5. Title: Wikiwand: Hotepsekhemwy
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Hotepsekhemwy;
   Note: Hotepsekhemwy is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who was the founder of the 2nd dynasty. The exact length of his reign is not known; the Turin canon suggests an improbable 95 years while the Ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years. Egyptologists consider both statements to be misinterpretations or exaggerations. They credit Hotepsekhemwy with either a 25- or a 29-year rule. Name sources Hotepsekhemwy's name has been identified by archaeologists at Sakkara, Giza, Badari and Abydos from clay seal impressions, stone vessels and bone cylinders. Several stone vessel inscriptions mention Hotepsekhemwy along with the name of his successor Raneb. The Horus name of Hotepsekhemwy is the subject of particular interest to Egyptologists and historians, as it may hint at the turbulent politics of the time. The Egyptian word "Hotep" means "peaceful" and "to be pleased" though it can also mean "conciliation" or "to be reconciled," too. So Hotepsekhemwy's full name may be read as "the two powers are reconciled" or "pleasing in powers," which suggests a significant political meaning. In this sense, "the two powers" could be a reference to Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt as well as to the major deities Horus and Seth. From the reign of Hotepsekhemwy onward it became a tradition to write the Horus name and the nebty name in the same way. It is thought that some kind of philosophic background affected that choice, since the Horus name reveals a clearly defined, symbolic meaning in its translation. Horus- and nebty names being the same might also indicate, that the Horus name was adopted after ascending the throne. Family The name of Hotepsekhemwy's wife is unknown. A "son of the king" and "priest of Sopdu" named Perneb might have been his son, but since the clay seals providing his name and titles were found in a gallery tomb which is attributed to two kings equally (Hotepsekhemwy and his successor, Raneb), it is uncertain whose son "Perneb" really was. Identity Hotepsekhemwy is commonly identified with the Ramesside cartouche names "Bedjau" from the Abydos king list, "Bedjatau" from Giza, Netjer-Bau from the Sakkara king list and the name Bau-hetepju from the royal canon of Turin. Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck points to the similar name Bedjatau, which appears in a short king list found on a writing board from the mastaba tomb G1001 of the high official Mesdjeru. "Bedjatau" means "the foundryman" and is thought to be a misreading of the name "Hotepsekhemwy," since the hieroglyphic signs used to write "Hotep" in its full form are very similar to the signs of a pottery kiln and a chick in hieratic writings. The signs of two Sekhem sceptres were misread as a leg and a drill. A similar phenomenon might have occurred in the case of King Khasekhemwy, where the two sceptres in the Horus name were misread as two leg-symbols or two drill-signs. The Abydos king list imitates this Old Kingdom name form of “Bedjatau." The names "Netjerbau" and "Bau-hetepju" are problematic, since Egyptologists can't find any name source from Hotepsekhemwy's time that could have been used to form them. Reign Little is known about Hotepsekhemwy's reign. Contemporary sources show that he may have gained the throne after a period of political strife, including ephemeral rulers such as Horus "Bird" and Sneferka (the latter is also thought to be an alternate name used by king Qaa for a short time). As evidence of this, Egyptologists Wolfgang Helck, Dietrich Wildung and George Reisner point to the tomb of king Qaa, which was plundered at the end of 1st dynasty and was restored during the reign of Hotepsekhemwy. The plundering of the cemetery and the unusually conciliatory meaning of the name Hotepsekhemwy may be clues of a dynastic struggle. Additionally, Helck assumes that the kings Sneferka and Horus "Bird" were omitted from later king lists because their struggles for the Egyptian throne were factors in the collapse of the first dynasty. Seal impressions provide evidence of a new royal residence called "Horus the shining star" that was constructed by Hotepsekhemwy. He also built a temple near Buto for the little-known deity "Netjer-Achty" and founded the "Chapel of the White Crown." The white crown is a symbol of Upper Egypt. This is thought to be another clue to the origin of Hotepsekhemwy's dynasty, indicating a likely source of political power. Egyptologists such as Nabil Swelim point out that there is no inscription from Hotepsekhemwy's reign mentioning a Sed festival, indicating the ruler cannot have ruled longer than 30 years (the Sed festival was celebrated as the anniversary marking a reign of 30 years). The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho called Hotepsekhemwy "Boëthôs" (apparently altered from the name "Bedjau") and reported that during this ruler's reign "a chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished." Although Manetho wrote in the 3rd century BC – over two millennia after the king's actual reign – some Egyptologists think it possible that this anecdote may have been based on fact, since the region near Bubastis is known to be seismically active. Tomb The location of Hotepsekhemwy's tomb is unknown. Egyptologists such as Flinders Petrie, Alessandro Barsanti and Toby Wilkinson believe it could be the giant underground "Gallery Tomb B" beneath the funeral passage of the Unas-necropolis at Saqqara. Many seal impressions of king Hotepsekhemwy have been found in these galleries. Egyptologists such as Wolfgang Helck and Peter Munro are not convinced and think that Gallery Tomb B is instead the burial site of king Raneb, as several seal impressions of this ruler were also found there.
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: First Dynasty of Egypt
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt;
   Note: The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, possibly by Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, a time at which power was centered at Thinis. The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the beginning of the First Dynasty—the accession of Hor-Aha—was placed at 3100 BC give or take a century (3218–3035, with 95% confidence). Rulers Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows: Name Image Comments Dates Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Around 3100 BC Hor-Aha Greek form: Athotís. Around 3050 BC Djer Greek form: Uenéphes (after his Gold name In-nebw); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. 54 years Djet Greek form: Usapháis. 10 years Den Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen). First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity-name. 42 years Anedjib Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his ominous nebwy-title. 10 years Semerkhet Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. 8½ years Qa'a Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. 34 years Sneferka Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Horus Bird Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead, as well as Den and Qa'a king lists. No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them. Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years. Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada, in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis, reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors. Stone was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments, vessels, and occasionally, for statues. Tamarix ("tamarisk" or "salt cedar") was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats. One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint. A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." Information about this dynasty is derived from a few monuments and other objects bearing royal names, the most important being the Narmer Palette and Narmer Macehead, as well as Den and Qa'a king lists. No detailed records of the first two dynasties have survived, except for the terse lists on the Palermo Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, only one of whose names matches the other sources, and offers information for only four of them. Egyptian hieroglyphs were fully developed by then, and their shapes would be used with little change for more than three thousand years. Large tombs of pharaohs at Abydos and Naqada, in addition to cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis, reveal structures built largely of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors. Stone was used in quantity for the manufacture of ornaments, vessels, and occasionally, for statues. Tamarix ("tamarisk" or "salt cedar") was used to build boats such as the Abydos boats. One of the most important indigenous woodworking techniques was the fixed mortise and tenon joint. A fixed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to fit into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber. A variation of this joint using a free tenon eventually became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding. It creates a union between two planks or other components by inserting a separate tenon into a cavity (mortise) of the corresponding size cut into each component." Human sacrifice Human sacrifice was practiced as part of the funerary rituals associated with all of the pharaohs of the first dynasty. It is clearly demonstrated as existing during this dynasty by retainers being buried near each pharaoh's tomb as well as animals sacrificed for the burial. The tomb of Djer is associated with the burials of 338 individuals. The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys, were expected to assist the pharaoh in the afterlife. For unknown reasons, this practice ended with the conclusion of the dynasty.
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Semerkhet
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Semerkhet;
   Note: Semerkhet is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who ruled during the first dynasty. This ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by the ancient Greek historian, Manetho, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's reign. The archaeological records seem to support the view that Semerkhet had a difficult time as king and some early archaeologists even questioned the legitimacy of Semerkhet's succession to the Egyptian throne. Length of reign Manetho named Semerkhet Semêmpsés and credited him with a reign of 18 years, while the Royal Canon of Turin credited him with an implausibly long reign of 72 years. Egyptologists and historians now consider both statements to be exaggerations and credit Semerkhet with a reign of 8½ years. This evaluation is based on the Cairo Stone inscription, where the complete reign of Semerkhet has been recorded. Additionally, they point to the archaeological records, which strengthen the view that Semerkhet had a relatively short reign. Name sources Semerkhet is well attested in archaeological records. His name appears in inscriptions on vessels made of schist, alabaster, breccia, and marble. His name also is preserved on ivory tags and earthen jar seals. Objects bearing Semerkhet's name and titles come from Abydos and Sakkara. Semerkhet's serekh name is translated commonly as "companion of the divine community" or "thoughtful friend." The latter translation is questioned by many scholars, since the hieroglyph "khet" (Gardiner-sign F32) normally was the symbol for "body" or "divine community." Semerkhet's birth name is more problematic. Any artifact showing his birth name curiously lacks any artistic detail of the used hieroglyphic sign, a walking man with waving cloak or skirt, a "nemes" head dress, and a long, plain stick in his hands. The reading and meaning of this special sign is disputed, since it doesn't appear in this form before association with king Semerkhet. Indeed, the hieroglyph of the cloaked man is extremely rare. It appears only twice in relief inscriptions depicting ceremonial processions of priests and standard bearers. Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson, Bernhard Grdseloff, and Jochem Kahl read "Iry-Netjer," meaning "divine guardian." During the Old Kingdom period, this word is written with uniliteral signs of a "netjer" flag (Gardiner-sign R8) and a human eye (Gardiner-sign D4) near the ideogram of the man. Some contemporary ivory tags show the Nebty name written with the single eye symbol only. Thus, the scholars also read Semerkhet's throne name as "Iry" (meaning "guardian") and the Nebty name as "Iry-Nebty" (meaning "guardian of the Two Ladies"). This reconstruction is strengthened by the observation that Semerkhet was the first king using the Nebty title in its ultimate form. For unknown reason, Semerkhet did not use the Nebuy title of his predecessor. It seems that he felt connected with the "Two Ladies," a title referring to the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, the patron deities of the Ancient Egyptians who were worshiped by all after the unification of its two parts, Lower Egypt, and Upper Egypt. The Nebty title in turn was thought to function as an addition to the "Nisut-Bity" title. His prenomen is Nisut-Bity-Nebty-Iry, "nsw.t-bty-nb.ty-iry," meaning, "King of Upper and Lower Egypt," "he of the two ladies," and "he who belongs to them" or "He whom the two ladies guard." Scribes and priests of the Ramesside era also were confused because the archaic ideogram that was used during Semerkhet's lifetime was very similar to the sign of an old man with a walking stick (Gardiner sign A19). This had been read as "Semsu" or "Sem" and means "the eldest." It was used as a title identifying someone as the head of the house. Due to this uncertainty, it seems that the compiler of the Abydos king list simply tried to imitate the original figure, while the author of the Royal Canon of Turin seems to have been convinced about reading it as the Gardiner-sign A19 and he wrote "Semsem" with uniliteral signs. The Royal Table of Sakkara omits Semerkhet's throne name. The reason for that is unknown, but all kings from Narmer up to King Den also are missing their throne names. Identity Virtually nothing is known about Semerkhet's family. His parents are unknown, but it is thought that one of his predecessors, King Den, might have been his father. Possibly, Semerkhet was born to Queen Betrest. On the Cairo Stone she is described as his mother, but definite evidence for that view has not yet been found. It would be expected that Semerkhet had sons and daughters, but their names have not been preserved in the historical record. A candidate as a possible member of his family line is his immediate successor, King Qa'a. Reign An old theory, supported by Egyptologists and historians such as Jean-Philippe Lauer, Walter Bryan Emery, Wolfgang Helck, and Michael Rice once held that Semerkhet was a usurper and not the rightful heir to the throne. Their assumption was based on the observation that a number of stone vessels with Semerkhet's name on them originally were inscribed with King Adjib's name. Semerkhet simply erased Adjib's name and replaced it with his own. Furthermore, they point out that no high official and priest associated with Semerkhet was found at Sakkara. All other kings, such as Den and Adjib, are attested in local mastabas. Today this theory has little support. Egyptologists such as Toby Wilkinson, I. E. S. Edwards, and Winifred Needler deny the "usurping theory," because Semerkhet's name is mentioned on stone vessel inscriptions along with those of Den, Adjib, and Qa'a. The objects were found in the underground galleries beneath the step pyramid of (third dynasty) King Djoser at Sakkara. The inscriptions show that King Qa'a, immediate successor of Semerkhet and sponsor of the vessels, accepted Semerkhet as a rightful ancestor and heir to the throne. Furthermore, the Egyptologists point out that nearly every king of first dynasty had the habit of taking special vessels (so-called "anniversary vessels") from their predecessor's tomb and then replacing their predecessor's name with their own. Semerkhet not only confiscated Adjib's vessels. In his tomb several artifacts from the necropolis of Queen Meritneith and King Den also were found. The lack of any high official's tomb at Sakkara might be explained by the rather short reign of Semerkhet. It seems that the only known official of Semerkhet, Henu-Ka, had survived his king; his name appears on ivory tags from Semerkhet's and Qaa's tomb. Seal impressions from Semerkhet's burial site show the new royal domain, Hor wep-khet, (meaning "Horus, the jud"e of the divine community") and the new private household "Hut-Ipty" (meaning "house of the harem"), which was headed by Semerkhet's wives. Two ivory tags show the yearly "Escort of Horus," a feast connected to the regular tax collections. Other tags report the cult celebration for the deity of the ancestors, "Wer-Wadyt" ("the Great White"). And further tags show the celebration of a first (and only) Sokar feast. While the Cairo Stone reports the whole of Semerkhet's reign, unfortunately, the surface of the stone slab is badly worn and most of the events are now illegible. The following chart follows the reconstructions by Toby A. H. Wilkinson, John D. Degreef, and Hermann Alexander Schlögl: Cairo Stone, main fragment: . Year of coronation: Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt; unifying the two realms; circumambulation of the White Wall of Memphis . first year: Escort of Horus; destruction of Egypt . second year: Appearance of the king; creation of a statue for Seshat and Sed . third year: Escort of... (rest is missing) . fourth year: Appearance of the king of Upper Egypt; creation of... (rest is missing) . fifth year: Escort of... (rest is missing) . sixth year: Appearance of the king of Upper Egypt... (rest is missing) . seventh year: Escort of... (rest is missing) . eighth year: Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt... (rest is missing) . year of death: The ...th month and ...th day. (damaged) Egyptologists and historians pay special attention to the entrance "Destruction of Egypt" in the second window of Semerkhet's year records. The inscription gives no further information about that event, but it has a resemblance to the Manetho's report. The Eusebian version says: "His son, Semémpsês, who reigned for 18 years; in his reign a very great calamity befell Egypt." The Armenian version sounds similar: "Mempsis, 18 years. Under him many portents happened and a great pestilence occurred." None of the documents from after Semerkhet's reign provide any details about this "calamity." Tomb Semerkhet's burial site was excavated in 1899 by archaeologist and Egyptologist Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie at Abydos and is known as "Tomb U." While excavating, Petrie found no stairways as he did at the necropolis of Den and Adjib. He found a ramp, four meters wide and leading straight into the main chamber. The ramp starts approximately ten meters east outside the tomb and has a base slope of 12°. Inside the tomb the ramp shows irregular graduations. Petrie also was confused by the small number of clay seals. Only 17 seals were found. For archaeologists and Egyptologists, the complete arrangement of the burial site suggests that the builders were pressed for time. When Petrie freed the ramp from sand, he found that the complete ramp was covered thickly in aromatic oil, which still gave off a scent. Beside the ramp several wooden and hand-made baskets and earthen jars were found. These were dated to the Ramesside era. Scholars now think that Semerkhet's tomb was re-opened and restored when Ramesside priests and kings saw the tomb of King Djer as the ritual burial of Osiris's head. The findings inside the main chamber included precious objects, such as inlays and fragments of furniture (especially pedes
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: Pharaoh
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Pharaoh;
   Note: Pharaoh (/ˈfɛəroʊ/, US also /ˈfeɪ.roʊ/; Coptic: "ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ," "Pǝrro") is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE,[2] although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until Merneptah, c. 1200 BCE. In the early dynasty, ancient Egyptian kings used to have up to three titles, the Horus, the Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj") name, and the Two Ladies ("nbtj") name. The Golden Horus and nomen and prenomen titles were later added. In Egyptian society, religion was central to everyday life. One of the roles of the pharaoh was as an intermediary between the gods and the people. The pharaoh thus deputized for the gods; his role was both as civil and religious administrator. He owned all of the land in Egypt, enacted laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt from invaders as the commander-in-chief of the army. Religiously, the pharaoh officiated over religious ceremonies and chose the sites of new temples. He was responsible for maintaining Maat (mꜣꜥt), or cosmic order, balance, and justice, and part of this included going to war when necessary to defend the country or attacking others when it was believed that this would contribute to Maat, such as to obtain resources. During the early days prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Deshret or the "Red Crown," was a representation of the kingdom of Lower Egypt, while the Hedjet, the "White Crown," was worn by the kings of the kingdom of Upper Egypt. After the unification of both kingdoms into one united Egypt, the Pschent, the combination of both the red and white crowns was the official crown of kings. With time new headdresses were introduced during different dynasties like the Khat, Nemes, Atef, Hemhem crown, and Khepresh. At times, it was depicted that a combination of these headdresses or crowns would be worn together. Etymology, The word "pharaoh" ultimately derives from the Egyptian compound "pr ꜥꜣ," */ˌpaɾuwˈʕaʀ/ "great house," written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ꜥꜣ "column," here meaning "great" or "high." It was used only in larger phrases such as smr pr-ꜥꜣ "Courtier of the High House," with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace. From the Twelfth Dynasty onward, the word appears in a wish formula "Great House, May it Live, Prosper, and be in Health," but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person. Sometime during the era of the New Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, "pharaoh" became the form of address for a person who was king. The earliest confirmed instance where "pr" is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Akhenaten (reigned c. 1353–1336 BCE) which is addressed to "Great House, L, W, H, the Lord." However, there is a possibility that the title pr ꜥꜣ was applied to Thutmose III (c. 1479–1425 BCE), depending on whether an inscription on the Temple of Armant can be confirmed to refer to that king. During the Eighteenth Dynasty (16th to 14th centuries BCE) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late Twenty-first Dynasty (10th century BCE), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BCE) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative. From the nineteenth dynasty onward "pr-" on its own was used as regularly as "ḥm," "Majesty." The term, therefore, evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the Twenty-Second Dynasty and Twenty-third Dynasty. For instance, the first dated appearance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun. This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the Twenty-second Dynasty kings. For instance, the Large Dakhla stela is specifically dated to Year 5 of king "Pharaoh Shoshenq, beloved of Amun," whom all Egyptologists concur was Shoshenq I—the founder of the Twenty-second Dynasty—including Alan Gardiner in his original 1933 publication of this stela. Shoshenq I was the second successor of Siamun. Meanwhile, the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as pr-ˤ3 continued in traditional Egyptian narratives. By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced *[parʕoʔ] whence Herodotus derived the name of one of the Egyptian kings, Koinē Greek: Φερων. In the Hebrew Bible, the title also occurs as Hebrew: פרעה‎ [parʕoːh]; from that, in the Septuagint, Koinē Greek: φαραώ, romanized: pharaō, and then in Late Latin pharaō, both -n stem nouns. The Qur'an likewise spells it Arabic: فرعون‎ firʿawn with n (here, always referring to the one evil king in the Book of Exodus story, by contrast to the good king Aziz in surah Yusuf's story). The Arabic combines the original ayin from Egyptian along with the -n ending from Greek.
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: List of pharaohs
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_pharaohs;
   Note: The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee ("nswt-bjtj') name and a Two Ladies ("nbtj") name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties. Egypt was governed continually, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh." The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time. Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD. The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately. Ancient Egyptian king lists Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's "Aegyptiaca," as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report. An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created): . Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names. . Palermo stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. . Giza King List (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective. . South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective. . Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. . Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the First Intermediate Period. . Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. . Saqqara King List (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons. . Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged. . Manetho's "Aegyptiaca" (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious. Predynastic period Main article: Prehistoric Egypt Lower Egypt Main article: Lower Egypt Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may be incomplete: Name Image Comments Reign Hedju Hor Only known from two clay jugs from Tura Around 3250 BC Ny-Hor Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada Around 3250–3200 BC Hsekiu / Seka Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Tiu / Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Thesh / Tjesh Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Neheb Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Wazner Only known from the Palermo stone Ruled around or earlier than 3180 BC Hat-Hor [de; es] — Around 3180 BC Mekh Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown (destroyed) Only known from the Palermo stone Unknown Double Falcon May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Naqada III (32nd century BC) Wash [de] Only known from the Narmer Palette Around 3150 BC Naqada III Upper Egypt Main article: Dynasty 00 Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00. Name Image Comments Reign Gazelle — In 3250 BC. Naqada III Finger Snail — He was a legendary king of Upper Egypt. He was the first king of Upper Egypt who died in 3250 BC. Naqada III Fish — Only known from artifacts that bare his mark, Around 3250–3220 BC. Naqada III Elephant Around 3240–3220 BC. Naqada III Animal — — Naqada III Stork — — Naqada III Canide — — Naqada III Bull — — Naqada III Scorpion I — First ruler of Upper Egypt, Around 3250–3200 BC. Naqada III Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 Main article: Dynasty 0 The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0." Name Image Comments Dates Iry-Hor Correct chronological position unclear. Around 3170 BC Crocodile Potentially read "Shendjw"; identity and existence are disputed. Around 3170 BC Ka Maybe read "Sekhen" rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear. Around 3170 BC Scorpion II Potentially read "Serqet"; possibly the same person as Narmer. Around 3170 BC Early Dynastic Period Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3150 to 2686 BC. First Dynasty Main article: First Dynasty of Egypt The First Dynasty ruled from around 3150 to 2890 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Around 3150 BC Hor-Aha Son of Narmer Greek form: "Athotís." Around 3125 BC Djer Son of Hor-Aha Greek form: "Uenéphes" (after his Gold name "In-nebw"); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. 54 years Djet Brother of Djer Greek form: "Usapháis." 10 years Den Son of Djen Greek form: "Kénkenes" (after the Ramesside diction of his birthname: "Qenqen"). First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full "niswt bity"-name. 42 years Anedjib Grandson of Djen & nephew of Den Greek form: "Miebidós." Known for his ominous "nebwy"-title. 10 years Semerkhet Son of Anedjib or brother of him Greek form: "Semempsés." First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. 8½ years Qa'a Son of Semerkhet Greek form: "Bienéches." Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. 34 years Sneferka Unknown son of Qa’a or just random person? Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Horus Bird Brother? Unknown maybe randomly person? Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Second Dynasty Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Hotepsekhemwy Manetho names him "Boëthos" and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. 15 years Nebra Greek form: "Kaíechós" (after the Ramesside cartouche name "Kakaw"). First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. 14 years Nynetjer Greek form: "Binóthris." May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. 43–45 years Weneg-Nebty Greek form: "Ougotlas/Tlás." Could be an independent ruler or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Raneb. Around 2740 BC Senedj Greek form: "Sethenes." Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed. 47 years (Supposedly) Seth-Peribsen Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt. Unknown Sekhemib-Perenmaat Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen. Around 2720 BC Neferkara I Greek form: "Néphercherés." Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. 25 years(according to Manetho) Neferkasokar Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought. 8 years Hudjefa I Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in ramesside times. 11 years(According to the Turin Canon) Khasekhem(wy) Greek form: "Chenerés." May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble, his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. 18 years Old Kingdom Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the point of Egypt which succeeded the Early Dynastic Egypt and precedes the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom ruled from 2686 to 2181 BC. Third Dynasty Main article: Third Dyn..
   
10. Title: Wikiwand: List of ancient Egyptians
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_ancient_Egyptians;
    Note: This is a list of ancient Egyptian people who have articles on Wikipedia. The list covers key ancient Egyptian individuals from the start of the first dynasty until the end of the ancient Egyptian nation when the Ptolemaic Dynasty ended and Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Note that the dates given are approximate. The list that is presented below is based on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z A Name Main Title Dynasty Date Comment Aahotepre Pharaoh 14th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) A pharaoh of Canaanite descent from the 14th Dynasty possibly identical to 'Ammu. Aat Queen 12th dynasty (fl. c. late-19th century BC) Queen and wife of Amenemhat III. Abar Queen 25th dynasty (fl. c. mid-8th century BC) An Egyptian queen, the mother of King Taharqa and probably the wife of King Piye. Achillas Military commander Ptolemaic (fl. mid-1st century BC) Commander under the Ptolemaic Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII. Executed at the orders of Arsinoe IV of Egypt by Ganymedes. Addaya Diplomat 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-14th century BC) Egyptian commissioner in southern Canaan mentioned in the Amarna letters. He probably served under Pharaohs Amenhotep III and/or Akhenaten. Agathoclea Mistress Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Mistress of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and sister of his chief minister, Agathocles. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Agathocles Minister Ptolemaic (fl. c. late-3rd century BC) Chief minister of the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy IV Philopator and brother of the king's mistress Agathoclea. Together, they managed to achieve complete influence over Ptolemy IV. Ahaneith Queen 1st dynasty (fl. c. 30th century BC) Wife of King Djet Ahhotep I Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Queen Tetisheri and Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was probably the sister, as well as the wife, of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao. Ahhotep reigned as regent until her son, Ahmose I, was of age. Also known as Ahhotpe or Aahhotep. Ahhotep II Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the Great Royal Wife of pharaoh Kamose. Ahmes Scribe 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-17th century BC) He wrote the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, a work of Ancient Egyptian mathematics. Also called Ahmose. Senakhtenre Ahmose Pharaoh 17th dynasty fl. c. mid-16th century BC Pharaoh of the late 17th dynasty, his existence and complete name were confirmed by recent archeological discoveries. Ahmose I Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1549 BC – c. 1524 BC) Founder of the 18th dynasty. He was a son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the seventeenth dynasty, Kamose. During his reign, he completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region and restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt. Ahmose Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Sitdjehuti. Ahmose was a half-sister of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Wife of 18th dynasty pharaoh, Thutmose I, and the mother of queen and later, pharaoh, Hatshepsut. Ahmose King's son High Priest of Re 18th dynasty (fl. c. late 15th century BC) Probably a son of pharaoh Amenhotep II. He was in office as High Priest of Re in Heliopolis during the reign of his brother Thutmose IV. Ahmose, son of Ebana Military Commander 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) Served in the Egyptian military under the 17th and 18th dynasty pharaohs Seqenenre Tao, Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, and Thutmose I. Ahmose-ankh Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A son of Pharaoh Ahmose I and queen Ahmose Nefertari. He was the crown prince but pre-deceased his father. Ahmose-Henutemipet Princess 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and probably Queen Ahhotep I. She was the sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of 17th dynasty pharaoh Seqenenre Tao by his sister-wife Ahmose-Inhapi. She was probably married to her half-brother Pharaoh Ahmose I. Ahmose-Henuttamehu was a half-sister to queen Ahmose-Nefertari. Ahmose-Inhapi Princes / Queen 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) A daughter of Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose and was sister to Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao, and the queens Ahhotep I and Sitdjehuti. She was married to her (half-)brother Seqenenre Tao and they had a daughter, Ahmose-Henuttamehu. Ahmose-Meritamon Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) She was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao. Her mummy was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache and is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Ahmose-Meritamun Princess / Queen 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Daughter of Ahmose I and Ahmose Nefertari, and was queen of her brother Amenhotep I. Ahmose-Nebetta Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose Nefertari Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. mid to late-16th century BC) A daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep I, and royal sister and the wife of pharaoh Ahmose I. Following Ahmose I's death, Ahmose-Nefertari became the regent for her son Amenhotep I and ruled until he was old enough to rule on his own. Ahmose Pen-Nekhebet Military Commander 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th to early-15th century BC) An Egyptian official and military commander who started his career under Ahmose I and served all subsequent pharaohs until Thutmose III. Ahmose Sapair Prince 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a son of Pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a brother of Ahmose I. Ahmose-Sitamun Princess 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) The daughter of Pharaoh Ahmose I and sister of Amenhotep I. A colossal statue of hers stood before the eighth pylon at Karnak. Ahmose called Si-Tayit Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Ahmose I. Possibly the first Viceroy to serve in that capacity. Early in the reign of Amenhotep I, the position passed from Si-Tayit to his son Ahmose called Turo. Ahmose-Sitkamose Princess / Queen 17th/18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Probably the daughter of Pharaoh Kamose. She probably married Ahmose I. Also called Sitkamose. Ahmose-Tumerisy Princess 17th dynasty (fl. c. mid-16th century BC) Probably a daughter of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and a sister of Ahmose I. Ahmose called Turo Viceroy of Kush 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-16th century BC) Viceroy of Kush under Amenhotep I and Tuthmosis I. Son of Ahmose called Si-Tayit. Akhenaten Pharaoh 18th dynasty (reigned c. 1353 BC – c. 1336 BC) Was known before the 5th year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (or Amenophis IV). He abandoned traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on Aten. Also called Echnaton or Akhenaton. Akhraten King of Kush (reigned c. 350 BC – c. 335 BC) Possibly a son of Harsiotef and a brother of Nastasen. Akhraten may have been succeeded by Nastasen. Alara of Nubia King of Kush (fl. c. early-8th century BC) The founder of the Napatan royal dynasty and was the first recorded prince of Nubia. He unified all of Upper Nubia from Meroë to the Third Cataract. His successors would comprise the 25th Dynasty of Egypt. Alexander Helios Prince Ptolemaic (40 BC – c. 29 BC) Eldest son of queen Cleopatra VII and Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Amanibakhi King of Kush (fl. c. mid-4th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The successor of Akhraten and the predecessor of Nastasen. Amanineteyerike King of Kush (fl. c. late-5th century BC) Kushite King of Meroe. The son of King Malewiebamani, and brother of Baskakeren. His predecessor Talakhamani was either an older brother or an uncle. His name is also written as Amanneteyerike, Aman-nete-yerike, or Irike-Amannote. Amasis II Pharaoh 26th dynasty (reigned c. 570 BC – c. 526 BC) Based at Sais and the successor to Apries. Under Amasis II, Egypt's agricultural based economy reached its zenith. He was able to defeat an invasion of Egypt by the Babylonian king Nebuchadrezzar II. Also called Ahmose II. Amenemhat I Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1991 BC – c. 1962 BC) The first ruler of the 12th dynasty. Amenemhat I was a vizier of his predecessor Mentuhotep IV. He moved the capital from Thebes to Itjtawy. Amenemhat II Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1929 BC – c. 1895 BC) The third pharaoh of the 12th dynasty of Egypt. He was the son of Senusret I through the latter's chief wife, Queen Neferu III. Amenemhat III Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1860 BC – c. 1814 BC) Sixth king of the 12th dynasty. Son of Senusret III. Amenemhat IV Pharaoh 12th dynasty (reigned c. 1815 BC – c. 1806 BC) Seventh king of the 12th dynasty. Possibly a son of Amenemhat III. Amenemhat V Sekhemkare Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. early 18th century BC) An Egyptian king of the 13th Dynasty. He appears as 'Sekhemkare' in the Turin King List. Amenemhet VI Pharaoh 13th dynasty (fl. c. mid-18th century BC) The seventh king of the Thirteenth Dynasty according to the Turin Canon. Amenemhat Nomarch 12th dynasty (fl. 20th century BCE) Also known as Ameny, a governor at Men'at Khufu during the reign of pharaoh Senusret I. Amenemhat High Priest of Amun 18th dynasty (fl. c. late-15th century BC) High Priest of Amun during the reign of pharaoh Amenhotep II. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. mid-15th century BC) Son of Pharaoh Thutmose III. He was the eldest son and appointed heir but predeceased his father. Amenemhat Prince 18th dynasty (fl. c. early-14th century BC) The son of Pharaoh Thutmose IV. He died young and was buried in his father's tomb. Amenemhatankh Prince 12th dynasty (fl. c. early 19th century BC) A son of Amenemhat II. A..
    
11. Title: Wikiwand: 30th century BC
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/30th_century_BC;
    Note: The 30th century BC was a century which lasted from the year 3000 BC to 2901 BC. Events . Before 3000 BC: Image of a deity, detail from a cong recovered from Tomb 12, Fanshan, Yuyao, Zhejiang, is made. Neolithic period. Liangzhu culture. It is now kept at Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou. . c. 3000 BC: Early agriculture in North Africa. . 3000 BC – 2600 BC: Early Harappan period continues in the Indus Valley . c. 3000 BC: Neolithic period ends. . c. 3000 BC: Djer, third pharaoh of united Egypt, starts to reign. . c. 3000 BC: Troy is founded. . c. 3000 BC: There is an intense phase of burial at Duma na nGiall on the Hill of Tara, the ancient seat of the High King of Ireland.[1] . c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge begins to be built. In its first version, it consists of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.[2] . c. 3000 BC: Cycladic civilization in the Aegean Sea starts . c. 3000 BC: Helladic period starts. . c. 3000 BC: Norte Chico civilization in Northern Peru starts. . c. 3000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age starts. . c. 3000 BC: Middle Jōmon period starts in Japan. . c. 2955 BC: Djer, third pharaoh of Egypt, dies . c. 2950 BC: first definitive use of a Nebty name by Egyptian First Dynasty pharaoh, Semerkhet. . c. 2920 BC: Djet, fourth pharaoh of Egypt. Significant people . Djer, Djet, Merneith, Den, Anedjib, Semerkhet—Pharaohs of the First dynasty of Egypt. . Ötzi, a man whose mummified remains were found in the Ötztal Alps Inventions, discoveries, introductions . 3000 BC–2000 BC; Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt, potter's wheel in China, first pottery in the Americas (in Ecuador). . c. 3000 BC—Sumerians establish cities. . c. 3000 BC—Sumerians start to work in various metals. . c. 3000 BC—Knowledge of Ancient Near Eastern grains appears in Ancient China. . 3000 BC-2000 BC - Settled villages are widespread in Mesoamerica. . The "shekal" was introduced in Mesopotamia as a monetary and weight unit; see ancient weights and measures, Shekel. . The Sydney rock engravings date from around 3000 BC (Sydney, Australia). Fiction . In the TV show, "Stargate: SG-1," the native people of Earth successfully rebel against the Goa'uld in 2995 BC. . 3000 BC: A zombie outbreak in Egypt in "The Zombie Survival Guide" . 3000 BC: The birth of possibly the first mutant in "X-Men, En Sabah Nur." . 3067 BC-3060 BC: The Scorpion King wages a war against the world and conquers it in "The Mummy Returns" . Years Preceding 3067 BC: The Scorpion King's Adventures in "The Scorpion King" (film series)