Nebettawy bint Ramesses II II

• Preferred Name: Nebettawy bint Ramesses II II^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}
  
• Gender: F
  
• Burial: in QV60, Valley of the Queens, Thebes, Egypt at LATI: N5.6977 LONG: E2.6421
  
• FSID: GSKR-62D
  
• Death: Y
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Nebettawy (nb.t-t3.wỉ; “Lady of the Two Lands”) was an ancient Egyptian princess and queen, the fifth daughter and one of the eight Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh Ramesses II.
  Nebettawy may have been the daughter of Ramesses' wife, Nefertari, but this is by no means certain. She is shown in the greater Abu Simbel temple. On the second southern colossus in front of the temple Nebettawy is depicted in the regalia of a queen. Nebettawy shown with a cap wig, a fairly simple modius and the double plumes. Bint-Anat (also dressed as a queen) stands by the left leg of the second southern colossus, Nebettawy by the right leg, and princess Isetnofret II stands in front of the colossus.
  
  Nebettawy appears as the fifth princess in a parade of royal daughters as depicted in the great temple at Abu Simbel. She appears behind Bintanath, Bakmut, Nefertari, and Meritamen. The princesses are shown carrying a sistrum. Nebettawy is not shown on the smaller temple of Abu Simbel. Nefertari is shown with Meritamen and Henuttawy on the facade of this temple.
  
  After Bintanath and Meritamen, she was the third of Ramesses' daughters to become her father's wife (possibly after the death of Meritamón). Nebettawy served as Great Royal Wife while her father entered the diplomatic marriage with Maathorneferure, the daughter of the Hittite king Hattusilis III, in year 33. Nebettawy and her half-sister Bintanath fulfilled the ritual role of that of the queen of Egypt. She held the titles Lady of the Two Lands (nb.t-t3.wỉ), Great Royal Wife (ḥm.t-nsw wr.t), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (ḥnw.t šmˁw mḥw), King’s Daughter (s3.t-nsw), King’s Daughter of his body, his beloved (s3.t-nsw n.t ẖt=f mrỉỉ.t=f).
  
  She was buried in the tomb QV60. The tomb was robbed already in antiquity and was later used as a Christian chapel.[3] In one of the scenes in the tomb, Nebettawy wears a rather special headdress: a vulture crown with uraeus, topped by a modius and supporting a number of flowers. This specific headdress is only attested for Queen Nebettawy, Queen Iset Ta-Hemdjert (QV51), and Queen Tyti (QV52). It is not known what the precise meaning of this piece of regalia was. An earlier version of this crown was worn by Princess-Queen Sitamun, the daughter-wife of Amenhotep III. Hence it could be a reference to her position as Princess-Queen.

1. Title: Wikiwand: Ramesses II
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ramesses_II;
   Note: Ramesses II /ˈræməsiːz, ˈræmsiːz, ˈræmziːz/ (variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses (Ancient Egyptian: rꜥ-ms-sw "Ra is the one who bore him" > Koinē Greek: Ῥαμέσσης, romanized: Rhaméssēs); c. 1303 BC – July or August 1213; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor." He is known as Ozymandias in Greek sources (Koinē Greek: Οσυμανδύας Osymandýas), from the first part of Ramesses' regnal name, Usermaatre Setepenre, "The Maat of Ra is powerful, Chosen of Ra."
   
2. Title: Wikiwand: Nebettawy
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nebettawy;
   Note: Nebettawy (nb.t-t3.wỉ; “Lady of the Two Lands”) was an Ancient Egyptian princess and queen, the fifth daughter and one of the eight Great Royal Wives of Pharaoh Ramesses II. Life Nebettawy may have been the daughter of Ramesses' most beloved wife, Nefertari, but this is by no means certain. She is shown in the greater Abu Simbel temple. On the second southern colossus in front of the temple Nebettawy is depicted in the regalia of a queen. Nebettawy shown with a cap wig, a fairly simple modius and the double plumes. Bint-Anat (also dressed as a queen) stands by the left leg of the second southern colossus, Nebettawy by the right leg, and princess Isetnofret II stands in front of the colossus. Nebettawy appears as the fifth princess in a parade of royal daughters as depicted in the great temple at Abu Simbel. She appears behind Bintanath, Bakmut, Nefertari, and Meritamen. The princesses are shown carrying a sistrum. Nebettawy is not shown on the smaller temple of Abu Simbel. Nefertari is shown with Meritamen and Henuttawy on the facade of this temple. After Bintanath and Meritamen, she was the third of Ramesses' daughters to become her father's wife (possibly after the death of Meritamón). Nebettawy served as Great Royal Wife while her father entered the diplomatic marriage with Maathorneferure, the daughter of the Hittite king Hattusilis III, in year 33. Nebettawy and her half-sister Bintanath fulfilled the ritual role of that of the queen of Egypt. She held the titles Lady of the Two Lands ("nb.t-t3.wỉ"), Great Royal Wife ("ḥm.t-nsw wr.t"), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt ("ḥnw.t šmˁw mḥw"), King’s Daughter ("s3.t-nsw"), King’s Daughter of his body, his beloved ("s3.t-nsw n.t ẖt=f mrỉỉ.t=f"). Death and Burial She was buried in the tomb QV60. The tomb was robbed already in antiquity and was later used as a Christian chapel. In one of the scenes in the tomb, Nebettawy wears a rather special headdress: a vulture crown with uraeus, topped by a modius and supporting a number of flowers. This specific headdress is only attested for Queen Nebettawy, Queen Isis (QV51 - time of Ramesses III-IV) and Queen Tyti (QV52 - 20th dynasty). It is not known what the precise meaning of this piece of regalia was. An earlier version of this crown was worn by Princess-Queen Sitamen, the daughter-wife of Amenhotep III. Hence it could be a reference to her position as Princess-Queen.
   
3. Title: Wikiwand: Nefertari
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nefertari;
   Note: Nefertari, also known as Nefertari Meritmut, was an Egyptian queen and the first of the Great Royal Wives (or principal wives) of Ramesses the Great. Nefertari means "beautiful companion" and Meritmut means "Beloved of [the goddess] Mut." She is one of the best known Egyptian queens, next to Cleopatra, Nefertiti, and Hatshepsut. She was highly educated and able to both read and write hieroglyphs, a very rare skill at the time. She used these skills in her diplomatic work, corresponding with other prominent royals of the time. Her lavishly decorated tomb, QV66, is one of the largest and most spectacular in the Valley of the Queens. Ramesses also constructed a temple for her at Abu Simbel next to his colossal monument there. Titles Nefertari held many different titles, including: Great of Praises (wrt-hzwt), Sweet of Love (bnrt-mrwt), Lady of Grace (nbt-im3t), Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), his beloved (hmt-niswt-wrt meryt.f), Lady of The Two Lands (nbt-t3wy), Lady of all Lands (hnwt-t3w-nbw), Wife of the Strong Bull (hmt-k3-nxt), god's Wife (hmt-ntr), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (hnwt-Shm’w-mhw). Ramesses II also named her "The one for whom the sun shines." Family Although Nefertari's family background is unknown, the discovery in her tomb of a knob inscribed with the cartouche of Pharaoh Ay has led people to speculate she was related to him. The time between the reign of Ay and Ramesses II means that Nefertari could not be a daughter of Ay and if any relation exists at all, she would be a great-granddaughter. There is no conclusive evidence linking Nefertari to the royal family of the 18th dynasty, however. Nefertari married Ramesses II before he ascended the throne. Nefertari had at least four sons and two daughters. Amun-her-khepeshef, the eldest was Crown Prince and Commander of the Troops, and Pareherwenemef would later serve in Ramesses II’s army. Prince Meryatum was elevated to the position of High Priest of Re in Heliopolis. Inscriptions mention he was a son of Nefertari. Prince Meryre is a fourth son mentioned on the façade of the small temple at Abu Simbel and is thought to be another son of Nefertari. Meritamen and Henuttawy are two royal daughters depicted on the façade of the small temple at Abu Simbel and are thought to be daughters of Nefertari. Princesses named Bak(et)mut, Nefertari, and Nebettawy are sometimes suggested as further daughters of Nefertari based on their presence in Abu Simbel, but there is no concrete evidence for this supposed family relation. Biography Nefertari first appears as the wife of Ramesses II in official scenes during the first year of Ramesses II. In the tomb of Nebwenenef, Nefertari is depicted behind her husband as he elevates Nebwenenef to the position of High Priests of Amun during a visit to Abydos. Nefertari also appears in a scene next to a year 1 stela. She is depicted shaking two sistra before Taweret, Thoth, and Nut. Nefertari is an important presence in the scenes from Luxor and Karnak. In a scene from Luxor, Nefertari appears leading the royal children. Another scene shows Nefertari at the Festival of the Mast of Amun-Min-Kamephis. The king and the queen are said to worship in the new temple and are shown overseeing the Erection of the Mast before Amen-Re attended by standard bearers. Nefertari’s speech during this ceremony is recorded: "Your beloved son, the Lord of Both Lands, Usermaatre Setepenre, has come to see you in your beautiful manifestation. He has erected for you the mast of the (pavilion)-framework. May you grant him eternity as King, and victory over those rebellious (against) His Majesty, L.P.H." Nefertari appears as Ramesses II’s consort on many statues in both Luxor and Karnak. In Western Thebes, Nefertari is mentioned on a statuary group from Deir el-BAhari, a stela and blocks from Deir el-Medina. The greatest honor was bestowed on Nefertari however in Abu Simbel. Nefertari is depicted in statue form at the great temple, but the small temple is dedicated to Nefertari and the goddess Hathor. The building project was started earlier in the reign of Ramesses II, and seems to have been inaugurated by ca year 25 of his reign (but not completed until ten years later). Nefertari’s prominence at court is further supported by cuneiform tablets from the Hittite city of Hattusas (today Boghazkoy, Turkey), containing Nefertari's correspondence with the king Hattusili III and his wife Puduhepa. She is mentioned in the letters as "Naptera." Nefertari is known to have sent gifts to Puduhepa: "The great Queen Naptera of the land of Egypt speaks thus: Speak to my sister Puduhepa, the Great Queen of the Hatti land. I, your sister, (also) be well!! May your country be well. Now, I have learned that you, my sister, have written to me asking after my health. ... You have written to me because of the good friendship and brotherly relationship between your brother, the king of Egypt, The Great and the Storm god will bring about peace, and he will make the brotherly relationship between the Egptian king, the Great King, and his brother, the Hatti King, the Great King, last for ever... See, I have sent you a gift, in order to greet you, my sister... for your neck (a necklace) of pure gold, composed of 12 bands and weighing 88 shekels, coloured linen maklalu-material, for one royal dress for the king... A total of 12 linen garments." Nefertari is shown at the inaugural festivities at Abu Simbel in year 24. Her daughter Meritamen is depicted taking part in place of her mother in some of the scenes. Nefertari may well have been in failing health at this point. After her death she was buried in tomb QV66 in the Valley of the Queens. Monuments Abu Simbel, great temple Main article: Abu Simbel temples Nefertari appears twice as one of the royal women represented beside the colossal statues of Ramesses II that stand before the temple. To the left of the doorway, Nefertari, Queen-Mother Tuya and the king's son Amun-her-khepeshef (still called Amunhirwenemef here) flank the colossal statue of the king. To the right of the doorway Nefertari, Baketmut and the king's son Ramesses are shown with the Pharaoh. Inside the temple Nefertari is depicted on one of the pillars in the great pillared hall worshipping Hathor of Ibshek. On the wall of the inner pillared hall Nefertari appears behind Ramesses II. They stand before the barque of Amun, and Nefertari is shown playing the sistra. Elsewhere Nefertari and Ramesses II are shown before a barque dedicated to a deified Ramesses II. Nefertari is shown twice accompanying her husband in Triumph scenes. Abu Simbel, small temple The small temple at Abu Simbel was dedicated to Nefertari and Hathor of Ibshek. The dedication text on one of the buttresses states: "A temple of great and Mighty monuments, for the Great Royal Wife Nefertari Meryetmut, for whose sake the (very) sun does shine, given life and beloved;" (Kitchen) While on other buttresses it says: "King of South and North Egypt, Usermaatre Setepenre; - he has made a Temple by excavation in the mountain, of eternal work(manship) in Nubia, which the King of South and North Egypt, Usermaatre Setepenre has made for the Great Royal Wife Nefertari Meryetmut, in Nubia, like Re forever and ever." (Kitchen) The two colossal standing statues of Nefertari in front of the small temple are equal in size to those of Ramesses II. Nefertari is shown holding a sistrum. She wears a long sheet dress and she is depicted with a long wig, Hathoric cow horns, the solar disk, and tall feathers mounted on a modius. In the interior of the temple, Nefertari appears in a variety of scenes. She is shown for instance offering to a cow (Hathor) in a papyrus thicket, offering before Khnum, Satis, and Anuket, the triad of Elephantine, and offering to Mut and Hathor. Tomb 66 in the Valley of the Queens Main articles: Valley of the Queens and QV66 The tomb of Nefertari, QV66, is one of the largest in the Valley of the Queens. It is 520 square meters, and covered with pictures of Nefertari. Her husband the pharaoh is not represented in any of the pictures. Nefertari can be seen wearing Greek silver earrings with a labrys design in one of the portraits (see lead image). These would have been sent to her as a gift for diplomatic reasons. The tomb was robbed in antiquity. In 1904 it was rediscovered and excavated by Ernesto Schiaparelli. Several items from the tomb, including parts of gold bracelets, shabti figures and a small piece of an earring or pendant are now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Additional shabti figures are in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. It was reported that a pair of mummified legs found in QV66 and now at the Museo Egizio of Turin may indeed be Nefertari's based on the bone structure and the age of the person, which fits the profile of Nefertari.
   
4. Title: Wikiwand: Great Royal Wife
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Great_Royal_Wife;
   Note: Great Royal Wife, or alternatively, Chief King's Wife (Ancient Egyptian: "ḥmt nswt wrt"), is the term that was used to refer to the principal wife of the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, who served many official functions. Description While most Ancient Egyptians were monogamous, a male pharaoh would have had other, lesser wives and concubines in addition to the Great Royal Wife. This arrangement would allow the pharaoh to enter into diplomatic marriages with the daughters of allies, as was the custom of ancient kings. In the past the order of succession in Ancient Egypt was thought to pass through the royal women. This theory, referred to as the Heiress Theory, has been rejected regarding the eighteenth dynasty ever since a 1980s study of its royalty. The throne likely just passed to the eldest living son of those pharaohs. The mother of the heir to the throne was not always the Great Royal Wife, but once a pharaoh was crowned, it was possible to grant the mother of the king the title of Great Royal Wife, along with other titles. Examples include Iset, the mother of Thutmose III, Tiaa, the mother of Thutmose IV and Mutemwia, the mother of Amenhotep III. Meretseger, the chief wife of Senusret III, may be the earliest queen whose name appears with this title; she also was the first consort known to write her name in a cartouche. However, she is only attested in the New Kingdom so the title might be an anachronism. Perhaps the first holder of its title was Nubkhaes of the Second Intermediate Period. A special place in the history of great royal wives was taken by Hatshepsut. She was Great Royal Wife to her half-brother Thutmose II. During this time Hatshepsut also became God's Wife of Amun (the highest ranking priestess in the temple of Amun in Karnak). After the death of her husband, she became regent because of the minority of her stepson, the only male heir (born to Iset), who eventually would become Thutmose III. During this time Hatshepsut was crowned as pharaoh and ruled as a regent very successfully in her own right for many years. Although other women before her had ruled Egypt, Hatshepsut was the first woman to take the title "pharaoh," as it was a new term being used for the rulers, not having been used before the eighteenth dynasty. When she became pharaoh, she designated her daughter, Neferure, as God's Wife of Amun to perform the duties of high priestess. Her daughter may have been the great royal wife of Thutmose III, but there is no clear evidence for this proposed marriage. Elsewhere, in Kush and other major states of ancient Africa, the rulers often structured their households in much the same way as has just been described. Asiya, the adoptive mother of Moses, often confused with Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus), is regarded to be the chief consort of the Biblical Pharaoh according to Islam. Examples Ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom Dynasty Name Husband Comments 12th Dynasty Meretseger Senusret III Possibly the first holder of the title, but not definitively attested to in contemporary sources Second Intermediate Period Dynasty Name Husband Comments 13th Dynasty Nubhotepti Hor 13th Dynasty Nubkhaes Sobekhotep V, Sobekhotep VI or Wahibre Ibiau 13th Dynasty Ineni Merneferre Ai 13th Dynasty Nehyt (?) Only known from two scarab seals 13th Dynasty Satsobek (?) Only known from one scarab seal 13th Dynasty Sathathor (?) Only known from one scarab seal, reading of name not fully certain 16th Dynasty Mentuhotep Djehuti 16th Dynasty Sitmut Mentuhotep VI (?) 17th Dynasty Nubemhat Sobekemsaf I 17th Dynasty Sobekemsaf Nubkheperre Intef Sister of an unknown king, buried in Edfu 17th Dynasty Nubkhaes Sobekemsaf II 17th Dynasty Tetisheri Tao I the Elder Mother of Tao II the Brave 17th Dynasty Ahhotep I Tao II the Brave Mother of Ahmose I and Ahmose-Nefertari New Kingdom Dynasty Name Husband Comments 18th Dynasty Ahmose-Nefertari Ahmose I Mother of Amenhotep I and Ahmose-Meritamon 18th Dynasty Sitkamose Ahmose I (?) 18th Dynasty Ahmose-Henuttamehu Ahmose I (?) Daughter of Queen Inhapi 18th Dynasty Ahmose-Meritamon Amenhotep I 18th Dynasty Ahmose Thutmose I Mother of Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty Hatshepsut Thutmose II second great royal wife to her father, Thutmose I, and later, ruling pharaoh with her daughter, Neferure, as great royal wife 18th Dynasty Iset Thutmose II Received the title from her son Thutmose III after he became pharaoh 18th Dynasty Neferure (?) Thutmose III No evidence documents their marriage 18th Dynasty Satiah Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Merytre-Hatshepsut Thutmose III Mother of Amenhotep II 18th Dynasty Tiaa Amenhotep II Received the title from her son Thutmose IV after her husband's death - Amenhotep II tried to break the royal lineage by not recording any of his wives, who may not have been royal, and Tiaa was identified only later, by her son 18th Dynasty Nefertari Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Iaret Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Tenettepihu Thutmose IV (?) Known from a shabti and funerary statue, thought to date to the time of Tuthmosis IV (?) 18th Dynasty Mutemwia Thutmose IV Received the title from her son, Amenhotep III, after her husband's death to make his own birth seem royal 18th Dynasty Tiye Amenhotep III Mother of Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Sitamun Amenhotep III Eldest daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye 18th Dynasty Iset Amenhotep III Daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye 18th Dynasty Nebetnehat Unidentified Known from cartouche found on canopic fragments, she lived during the mid to late 18th Dynasty 18th Dynasty Nefertiti Akhenaten Mother of Meritaten and Ankhesenamun, possible daughter of Ay, likely became pharaoh in her own right as King Neferneferuaten 18th Dynasty Meritaten Smenkhkare Daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti 18th Dynasty Ankhesenamen Tutankhamen Daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti 18th Dynasty Tey Ay 18th Dynasty Mutnedjmet Horemheb Probable daughter of Ay and Tey 19th Dynasty Sitre Ramesses I Mother of Seti I 19th Dynasty Tuya Seti I Mother of Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Nefertari Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Isetnofret Ramesses II Mother of Merenptah 19th Dynasty Bintanath Ramesses II Eldest daughter of Ramesses II and Isetnofret 19th Dynasty Meritamen Ramesses II Daughter of Ramesses II and Nefertari 19th Dynasty Nebettawy Ramesses II Daughter of Ramesses II and Nefertari 19th Dynasty Henutmire Ramesses II Sister or daughter of Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Maathorneferure Ramesses II Hittite princess 19th Dynasty Isetnofret II Merenptah Sister or niece of her husband 19th Dynasty Tawosret Seti II Later pharaoh 19th Dynasty Takhat Seti II (?) Depicted as the wife of Sety II on a (usurped) statue, may have been the mother of Amenmesse (?) 20th Dynasty Tiye-Mereniset Setnakhte Mother of Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Iset Ta-Hemdjert Ramesses III Mother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Henutwati Ramesses V Queen mentioned in the Wilbour Papyrus 20th Dynasty Nubkhesbed Ramesses V Mother of Princess Isis, who later, would be the God's Wife of Amun 20th Dynasty Baketwernel Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Tyti Ramesses X Possibly a wife of Ramesses X, buried in QV52 20th Dynasty Anuketemheb unknown Original owner of sarcophagus and canopic jars later used for Queen Takhat in KV10, dates to the 19th or 20th Dynasty Third Intermediate Period Dynasty Name Husband Comments 21st Dynasty Nodjmet Herihor Probable mother of Pinedjem I 21st Dynasty Mutnedjmet Psusennes I 23rd Dynasty Karomama Takelot II Mother of Osorkon III 25th Dynasty Khensa Piye 25th Dynasty Peksater Piye 25th Dynasty Takahatenamun Taharqa 25th Dynasty Isetemkheb Tanutamon Late Period Dynasty Name Husband Comments 26th Dynasty Mehytenweskhet Psamtik I Mother of Necho II 26th Dynasty Takhuit Psamtik II Mother of Wahibre
   
5. Title: Winiwand: Bintanath
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bintanath;
   Note: Bintanath (or Bentanath) was the firstborn daughter and later Great Royal Wife of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II. Family Bintanath was likely born during the reign of her grandfather Seti I. Her mother was Isetnofret, one of the two most prominent wives of Ramesses II. Her name is Semitic, meaning Daughter of Anath, referring to the Canaanite goddess Anath. She had at least three brothers, Ramesses, Khaemwaset and Merneptah and a sister who was named Isetnofret after their mother. Bintanath had a daughter who appears on the paintings in her tomb in the Valley of the Queens. She is unnamed there but according to Joyce Tyldesley it is possible that her name was also Bintanath and she married the next pharaoh, Merneptah. According to Tyldesley, a statue of Merneptah in Luxor mentions "the Great Royal Wife Bintanath," who is, possibly, this daughter, since it is unlikely that the older Bintanath married Merneptah when both of them were well over sixty. However, it is entirely possible that Bintanath never married Merenptah and used the "Great Royal Wife" title only because she was entitled to it due to her first marriage. Life Bintanath is depicted in a scene on a pylon in Luxor dated to year 3 of Ramesses II. She is said to be the King's daughter of his body, and is the first in a procession of princesses. She is followed by Meritamen in this procession. Bintanath appears twice as a princess in Abu Simbel. Together with Nebettawy she flanks the southernmost colossus on the facade of the great temple. On one of the pillars inside the temple she is shown offering flowers to the goddess Anuqet. Bentanath became Great Royal Wife around the 25th year of her father's reign. During her time as queen she held many titles including hereditary princess, the great first one (iryt-p`t-tpit-wrt), Lady of The Two Lands (nbt-t3wy), Great King’s Wife (hmt-niswt-wrt), Mistress of Upper and Lower Egypt (hnwt-Shm’w -mhw), King’s Daughter (s3t-niswt), and eventually King’s Sister (snt-niswt). As (great) royal wife Bintanath appears on several statues of Pharaoh Ramesses II. She is depicted on a statue from the Sinai (BM 697), on two sandstone colossi found in Tanis, but probably originally from Pi-Ramesse, and on a statue from the south gate of the Ptah precinct in Memphis. A usurped Middle Kingdom statue from Heracleopolis depicts both Bintanath and her sister Meritamen, and a statue from Hermopolis depicts Bintanath and Henutmire (both as great royal wives). Bintanath is depicted on statues of her father at least three times in Karnak and Luxor, and she appears in statues in Wadi es-Sebua. Two family stelae show Bintanath with her immediate family. The Aswan rock stela shows Ramesses II, Isetnofret and Khaemwaset before the god Khnum, while in another register Bintanath appears with her brothers Ramesses and Merneptah. Another stela from West Silsila depicts Bint-Anath standing behind her mother Isetnofret and her father Ramesses II as the king offers Maat to the gods Ptah and Nefertem. Prince Khaemwaset stands in front of the king, while her brothers Ramesses and Merneptah are shown in a lower register. Death and burial Despite her being Ramesses' first daughter, she was actually one of the few children who outlived their long-lived father. She was depicted on a statue usurped by Merenptah. She died during the reign of her brother Merneptah and was buried in the tomb QV71 in the Valley of the Queens. The tomb is described by Lepsius (number 4). The name of Bintanath is given in slightly different spellings in the tomb. Bintanath is shown before Osiris and Nephtys. Both gods say: "I grant you a place of repose in the land of righteousness." Queen Bintanath is depicted with her daughter, who is not named. Bintanath's sarcophagus was later usurped by a man.
   
6. Title: Wikiwand: Pareherwenemef
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Pareherwenemef;
   Note: Pareherwenemef (Pre-hir-wonmef, Prehirwenemef, Rehirwenemef) was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 19th dynasty, the third son of Pharaoh Ramesses II, the second by Queen Nefertari. Family Pareherwenemef was a son of Pharaoh Ramesses II and Queen Nefertari. Prince Amunherkhepeshef is an older brother. Younger brothers include Meryre and Meryatum. The Princesses Henuttawy, Meritamen and Nebettawy were his sisters. Life Pareherwenemef was present at the Battle of Kadesh and is depicted in the Abu Simbel temple. In the Kadesh inscriptions an incident is mentioned where two Hittite spies are captured. The interrogation reveals that the enemy is much closer than previously thought. The royal family quickly fled to the west, away from danger, led by Prince Pareherwenemef. The prince was called "First Brave of the Army" and later became "Superintendent of the Horse." Eventually Pareherwenemef became First Charioteer of His Majesty, a position he shared with his brother Mentu-her-khepeshef. Pareherwenemef is depicted on the facade of the small temple at Abu Simbel. He also appears on the palace facade in the Ramesseum. A statue base form Karnak mentions Pareherwenemef. On that same base a woman named Wadjyt-khati is mentioned but her exact relation to the prince is not known. He predeceased his elder brother Amunherkhepeshef and elder half-brother Ramesses, because after their death the next crown prince was the fourth son, Khaemwaset.
   
7. Title: Wikiwand: Ancient Egyptian religion
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Ancient_Egyptian_religion;
   Note: Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian society. It centered on the Egyptians' interaction with many deities believed to be present in, and in control of, the world. Rituals such as prayer and offerings were provided to the gods to gain their favor. Formal religious practice centered on the pharaohs, the rulers of Egypt, believed to possess a divine power by virtue of their position. They acted as intermediaries between their people and the gods, and were obligated to sustain the gods through rituals and offerings so that they could maintain Ma'at, the order of the cosmos. The state dedicated enormous resources to religious rituals and to the construction of temples. Individuals could interact with the gods for their own purposes, appealing for help through prayer or compelling the gods to act through magic. These practices were distinct from, but closely linked with, the formal rituals and institutions. The popular religious tradition grew more prominent over the course of Egyptian history as the status of the pharaoh declined. Egyptian belief in the afterlife and the importance of funerary practices is evident in the great efforts made to ensure the survival of their souls after death - via the provision of tombs, grave goods, and offerings to preserve the bodies and spirits of the deceased. The religion had its roots and branches in Egypt's prehistory and lasted for more than 3,000 years. The details of religious belief changed over time as the importance of particular gods rose and declined, and their intricate relationships shifted. At various times, certain gods became preeminent over the others, including the sun god Ra, the creator god Amun, and the mother goddess Isis. For a brief period, in the theology promulgated by the pharaoh Akhenaten, a single god, the Aten, replaced the traditional pantheon. Ancient Egyptian religion and mythology left behind many writings and monuments, along with significant influences on ancient and modern cultures. Beliefs The beliefs and rituals now referred to as "ancient Egyptian religion" were integral within every aspect of Egyptian culture. The Egyptian language possessed no single term corresponding to the modern European concept of religion. Ancient Egyptian religion consisted of a vast and varying set of beliefs and practices, linked by their common focus on the interaction between the world of humans and the world of the divine. The characteristics of the gods who populated the divine realm were inextricably linked to the Egyptians' understanding of the properties of the world in which they lived. Deities Main article: Ancient Egyptian deities The Egyptians believed that the phenomena of nature were divine forces in and of themselves. These deified forces included the elements, animal characteristics, or abstract forces. The Egyptians believed in a pantheon of gods, which were involved in all aspects of nature and human society. Their religious practices were efforts to sustain and placate these phenomena and turn them to human advantage. This polytheistic system was very complex, as some deities were believed to exist in many different manifestations, and some had multiple mythological roles. Conversely, many natural forces, such as the sun, were associated with multiple deities. The diverse pantheon ranged from gods with vital roles in the universe to minor deities or "demons" with very limited or localized functions. It could include gods adopted from foreign cultures, and sometimes humans: deceased pharaohs were believed to be divine, and occasionally, distinguished commoners such as Imhotep also became deified. The depictions of the gods in art were not meant as literal representations of how the gods might appear if they were visible, as the gods' true natures were believed to be mysterious. Instead, these depictions gave recognizable forms to the abstract deities by using symbolic imagery to indicate each god's role in nature. This iconography was not fixed, and many of the gods could be depicted in more than one form. Many gods were associated with particular regions in Egypt where their cults were most important. However, these associations changed over time, and they did not mean that the god associated with a place had originated there. For instance, the god Montu was the original patron of the city of Thebes. Over the course of the Middle Kingdom, however, he was displaced in that role by Amun, who may have arisen elsewhere. The national popularity and importance of individual gods fluctuated in a similar way. Deities had complex interrelationships, which partly reflected the interaction of the forces they represented. The Egyptians often grouped gods together to reflect these relationships. One of the more common combinations was a family triad consisting of a father, mother, and child, who were worshipped together. Some groups had wide-ranging importance. One such group, the Ennead, assembled nine deities into a theological system that was involved in the mythological areas of creation, kingship, and the afterlife. The relationships between deities could also be expressed in the process of syncretism, in which two or more different gods were linked to form a composite deity. This process was a recognition of the presence of one god "in" another when the second god took on a role belonging to the first. These links between deities were fluid, and did not represent the permanent merging of two gods into one; therefore, some gods could develop multiple syncretic connections. Sometimes, syncretism combined deities with very similar characteristics. At other times it joined gods with very different natures, as when Amun, the god of hidden power, was linked with Ra, the god of the sun. The resulting god, Amun-Ra, thus united the power that lay behind all things with the greatest and most visible force in nature. Many deities could be given epithets that seem to indicate that they were greater than any other god, suggesting some kind of unity beyond the multitude of natural forces. This is particularly true of a few gods who, at various points, rose to supreme importance in Egyptian religion. These included the royal patron Horus, the sun god Ra, and the mother goddess Isis. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) Amun held this position. The theology of the period described in particular detail Amun's presence in and rule over all things, so that he, more than any other deity, embodied the all-encompassing power of the divine. Cosmology The Egyptian conception of the universe centered on "Ma'at," a word that encompasses several concepts in English, including "truth," "justice," and "order." It was the fixed, eternal order of the universe, both in the cosmos and in human society, and it was often personified as a goddess. It had existed since the creation of the world, and without it the world would lose its cohesion. In Egyptian belief, "maat" was constantly under threat from the forces of disorder, so all of society was required to maintain it. On the human level this meant that all members of society should cooperate and coexist; on the cosmic level it meant that all of the forces of nature—the gods—should continue to function in balance. This latter goal was central to Egyptian religion. The Egyptians sought to maintain "maat" in the cosmos by sustaining the gods through offerings and by performing rituals which staved off disorder and perpetuated the cycles of nature. The most important part of the Egyptian view of the cosmos was the conception of time, which was greatly concerned with the maintenance of Maat. Throughout the linear passage of time, a cyclical pattern recurred, in which Maat was renewed by periodic events which echoed the original creation. Among these events were the annual Nile flood and the succession from one king to another, but the most important was the daily journey of the sun god Ra. When thinking of the shape of the cosmos, the Egyptians saw the earth as a flat expanse of land, personified by the god Geb, over which arched the sky goddess Nut. The two were separated by Shu, the god of air. Beneath the earth lay a parallel underworld and undersky, and beyond the skies lay the infinite expanse of Nu, the chaos that had existed before creation. The Egyptians also believed in a place called the Duat, a mysterious region associated with death and rebirth, that may have lain in the underworld or in the sky. Each day, Ra traveled over the earth across the underside of the sky, and at night he passed through the Duat to be reborn at dawn. In Egyptian belief, this cosmos was inhabited by three types of sentient beings. One was the gods; another was the spirits of deceased humans, who existed in the divine realm and possessed many of the gods' abilities. Living humans were the third category, and the most important among them was the pharaoh, who bridged the human and divine realms. Kingship See also: Pharaoh Egyptologists long have debated the degree to which the pharaoh was considered a god. It seems most likely that the Egyptians viewed royal authority itself as a divine force. Therefore, although the Egyptians recognized that the pharaoh was human and subject to human weakness, they simultaneously viewed him as a god, because the divine power of kingship was incarnated in him. He therefore acted as intermediary between Egypt's people and the gods. He was key to upholding Maat, both by maintaining justice and harmony in human society and by sustaining the gods with temples and offerings. For these reasons, he oversaw all state religious activity. However, the pharaoh's real-life influence and prestige could differ from his portrayal in official writings and depictions, and beginning in the late New Kingdom his religious importance declined drastically. The king also was associated with many specific deities. He was ident..
   
8. Title: Wikiwand: Queen consort
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Queen_consort;
   Note: A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, or an empress consort in the case of an emperor. A queen consort usually shares her husband's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles, but historically, she does not share the king's political and military powers. In contrast, a queen regnant is a queen in her own right with all the powers of a monarch, who (usually) has become queen by inheriting the throne upon the death of the previous monarch. In Brunei, the wife of the Sultan is known as a "Raja Isteri" with prefix "Pengiran Anak," equivalent to queen consort in English, as were the consorts of tsars when Bulgaria was still a monarchy. Titles The title of king consort for the husband of a reigning queen is rare. Examples are Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in Scotland; Antoine of Bourbon-Vendôme in Navarre; and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Portugal. Where some title other than that of king is held by the sovereign, his wife is referred to by the feminine equivalent, such as princess consort or empress consort. In monarchies where polygamy has been practiced in the past (such as Morocco and Thailand), or is practiced today (such as the Zulu nation and the various Yoruba polities), the number of wives of the king varies. In Morocco, King Mohammed VI has broken with tradition and given his wife, Lalla Salma, the title of princess. Prior to the reign of King Mohammed VI, the Moroccan monarchy had no such title. In Thailand, the king and queen must both be of royal descent. The king's other consorts are accorded royal titles that confer status. Other cultures maintain different traditions on queenly status. A Zulu chieftain designates one of his wives as "Great Wife," which would be the equivalent to queen consort. Conversely, in Yorubaland, all of a chief's consorts are essentially of equal rank. Although one of their number, usually the one who has been married to the chief for the longest time, may be given a chieftaincy of her own to highlight her relatively higher status when compared to the other wives; she does not share her husband's ritual power as a chieftain. When a woman is to be vested with an authority similar to that of the chief, she is usually a lady courtier in his service who is not married to him, but who is expected to lead his female subjects on his behalf. Role In general, the consorts of monarchs have no power "per se," even when their position is constitutionally or statutorily recognized. However, often the queen consort of a deceased king (the dowager queen or queen mother) has served as regent if her child, the successor to the throne, was still a minor—for example: . Anne of Kiev, wife of Henry I of France . Munjeong, mother of King Myeongjong of Korea . Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots . Catherine of Austria, grandmother of Sebastian of Portugal . Marie de Medici, mother of Louis XIII of France . Kösem Sultan, mother of Sultan Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire . Luisa de Guzmán, mother of Afonso VI of Portugal . Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi and mother of Damodar Rao . Maria Christina of Austria, mother of Alfonso XIII of Spain . Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, mother of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands . Anna Khanum, mother of Abbas II of Persia . Helen of Greece, mother of King Michael of Romania Besides these examples, there have been many cases of queens consort being shrewd or ambitious stateswomen and, usually (but not always) unofficially, being among the king's most trusted advisors. In some cases, the queen consort has been the chief power behind her husband's throne; e.g. Maria Luisa of Parma, wife of Charles IV of Spain. Examples of queens and empresses consort Past queens consort: . Queen Jang, consort to Sukjong of Joseon. Demoted back in 1694 to the rank of hui-bin, Royal Noble Consort Joseon rank 1 . Queen Marie Antoinette, consort to Louis XVI of France . Queen Charlotte was George III's consort for 57 years, 70 days, between 1761 and 1818, making her Britain's longest-tenured queen consort. . Queen Mary, consort of George V . Queen Elizabeth, consort of George VI . Queen Fabiola, consort of Baudouin I of the Belgians . Queen Paola, consort of Albert II of Belgium . Queen Anne Marie, consort of Constantine II of Greece . Queen Geraldine, consort of Zog I of Albania . Queen Marie José, consort of Umberto II of Italy . Queen Kapiolani, consort of King Kalākaua of Hawaiʻi . Queen Soraya Tarzi, consort of King Amanullah Khan of Afghanistan . Tsaritsa Ioanna, consort of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria . Queen Regent Saovabha Phongsri, consort of Chulalongkorn of Siam . Panapillai Amma (queen consort) Srimathi Lakshmi Pilla Kochamma Chempakaraman Arumana Ammaveedu, wife of Visakham Thirunal Maharajah of Travancore . Queen Catherine, first queen consort of Henry VIII of England, was also regent when he was in a war in France. . Queen Hortense, consort of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland . Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi, consort of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran . Queen Wilhelmine, consort of William I of the Netherlands . Queen Anna Pavlovna, consort of William II of the Netherlands . Queen Sophie, first consort of William III of the Netherlands . Queen Emma, second consort of William III of the Netherlands: When William died on 23 November 1890, Emma became regent (1890–1898) for her underaged daughter, Wilhelmina, the late king's only surviving child. . Queen Ratna, second consort of Mahendra of Nepal . Queen Sirikit, consort of King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand . Queen Ruth, consort of Seretse Khama, King of the Bamangwato Tswanas of Botswana Past empresses consort: . Empress Theodora, consort of Justinian I, East Roman Emperor . Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, consort of Akbar the Great, the third Mughal Emperor. . Empress Hürrem Sultan, consort of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Nurbanu Sultan, consort of Selim II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Safiye Sultan, consort of Murad III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Kösem Sultan, consort of Ahmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Her imperial title was Haseki Sultan . Empress Nur Jahan, consort of Jahangir, Mughal Emperor . Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, consort of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor . Titular Empress Carlota Joaquina of Spain, consort of John VI of Portugal, Titular Emperor of Brazil . Empress Maria Leopoldina, consort of Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil . Empress Xiao Zhen Xian, consort of Xianfeng, Qing Emperor . Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, consort of Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia . Empress Shubhadrangi, consort of Bindusara, Mauryan emperor . Empress Durdhara, consort Chandragupta Maurya, first Mauryan emperor . Empress Asandhimitra, principal consort ( agramahishi) of Ashoka, third Mauryan emperor . Empress Devi, first consort of Ashoka . Empress Karuvaki, consort of Ashoka . Empress Padmavati, consort of Ashoka . Empress Tishyaraksha, consort of Ashoka . Empress Michiko, consort of Emperor Akihito of Japan Current queens consort: . Queen Nanasipauʻu Tukuʻaho, consort of Tupou VI of Tonga . Queen 'Masenate, consort of Letsie III of Lesotho . Queen Jetsun Pema, consort of Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck of Bhutan . Queen Saleha, consort of Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei Darussalam . Queen Máxima, consort of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands . Queen Mathilde, consort of Philippe of Belgium . Queen Rania, consort of Abdullah II of Jordan . Queen Silvia, consort of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden . Queen Suthida, consort of Vajiralongkorn of Thailand . Queen Letizia, consort of Felipe VI of Spain . Queen Sonja, consort of Harald V of Norway . Queen Sylvia, consort of Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda, Uganda. Her official title is Nnabagereka of Buganda. Current empress consort: . Empress Masako, consort of Emperor Naruhito of Japan Because queens consort lack an ordinal with which to distinguish between them, many historical texts and encyclopedias refer to deceased consorts by their premarital (or maiden) name or title, not by their marital royal title (examples: Queen Mary, consort of George V, is usually called Mary of Teck, and Queen Maria José, consort of Umberto II of Italy, is usually called Marie José of Belgium).
   
9. Title: Wikiwand: List of children of Ramesses II
   Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_children_of_Ramesses_II;
   Note: The Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II had a large number of children: between 48 and 50 sons, and 40 to 53 daughters–whom he had depicted on several monuments. Ramesses apparently made no distinctions between the offspring of his first two principal wives, Nefertari and Isetnofret. Both queens' firstborn sons and first few daughters had statues at the entrance of the Greater Abu Simbel temple, although only Nefertari's children were depicted in the smaller temple, dedicated to her. Other than Nefertari and Isetnofret, Ramesses had six more great royal wives during his reign – his own daughters Bintanath, Meritamen, Nebettawy and Henutmire (who, according to another theory was his sister), and two daughters of Hattusili III, King of Hatti. Except the first Hittite princess Maathorneferure and possibly Bintanath, none are known to have borne children to the pharaoh. The first few children of Ramesses usually appear in the same order on depictions. Lists of princes and princesses were found in the Ramesseum, Luxor, Wadi es-Sebua and Abydos. Some names are known to us from ostraka, tombs and other sources. The sons of Ramses appear on depictions of battles and triumphs–such as the Battle of Kadesh and the siege of the Syrian city of Dapur–already early in his reign (Years 5 and 10, respectively), thus it is likely that several of them were born before he ascended to the throne. Many of his sons were buried in the tomb KV5. Ramesses' efforts to have his children depicted on several of his monuments are in contradiction with the earlier tradition of keeping royal children, especially boys in the background unless they held important official titles. This was probably caused by the fact that his family was not of royal origin and he wanted to stress their royal status. Sons 1. Amun-her-khepeshef ("Amun Is with His Strong Arm"), firstborn son of Nefertari; crown prince until his death in Year 26. He is likely to be the same person as Seth-her-khepeshef or Sethirkopshef. 2. Ramesses ("Born of Rê"), eldest son of Isetnofret, crown prince between Years 25 and 50. 3. Pareherwenemef ("Re Is with His Right Arm"), Nefertari's second son. Appears on depictions of the triumph after the Battle of Kadesh and in the smaller Abu-Simbel temple. He was never crown prince; it is likely he predeceased his elder brothers. 4. Khaemweset ("He who appears/appeared in Thebes"), Isetnofret's second son, "the first Egyptologist," crown prince until about the 55th year. 5. Mentu-her-khepeshef or Montuhirkhopshef or Mentuherwenemef ("Menthu Is with His Strong/Right Arm") was mentioned on a stela from Bubastis. A statue of him is in Copenhagen. He was present at the siege of Dapur. 6. Nebenkharu 7. Meryamun or Ramesses-Meryamun (“Beloved of Amun”) was present at the triumph and the siege; was buried in KV5 where fragments of his canopic jars were found. 8. Amunemwia or Sethemwia (“Amun/Seth in the Divine Bark”) also appears at Dapur. He changed his name from Amunemwia to Sethemwia around the same time when his eldest brother changed it. 9. Sethi was also present at Kadesh and Dapur. He was buried in KV5 – where two of his canopic jars were found – around Year 53. On his funerary equipment his name is spelled Sutiy. He might have been identical with another Sethi, mentioned on an ostrakon which is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. 10. Setepenre ("Chosen of Re") was present at Dapur too. 11. Meryre ("Beloved of Re") was the son of Nefertari. It is likely that he died at a young age; a brother of his (18th on the list of princes) was probably named after him. 12. Horherwenemef (“Horus Is with His Right Arm”) 13. Merneptah ("Beloved of Ptah"), son of Isetnofret, crown prince after the 55th year, then pharaoh. 14. Amenhotep ("Amun Is Pleased") 15. Itamun ("Amun Is The Father") 16. Meryatum ("Beloved of Atum"), son of Nefertari. High Priest of Heliopolis. 17. Nebentaneb/Nebtaneb ("Lord of All Lands") 18. Meryre 19. Amunemopet ("Amun on the Opet Feast") 20. Senakhtenamun ("Amun Gives Him Strength") is likely to have been resided in Memphis, as it is suggested by a votive plaque belonging to his servant Amenmose. 21. Ramesses-Merenre 22. Djehutimes/Thutmose ("Born of Thoth") 23. Simentu ("Son of Mentu") was the overseer of the royal vineyards in Memphis. He was married to Iryet, daughter of a Syrian captain, Benanath. 24. Mentuemwaset (“Mentu in Thebes”) 25. Siamun ("Son of Amon") 26. (Ramesses)-Siptah ("Son of Ptah") was probably the son of a secondary wife called Sutererey. A relief of them is in the Louvre. A Book of the Dead, which was probably his, is now in Florence. 27. Unknown 28. Mentuenheqau ("Mentu is with the rulers") The following sons of Ramses are known from various sources other than lists: . Astarteherwenemef (“Astarte Is with His Right Arm”) is shown on a stone block originally from the Ramesseum, reused in Medinet Habu. His name shows Asian influence like that of Bintanath and Mahiranath. . Geregtawy ("Peace of the Two Lands") is known from a stone block, from the Ramesseum, reused in Medinet Habu. . Merymontu ("Beloved of Menthu") was depicted in Wadi es-Sebua and Abydos. Neben[…] is mentioned on an ostrakon in Cairo. [Ramesses-…]pare is the 20th on the Abydos procession of princes, which shows a slightl different order of them. Ramesses-Maatptah (“Justice of Ptah”) is only known from a letter, in which the palace servant Meryotef rebukes him. Ramesses-Meretmire ("Loving like Re") is the 48th on the Wadi es-Sebua procession. Ramesses-Meryamun-Nebweben is known from his coffin's inscriptions. Ramesses-Meryastarte (“Beloved of Astarte”) is the 26th in the Abydos procession. Ramesses-Merymaat (“Beloved of Maat”) is the 25th in the Abydos procession. Ramesses-Meryseth (“Beloved of Seth”) is known from a stone block from the Ramesseum, reused in Medinet Habu. He is the 23rd in the Abydos procession and is named on a stela, a door lintel and on a doorjamb. Ramesses-Paitnetjer ("The priest") is known from a Cairo ostrakon. Ramesses-Siatum (“Son of Atum”) is the 19th in the Abydos procession. Ramesses-Sikhepri ("Son of Khepri") is the 24th in the Abydos procession. (Ramesses)-Userkhepesh (“Strong of Arm”) is the 22nd in the Abydos procession. Ramesses-Userpehti ("Strong of strength") is probably a son of Ramesses II. He is mentioned on a Memphis statue and on a plaque. Seshnesuen[…] and Sethemhir[…] are mentioned on a Cairo ostrakon. [Seth]emnakht ("Seth as the champion") and Shepsemiunu ("The noble one in Heliopolis") are known from stone blocks from the Ramesseum, reused in Medinet Habu. [Seth]emnakht is also mentioned on a doorway. Wermaa[…] is mentioned on a Cairo ostrakon.
   
10. Title: Wikiwand: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt;
    Note: The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XIX, alternatively 19th Dynasty or Dynasty 19) is classified as the second Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1292 BC to 1189 BC. The 19th Dynasty and the 20th Dynasty furthermore together constitute an era known as the "Ramesside period." This Dynasty was founded by Vizier Ramesses I, whom Pharaoh Horemheb chose as his successor to the throne. History Background The warrior kings of the early 18th Dynasty had encountered only little resistance from neighboring kingdoms, allowing them to expand their realm of influence easily, but the international situation had changed radically towards the end of the dynasty. The Hittites had gradually extended their influence into Syria and Canaan to become a major power in international politics, a power that both Seti I and his son Ramesses II would confront in the future. 19th Dynasty Seti and Ramesses II New Kingdom Egypt reached the zenith of its power under Seti I and Ramesses II ("The Great"), who campaigned vigorously against the Libyans and the Hittites. The city of Kadesh was first captured by Seti I, who decided to concede it to Muwatalli of Hatti in an informal peace treaty between Egypt and Hatti. Ramesses II later attempted unsuccessfully to alter this situation in his fifth regnal year by launching an attack on Kadesh in his Second Syrian campaign in 1274 BC; he was caught in history's first recorded military ambush, but thanks to the arrival of the Ne'arin (a force allied with Egypt), Ramesses was able to rally his troops and turn the tide of battle against the Hittites. Ramesses II later profited from the Hittites' internal difficulties, during his eighth and ninth regnal years, when he campaigned against their Syrian possessions, capturing Kadesh and portions of Southern Syria, and advancing as far north as Tunip, where no Egyptian soldier had been seen for 120 years. He ultimately accepted that a campaign against the Hittites was an unsupportable drain on Egypt's treasury and military. In his 21st regnal year, Ramesses signed the earliest recorded peace treaty with Urhi-Teshub's successor, Hattusili III, and with that act Egypt-Hittite relations improved significantly. Ramesses II even married two Hittite princesses, the first after his second Sed Festival. Merneptah This dynasty declined as infighting for the throne between the heirs of Merneptah increased. Amenmesse apparently usurped the throne from Merneptah's son and successor, Seti II, but he ruled Egypt for only four years. After his death, Seti regained power and destroyed most of Amenmesse's monuments. Seti was served at court by Chancellor Bay, who was originally just a "royal scribe" but quickly became one of the most powerful men in Egypt, gaining the unprecedented privilege of constructing his own tomb in the Valley of the Kings (KV17). Both Bay and Seti's chief wife, Twosret, had a sinister reputation in Ancient Egyptian folklore. After Siptah's death, Twosret ruled Egypt for two more years, but she proved unable to maintain her hold on power amid the conspiracies and powerplays being hatched at the royal court. She was likely ousted in a revolt led by Setnakhte, founder of the 20th Dynasty. Pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty Main article: List of pharaohs The pharaohs of the 19th Dynasty ruled for approximately 110 years: from c. 1292 to 1187 BC. Many of the pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings in Thebes (designated KV). More information can be found on the Theban Mapping Project website. Pharaoh Image Throne Name / Prenomen Reign Burial Consort(s) Ramesses I Menpehtyre 1292–1290 BC KV16 Sitre Seti I Menmaatre 1290–1279 BC[4] KV17 (Mut-)Tuya Ramesses II Usermaatre Setepenre 1279–1213 BC KV7 Nefertari Isetnofret Maathorneferure Meritamen Bintanath Nebettawy Henutmire Merneptah Baenre Merynetjeru 1213–1203 BC KV8 Isetnofret II Takhat? Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre 1203–1197 BC KV15 Takhat? Twosret Tiaa Amenmesse Menmire Setepenre 1201–1198 BC KV10 Unknown Siptah Sekhaienre Meryamun, later Akhenre Setepenre 1197–1191 BC KV47 Unknown Twosret Sitre Meryamun 1191–1189 BC KV14 None Timeline of the 19th Dynasty