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Robert de Clifford


Preferred Parents:
Father: Roger de Clifford II, b. AFT 1242 in Clifford Castle, Clifford, Herefordshire, England   d. 6 NOV 1282 in Wales
Mother: Isabella de Vieuxpont, b. 1254 in Ricester, Oxfordshire, England   d. 12 MAY 1292 in Bur Shap Abbey, Westmorland, England

Family 2: Maud de Clare,    b. 1279 in Bunratty Castle, Thomond, County Clare, Munster, Ireland    d. 24 MAY 1327 in Castle Clifford, Hay, Hertfordshire, England
  1. John de Clifford, b. ABT 1307 in of Clifford Castle, Clifford, Hereford, England    
  2. Idoine de Clifford, b. 28 AUG 1301 in Appleby, Westmorland, England     d. 24 AUG 1365 in Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, England
  3. Margaret de Clifford, b. 1307 in Appleby Castle, Westmorland, England     d. 8 AUG 1382 in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England
  4. Margaret De Clifford, b. 1310 in Preston, Northumberland, England     d. 24 AUG 1365 in Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, England
  5. Robert de Clifford III Baron de Clifford, b. 5 NOV 1305 in Northumberland, England     d. 20 MAY 1344 in Herefordshire, England
Family 3: Cecily de Stirkeland,      
Sources:
  1. Title: Wikiwand: Clifford Castle
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Clifford_Castle;
    Note: Clifford Castle is a ruined castle in the village of Clifford which lies 2.5 miles to the north east of Hay-on-Wye in the Wye Valley in Herefordshire, England (grid reference SO243457). It was the caput of the feudal barony of Clifford, a Marcher Lordship (owing allegiance directly to the King, but separate from the rest of the kingdom). The castle stands in the grounds of a private house and is open to the public only on certain days of the year (including Heritage Open Days listed in the Contact section at www.cliffordcastle.org). History The early motte and bailey castle was built on a cliff overlooking a ford on the River Wye in 1070 by William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford, on a wasteland formerly occupied by Browning. The castle was intended to provide protection for a planned Norman settlement above the River Wye of quite a substantial size, with c. 200 plots being intended, running uphill for half a mile towards Llanfair, where the church was sited on the hilltop. St Mary's church remains today, much altered in the Victorian era. The position of the castle as adjacent to the River Wye enabled the seasonal flooding of the river to fill the flood plain around the castle, forming a shallow lake or marsh with the assistance of a dam on the western or upstream side of the site, acting as a further form of defense. After FitzOsbern was slain in battle at Flanders, the castle passed to his son, Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford. Roger forfeited his lands for rebellion against the King in 1075, and the castle was granted to Ralph Tosny who held it directly from the Crown, and it was the Tosnys who rebuilt the castle in stone (in a manner much resembling the Tosny's Conches Castle in Normandy). As the bulk of Ralph's time was spent in Normandy, the castle was rented to Gilbert, Sheriff of Hereford for 60 shillings. After the marriage of Ralph's daughter, Margaret de Tosny, to Walter Fitz Richard, Walter became steward of the lands and estate, later claiming them for himself and taking the name of Walter de Clifford sometime before 1162. It was Walter's daughter, Rosamund Clifford (known for her beauty as the Fair Rosamund), who became famous as the mistress of Henry II, which she remained until her death in 1176 or 1177 when she was buried at Godstow in Oxfordshire. A property near the castle is called Rosamund House today, and one of the surviving towers is known as "Rosamund's Tower." In 1233 Walter's grandson, Walter de Clifford (died 1263), rebelled against the autocratic rule of King Henry III. In early September the king came and besieged Clifford castle, forcing the garrison to surrender after just a few days. Walter Clifford then made his peace with the Crown and led his troops against Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, his father-in-law. Walter's volte-face was doubly dishonourable, as Prince Llywelyn had just entered the field to fight the king in support of Walter. Twenty years later Walter nearly rebelled again, when, in a fit of anger, he forced a royal messenger to eat a royal writ, together with the royal wax seal the size of a dinner plate. For this Walter lost many of his Marcher Lord privileges. Walter had no male heir and so Clifford fell to his daughter, Matilda Clifford (widow of the Earl of Salisbury) some time in the 1260s. It was during the Second Barons' War when John Giffard of Brimpsfield took the castle, whereupon kidnapped, raped, and forcibly married Matilda. Though Giffard was fined, Matilda declined any further action and chose to accept her erstwhile abductor as her husband, and they lived together in the Clifford estate until Giffard's death in 1299, whereupon the King granted Clifford to the Mortimers of Wigmore. Ruination After the Welsh had been successfully conquered, Clifford Castle diminished in value considerably, and was allowed to deteriorate. Though the castle was garrisoned against the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in 1402, it saw no further use. The damage it received during the uprising was left unrepaired, and the castle abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin, with much of the stone pillaged for the older properties seen in the village today; large dressed stone blocks can be seen in numerous garden walls. Excavations 1920s O. Trumper, the then owner of the site, carried out a series of excavations between 1925 and 1928, which were successful in revealing the bases of twin towers either side of the castle entrance, and a large building (containing an annexe and bailey) to the east of the castle. Evidence was also discovered for a southern tower, guardroom and portcullis, alongside a section of the curtain wall. Findings from the excavations of this period unrelated to the castle included a boar's tusk, wolf vertebra, and a Roman brooch. 1950s Between 1950 and 1953 a further series of excavations were embarked on, discoveries from which included the foundations of a tower on the motte, alongside a further sections of curtain wall. A complete excavation of the barbican was undertaken, and evidence of a roadway uncovered. Findings from these excavations included pottery and iron, arrowheads, a knife, a bullet mold, a key, iron nails and a bridle bit. Modern ruin The castle is currently on the English Heritage Heritage At Risk Register 2010. The present owners are working closely with English Heritage to implement a maintenance policy, followed by a program of works to stabilize the current structure and prevent further decay. This work has now been completed and images can be seen at www.cliffordcastle.org Clifford castle now consists of a great motte as constructed by the men of William Fitz Osbern in the late 1060s. This was later sub-divided and the eastern part was crowned by an ovoid shell keep with five D-shaped towers in its circuit. Its north wall appears to overlie part of William Fitz Osbern’s original hall. To the east of the motte is the castle bailey. Most of the walls of this structure have disappeared, but centrally are the remains of a great twin-towered gatehouse probably of the mid-thirteenth century. To the west of the castle is a broken earthwork dam which would have flooded the valley to the south of the castle. With the River Wye to the north the fortress would have been surrounded by water on all sides except for the east. As such it would have been a very difficult fortress to take by storm. Clifford Castle is within the grounds of a family home and has limited public access on dates published on the Clifford Castle website. A branch of Great Western Railway ran just to the north of the castle, between the castle and the river. The next station to the north on this line was nearby in Clifford, and the next station to the south was Hay-on-Wye railway station. This station was also the terminus of the Great Western line—beyond the station the line was the Golden Valley Railway. The Great Western named one of its Castle class locomotives after Clifford Castle. Locomotive 5071 was built in June 1938, but in September 1940 it was renamed Spitfire. In May 1946, a new build locomotive, 5098, was named after the castle.
  2. Title: Wikiwand: Feudal barony of Appleby
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Feudal_barony_of_Appleby;
    Note: The feudal barony of Appleby (or Honour of Appleby) was a feudal barony with its "caput" at Appleby Castle in Appleby, Westmorland, England. Descent Barons of Burgh-by-Sands The barony was formed from lands formerly controlled in the 12th century by the feudal barons of Burgh-by-Sands (pronounced "Bruff") in Cumberland, namely the families successively of de Trevers, Engaine, de Morville and de Lucy. Vipont . Robert de Vipont (died 1228) was granted by King John in 1203/4 custody of Appleby and Brough in Westmorland with the hereditary office of Sheriff of Westmorland, to be held from the king under military tenure of 4 knight's fees. He married Idonea de Builli, daughter of John de Builli (died 1213) (a descendant of Roger de Busli) by his wife Cecily de Bussy, heiress to one-quarter moiety of the feudal barony of Old Wardon in Bedfordshire, which moiety thenceforth followed the descent of Appleby. . John de Vipont (c. 1212 – 1241), son and heir, who married Sibyl, sister of William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (1193–1254). . Robert de Vipont (1233/4-1264), who died from wounds received at the Battle of Lewes (1264) fighting on the side of Simon de Montfort. Following the defeat of de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 and the return of King Henry III to power, Robert II's estate was seized by the Crown, but was later returned as part of a settlement with the reform leaders. He died leaving no sons, but with two daughters as co-heiresses, Isabel and Idoine (alias Idonea). . Isabel de Vipont (died 1291), co-heiress to her father, married Roger de Clifford (died 1282), feudal baron of Clifford, seated at Clifford Castle in Herefordshire, who was killed in Wales in 1282. Her son and only child was Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1274–1314), in 1299 created by King John a baron by writ, having received seizin of his maternal inheritance in 1295, also from 1310 feudal baron of Skipton. Robert was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. . Idoine de Vipont (died 1333), co-heiress to her father, who married twice but left no children. Firstly to Roger de Leyburne (died 1284) and secondly to John de Cromwell (died 1335). In 1308 she granted her moiety of the barony of Appleby to her nephew Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, who thenceforth held the barony entire. Clifford Following the acquisition of the whole of the feudal barony of Appleby by Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1274–1314), it descended thenceforth in the Clifford family, together with the feudal barony of Skipton and the barony by writ of de Clifford.
  3. Title: Wikiwand: Brougham Castle
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Brougham_Castle;
    Note: Brougham Castle (pronounced /ˈbruːm/) is a medieval building about 2 miles (3.2 km) south-east of Penrith, Cumbria, England. The castle was founded by Robert I de Vieuxpont in the early 13th century. The site, near the confluence of the rivers, Eamont and Lowther, had been chosen by the Romans for a Roman fort called Brocavum. The castle is scheduled as an Ancient Monument, along with the fort, as "Brougham Roman fort and Brougham Castle." In its earliest form, the castle consisted of a stone keep, with an enclosure protected by an earthen bank and a wooden palisade. When the castle was built, Robert de Vieuxpont was one of the only lords in the region who were loyal to King John. The Vieuxponts were a powerful land-owning family in North West England, who also owned the castles of Appleby and Brough. In 1264, Robert de Vieuxpont's grandson, also named Robert, was declared a traitor, and his property was confiscated by Henry III. Brougham Castle and the other estates eventually were returned to the Vieuxpont family, and stayed in their possession until 1269, when the estates passed to the Clifford family through marriage. With the outbreak of the Wars of Scottish Independence, in 1296, Brougham became an important military base for Robert Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford. He began refortifying the castle: the wooden outer defences were replaced with stronger, more impressive stone walls, and a large stone gatehouse was added. The importance of Brougham and Robert Clifford was such that, in 1300, he hosted King Edward I of England at the castle. Robert's son, Roger Clifford, was executed as a traitor, in 1322, and the family estates passed into the possession of King Edward II of England, although they were returned once his son Edward III became king. The region was often at risk from the Scots, and in 1388, the castle was captured and sacked. Following this, the Cliffords began spending more time at their other castles, particularly Skipton Castle in Yorkshire. Brougham descended through several generations of Cliffords, intermittently serving as a residence. However, by 1592, it was in a state of disrepair, as George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland was spending more time in southern England due to his role as Queen's Champion. The castle was restored briefly in the early 17th century, to such an extent that King James I of England was entertained there in 1617. In 1643, Lady Anne Clifford inherited the estates, including the castles of Brougham, Appleby, and Brough, and set about restoring them. Brougham Castle was kept in good condition for a short time, after Lady Anne's death in 1676; however, Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, who had inherited the Clifford estates, sold the furnishings in 1714. The empty shell was left to decay, as it was too costly to maintain. As a ruin, Brougham Castle inspired a painting by J. M. W. Turner, and was mentioned at the start of William Wordsworth's poem "The Prelude," as well as becoming the subject of Wordsworth's "Song at the Feast of Brougham Castle upon the Restoration of Lord Clifford, the Shepherd, to the Estates and Honours of his Ancestors." The castle was left to the Ministry of Works in the 1930s and today is maintained by its successor, English Heritage. Background The site of Brougham Castle has been fortified since the Romans erected the fort of "Brocavum" at the intersection of three Roman roads. With the rivers Eamont and Lowther flowing nearby and meeting to the west, the site had natural defenses and the area was fertile and easy to cultivate. A civilian settlement grew around the fort. When Angles arrived in the area they named the place "Brougham," meaning "the village by the fort." Between the end of Roman rule in the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest in the late 11th century, Cumbria was a turbulent area. Although the site was a defendable position, there is no evidence that Brougham was refortified during this time. In 1092, William II (also known as William Rufus) captured Cumbria south of the Solway Firth and established a new border far north of Brougham. The site at Brougham remained unfortified. Carlisle Castle secured the border, and castles at Appleby and Brough, both south east of Brougham, protected the line of communication from Carlisle to Yorkshire. In 1203, the Barony of Westmorland – containing Appleby, Brough, and Brougham – was granted to Robert de Vieuxpont by King John. A favourite of John's, Vieuxpont was one of only a few lords loyal to him in northern England, whose inhabitants became so discontented with the king's rule that they eventually rebelled. Around 1214, Vieuxpont asserted control over more land, including half the manor of Brougham. It was in this atmosphere of unrest that Brougham Castle was founded. Under the Vieuxponts Vieuxpont was one of only a few supporters of the king in northern England, and he most likely began construction of Brougham Castle as soon as he acquired the land. At this stage, the castle would have been enclosed by an earthen bank surmounted by a timber palisade. The first three storeys of the stone keep date from this period. It was entered through the first floor via a forebuilding. To the east of this was a stone structure which was probably a hall.[6] Building in stone was an expensive and time-consuming process. No records tell us how much Brougham cost to construct, but there are records for other stone construction. For example, the late-12th-century stone keep[7] at Peveril Castle in Derbyshire would have cost around £200, although something on a much larger scale, such as the vast Château Gaillard, cost an estimated £15,000–20,000 and took several years to complete.[8] In 1216, when a Scottish army invaded the Eden valley and Alan of Galloway occupied Westmorland, Brougham Castle played no part in the county's defence, probably because it was unfinished. Construction would have been suspended until Alan retreated in 1217. Vieuxpont received control over the king's revenues from Cumberland, and these helped fund the construction of the castle. Brougham Castle was constructed in the northern part of the old Roman fort, and stone from the ruins was probably used to help build the castle. When Robert de Vieuxpont died in 1228, his only son – John – was a minor, so his property was taken into the care of a warden. John de Vieuxpont died in 1241, before he came of age. The new heir, John's son Robert, was not old enough to inherit, so the family's lands remained in wardship. During this time, the estates fell into disrepair, and this probably included Brougham Castle. When Robert de Vieuxpont came of age in around 1257 he inherited considerable debts. He was one of the northern lords that revolted in support of Simon de Montfort in the Second Barons' War (1264–1267). By June 1264, Vieuxpont was dead; as he was considered a traitor, his property was confiscated by King Henry III. In 1266, the king pardoned Vieuxpont posthumously, and his two daughters inherited the family estates. The guardians of the two girls, who at the time were too young to marry, divided the Vieuxpont lands with the expectation that they would come into their possession through marriage. Isabel Vieuxpont was given in marriage to Roger Clifford, the son of her guardian, and with her the shrievalty of Westmorland and the castles of Brougham and Appleby transferred to the Cliffords. The Clifford family See also: Baron de Clifford By 1269, Roger Clifford had married Isabel Vieuxpont and possession of Brougham Castle – as well as her other property – descended through the Clifford family. In 1283, Roger predeceased his wife, who died in 1292. At 18, their son Robert was not old enough to take possession of his lands. During his three-year minority, his estates suffered from neglect and poaching. When the Wars of Scottish Independence began in 1296, Robert Clifford played a prominent role in the conflict. As the furthest north of his castles, Brougham became Clifford's most important base, and he spent a lot of time there. It was during this period that Clifford undertook an extensive building program. The timber palisade surrounding the site was replaced with a stone curtain wall. A four-storey stone residential tower, called the Tower of League, was built in the castle's south-west corner. A fourth storey was added to the keep, and a double gatehouse attached to its northern side. The construction of a new stone hall to the south of the keep may indicate that during the war there was a larger garrison present than in peacetime, or it may have been built in anticipation of a royal visit. In July 1300, Edward I – himself a renowned castle builder – visited Brougham with a large household of followers and the Prince of Wales. Although it is not certain whether the king stayed at the castle, historians believe it to have been likely. In 1309, Robert Clifford was granted a licence to crenellate Brougham Castle; this has been taken as an indication that by this point the rebuilding was complete. Licences to crenellate granted permission for a person to fortify a site. They were also proof of a relationship with or favor from the monarch, who was the one responsible for granting permission. Edward I died in 1307, and his successor Edward II was distracted from war with Scotland by internal quarrels, enabling the Scottish to roam further south through England. In 1310 or 1311, Robert Clifford was given Skipton Castle; it was farther from the border than Brougham and at a time when Scottish raids were ravaging Westmorland, Clifford chose to spend more time and effort building at Skipton. Clifford was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, which ended the English counter-offensive into Scotland. At the time of Robert's death, his son Roger de Clifford, 2nd Baron de Clifford, was only 14 and not old enough to inherit. Therefore, the Clifford estates experienced another period of control through guardians, s...
  4. Title: "Magna Carta Ancestry," by Douglas Richardson - Hugh & Roger Bigod
    Author: Magna Carta Ancestry by Douglas Richardson 1st edition 2005
    Note: Reference to Hugh (son) and Roger (father) BIGOD , Magna Carta Sureties, descent to Phillip Nelson on pp. 774-778 STAPLETON entry
  5. Title: IPM (561) of Robert de Clifford
    Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/cu31924011387838/page/364/mode/2up;
  6. Title: Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1274-1314), Wikipedia
    Author: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford;
    Note: Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1 April 1274 – 24 June 1314), of Appleby Castle, Westmorland, feudal baron of Appleby and feudal baron of Skipton in Yorkshire. He was born at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, a son of Roger de Clifford (died 1282) by his wife Isabella de Vipont (died 1291). In 1295, at Clifford Castle, he married Maud de Clare, eldest daughter of Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald. By Maud, he had four children. Clifford was killed on 24 June 1314 fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn and was buried at Shap Abbey in Westmoreland.
    Page: 10 sources, relationships, dates, places,
  7. Title: IPM (533) of Robert de Clyfford
    Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/cu31924011387838/page/300/mode/2up;
    Note: His biography says he died at Bannockburn.
  8. Title: Robert de Clifford (1274-1314), Find a Grave
    Author: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/60910199/robert-de_clifford
    Publication: Name: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/60910199/robert-de_clifford;
    Note: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/60910199/robert-de_clifford Sir Robert de Clifford BIRTH 1 Apr 1274 Clifford, Herefordshire Unitary Authority, Herefordshire, England DEATH 24 Jun 1314 (aged 40) Stirling, Stirling, Scotland BURIAL Shap Abbey Shap, Eden District, Cumbria, England MEMORIAL ID 60910199 Only son of Roger de Clifford and Isabel de Vipont, born about Easter 1276 at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire. Husband of Maud de Clare, daughter of Thomas de Clare and Juliane FitzMaurice
  9. Title: Sir Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford (1276-1314), "Our Royal, Titled, Noble, and Commoner Ancestors"
    Author: https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p377.htm#i11320 19 Citations: 1. [S3051] Unknown author, The Complete Peerage, by Cokayne, Vol. III, p. 291; Magna Charta Sureties, 1215, by F. L. Weis, 4th Ed., p. 11; Burke's Peerage, 1938, p. 759. [S5] Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry, p. 575.
    Publication: Name: https://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p377.htm#i11320;
    Note: Sir Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford, Sheriff of Westmorland, Governor of Carlisle & Nottingham Castles, Guardian of Norham Castle1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 M, #11320, b. circa 5 April 1276, d. 24 June 1314 Father Roger de Clifford, Justice of the Forest south of Trent16 b. c 1242, d. 6 Nov 1282 Mother Isabel de Vipont16 b. c 1251, d. c 14 May 1292 Sir Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford, Sheriff of Westmorland, Governor of Carlisle & Nottingham Castles, Guardian of Norham Castle Lord of Appleby in Westmoreland. He was born circa 5 April 1276 at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, England; Age 8 in 1282.9 He married Maud de Clare, daughter of Sir Thomas de Clare, Lord Inchequin, Youghal, & Thomond; Constable of Colchester & St. Briavel's Castles, Governor of London and Juliane FitzMaurice, on 13 November 1295; They had 2 sons (Roger, 2nd Lord Clifford; & Robert, 3rd Lord Clifford) & 2 daughters (Idoine, wife of Sir Henry de Percy, 2nd Lord Percy; & Margaret, wife of Sir Peter de Mauley, 3rd Lord Mauley).3,7,9,13,15 Sir Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford, Sheriff of Westmorland, Governor of Carlisle & Nottingham Castles, Guardian of Norham Castle died on 24 June 1314 at Battle of Bannockburn, Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, Scotland; Buried at Shap Abbey, Westmorland.9 Family Maud de Clare b. c 1279, d. c 24 May 1327 Children Margaret de Clifford+17,9,10,13 d. 8 Aug 1382 Roger de Clifford, 2nd Lord Clifford b. 21 Jan 1300, d. 23 Mar 1322 Idoine de Clifford+2,4,5,6,18,8,9,11,12,14,15 b. c 1303, d. 24 Aug 1365 Sir Robert de Clifford, 3rd Lord Clifford, Sheriff of Westmorland+19,9 b. 5 Nov 1305, d. 20 May 1344
    Page: 19 sources, relationships, dates, places
  10. Title: Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford (1274-1314), The Peerage
    Author: https://www.thepeerage.com/p352.htm#i3520 Citations: [S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume IX, page 502. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage. [S125] Richard Glanville-Brown, online , Richard Glanville-Brown (RR 2, Milton, Ontario, Canada), downloaded 17 August 2005. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 290. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 247. [S6] Cokayne, and others, The Complete Peerage, volume III, page 291. [S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995). Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography.
    Publication: Name: https://www.thepeerage.com/p352.htm#i3520;
    Note: Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford was born on 1 April 1274 at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, EnglandG.2 He was the son of Roger de Clifford and Isabel de Vipont.3 He married Maud de Clare, daughter of Sir Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzMaurice, on 3 November 1295 at Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, EnglandG.4 He died on 24 June 1314 at age 40 at Bannockburn, Stirlingshire, ScotlandG, killed in action.2 He was buried at Shap Abbey, Westmorland, EnglandG.2 He held the office of Justice in Eyre North of Trent from 1297 to 1308.3 He held the office of Governor of Nottingham Castle in July 1298.3 He held the office of Captain General of the Marches of Scotland in 1299.5 He was created 1st Lord Clifford [England by writ] on 29 December 1299.3 He fought in the Scottish Wars.3 He held the office of Marshal of England in 1307.5 He held the office of Justice of Eyre South of the Trent from 1307 to 1308.5 He held the office of Warden of the Scottish Marches in 1308.5 He fought in the Battle of Bannockburn.2 He has an extensive biographical entry in the Dictionary of National Biography.6 Children of Robert de Clifford, 1st Lord Clifford and Maud de Clare Idoine de Clifford+1 b. c 1300, d. 24 Aug 1365 Roger de Clifford, 2nd Lord Clifford5 b. 21 Jan 1299/0, d. c Apr 1322 Robert de Clifford, 3rd Lord Clifford+5 b. 5 Nov 1305, d. 20 May 1344
    Page: relationships, titles, dates, places
  11. Title: G. E. C. Complete Peerage III - 291-292
    Author: G. E. C. Complete Peerage III - 291-292 .
    Page: Family Records
  12. Title: Wikiwand: Appleby Castle
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Appleby_Castle;
    Note: Appleby Castle is in the town of Appleby-in-Westmorland overlooking the River Eden (grid reference NY685200). It consists of a 12th-century castle keep which is known as Caesar's Tower, and a mansion house. These, together with their associated buildings, are set in a courtyard surrounded by curtain walls. Caesar's Tower and the mansion house are each recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The uninhabited parts of the castle are a scheduled ancient monument. History Further information: Feudal barony of Appleby The castle was founded by Ranulf le Meschin at the beginning of the 12th century. In about 1170 the square stone keep known as Caesar's Tower was built. The castle was in royal hands when the Scottish king, William the Lion, invaded the Eden Valley in 1174. The constable of the castle surrendered without a fight. In 1203 the castle was granted to Robert I de Vipont by King John. In 1264 it came into the possession of Roger de Clifford, through his marriage to Isabel de Vipont, one of the two daughters and co-heiress of Robert II de Vipont. Appleby Castle remained for nearly 400 years in the ownership of the Clifford family, who were responsible for much restoration of the castle. Roger's son, Robert de Clifford, inherited the castle in 1282. The north wall of house and the west part of the north wing with the round tower date from the 13th century. The eastern part of the house was built in 1454. King James I stayed in the castle in 1617 In the mid-17th century, Lady Anne Clifford made the castle her home. The castle was partly dismantled following a siege by roundhead forces in 1648, during the Second English Civil War. However, it was restored by Lady Anne Clifford in 1651–53. On her death the castle passed to the Earls of Thanet. They were responsible for converting the hall block into a classical mansion house. The upper parts of Caesar's Tower were altered in the 17th and 18th centuries. The house was largely rebuilt in 1686 and the northwest wing was added in 1695. In the 19th century it was again restored and sash windows were inserted. In 1972 the castle was purchased by Ferguson Industrial Holdings (FIH PLC) and became the primary residence of Denis Vernon, the CEO of the company, and his family. The Vernons lived at Appleby Castle until 1990. Vernon, a passionate conservationist, established a rare breeds survival centre. Considerable improvements were made to the fabric of all the buildings, not least the 12th-century keep. During this period, the castle was the headquarters and training centre of FIH PLC and for those running the conservation center. Documentary and movie director Susannah White featured Denis Vernon and Appleby Castle in her 1998 BBC documentary "The Gypsies Are Coming" on Appleby Horse Fair. Appleby Castle is now the private residence of the Nightingale family. Parts of the castle were opened to the public in September 2013 for small private tours, tickets can be booked online or bought at the Grounds Hut on the Gate. Structure Caesar's Tower is built in grey stone rubble and ashlar. It is about 80 feet (24 m) high and has four storeys. The main house is in two wings which are at right angles to each other. A semicircular round tower protrudes from the north wall of the north wing and a large square tower is at the south end of the east wing. The gateway to the castle courtyard and two adjoining cottages are listed Grade I. The gateway is in grey stone and battlemented, dating probably from the 17th century. In the grounds of the castle is Lady Anne's Beehouse, which was built by Lady Anne Clifford in the middle of the 17th century. It is a square stone building in two storeys with a pyramid roof and a door on the lower level. The upper level has a pointed arched window on each of three sides and a door on the fourth side. It is also listed Grade I. Two stretches of the sandstone outer walls to the castle dating mostly from the 18th and 19th centuries are listed Grade II, as is the battlemented North Lodge which dates from the 19th century. The grounds around the castle are listed Grade II*.
  13. Title: Wikiwand: Carlisle Castle
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Carlisle_Castle#/List_of_Governors;
    Note: Carlisle Castle is situated in Carlisle, in the English county of Cumbria, near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. The castle is over 900 years old and has been the scene of many historical episodes in British history. Given the proximity of Carlisle to the border between England and Scotland, it has been the centre of many wars and invasions. During the Jacobite Rising of 1745-6, Carlisle became the last English fortress to undergo a siege. Today the castle is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. Until recently the castle was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment. It is now the county headquarters to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and a museum to the regiment is within the castle walls. History Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of William II of England, the son of William the Conqueror who invaded England in 1066. At that time, Cumberland (the original name for north and west Cumbria) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II ordered the construction of a Norman style motte and bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of the old Roman fort of Luguvalium, dated by dendrochronology to 72AD, with the castle construction beginning in 1093. The need for a castle in Carlisle was to keep the northern border of England secured against the threat of invasion from Scotland. In 1122, Henry I of England ordered a stone castle to be constructed on the site. Thus a keep and city walls were constructed. The existing Keep dates from somewhere between 1122 and 1135. The tower keep castle is one of only 104 recorded examples, most being found on the Welsh border. The act of driving out the Scots from Cumberland led to many attempts to retake the lands. The result of this was that Carlisle and its castle would change hands many times for the next 700 years. The first attempt began during the troubled reign of Stephen of England. On 26 March 1296, John "The Red" Comyn, since the fourth quarter of 1295 Lord of Annandale, led a Scottish host across the Solway to attack Carlisle. The then governor of the castle, one Robert de Brus, deposed Lord of Annandale, successfully withstood the attack, before forcing the raiders to retreat back through Annandale to Sweetheart Abbey. From the mid-13th century until the Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland in 1603, Carlisle Castle was the vital headquarters of the Western March, a buffer zone to protect the western portion of the Anglo-Scottish border. Henry VIII converted the castle for artillery, employing the engineer Stefan von Haschenperg. For a few months in 1567, Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned within the castle, in the Warden's Tower. Later, the castle was besieged by the Parliamentary forces for eight months in 1644, during the English Civil War. The most important battles for the city of Carlisle and its castle were during the Jacobite rising of 1745 against George II. The forces of Prince Charles Edward Stuart traveled south from Scotland into England reaching as far south as Derby. Carlisle and the castle were seized and fortified by the Jacobites. However they were driven north by the forces of William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II. Carlisle was recaptured, and the Jacobites were jailed and executed. That battle marked the end of the castle's fighting life, as defending the border between England and Scotland was not necessary with both countries again one in Great Britain. After 1746, the castle became somewhat neglected, although some minor repairs were undertaken such as that of the drawbridge in 1783. Some parts of the castle then were demolished for use as raw materials in the 19th century to create more or less what is visible to the visitor today. In 1851 the barracks were occupied by the 33rd Regiment of Foot with 10 officers, 150 soldiers, 2 servants and 25 soldiers' wives and children. The Army moved in to take hold of the castle and in 1873 a system of recruiting areas based on counties was instituted under the Cardwell Reforms and the castle became the depot for the 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot and the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot. Under the Childers Reforms, the 34th and 55th regiments amalgamated to form the Border Regiment with its depot in the castle in 1881. The castle remained the depot of the Border Regiment until 1959, when the regiment amalgamated with the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) to form the King's Own Royal Border Regiment. The Army Reserve still use parts of the castle: 8 Platoon C Company 4th Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment are based within the Burma Block alongside a Multi Cap-Badge detachment of the Army Reserve, including Medics, Engineers, Logisticicians, Intelligence and Infanteers from other Cap Badges. Carlisle Castle was listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument (List Entry Number: 1014579) in August 1996, by what is now Historic England. The listing for the Scheduled Ancient Monument status includes "the upstanding and buried remains of Carlisle medieval tower keep castle, two lengths of Carlisle city wall, a 16th century battery, and the buried remains of much of the Roman fort known as Luguvalium, a large part of which underlies the later castle." In 2016, Historic England undertook the first official investigation into the historic graffiti and carvings scattered over the castle site, using photogrammetric techniques to record findings. The "Prisoners’ Carvings" in the Keep, and a medieval door covered in etchings, were laser scanned, photographed and filmed, alongside a Roman altar stone, medieval and post-medieval graffiti and carvings across the complex, to produce 3D models as a record of their current condition. Museum The Castle houses Cumbria's Museum of Military Life. List of Governors Governors appointed by: . Henry II (1154–1189): . 1175– Robert de Vaux, Baron of Gilsland (died c.1195) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1174–1183) . Hugh Bardulf (died 1203) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1199) . John {1199–1216): . William de Stuteville, Baron of Lyddal (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1198, 1200) . Henry III (1216–1272): . 1216– Robert de Veteripont (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1216) . 1217– Walter de Gray (Archbishop of York) . Robert de Vaux . 1248– William de Dacre (died 1258) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1236–1247) . Thomas de Multon (de Lucy) . John Baliol (later King of Scotland) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1248) . -1255 & 1267- Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255, 1283) . William III de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1255, 1259) . –1258 William de Dacre (died 1258) . 1260– Eustace de Baliol (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1261) . 1265– Roger de Leyburne (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1265) . Edward I (1272–1307): . Robert de Hampton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1274) . Richard de Holebrok . John de Swinburn (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1277) . 1278– Gilbert de Curwen of Workington (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1278, 1308) . William de Boyville (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1282) . 1295– Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale . c.1296 Michael de Harcla (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1285) . 1302– John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle . Alexander de Bassenthwaite (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1307, 1309) . Edward II (1307–1327): . Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall (executed 1312) . 1315– Ralph FitzWilliam, Baron of Greystoke (died 1316) . c.1315 John de Castre (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1310,1311,1316) . c.1315–1323 Andrew de Harcla, 1st Earl of Carlisle (executed 1323) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1311,1312,1318,1319) (Warden of the Western March, 1319–) . 1323– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1318, 1323, 1338) . John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle (2nd time) (died 1324) . Edward III (1327–1377): . February 1327– Anthony Lord Lucy of Cockermouth . c.1332 Ralph Dacre, 1st Baron Dacre (died 1339) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1332) . c.1337 John de Glanton . John Kirkby (Bishop of Carlisle) . Sir Hugh de Moresby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1331) . Thomas, Lord Lucy (died 1365) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1345) (Warden of the Western March, 1346–) . Roland de Vaux (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1338) . Sir Richard de Denton (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1336) . Sir Hugh de Lowther (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1325,1351,1354) . 1376– Roger de Clifford, 5th Baron de Clifford (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1377) . Richard II (1377–1399): . Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (Warden of the Western March, 1384–) . 1384–1392 Thomas de Clifford, 6th Baron de Clifford (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–) . 1385– Ralph, Lord Neville de Raby (jointly) (joint Warden of the Western March, 1386–) . John Lord Ross of Hamlake . 1395– John Holland, Earl of Huntington (Warden of the Western March, 1398–) (executed 1400) . Sir Lewis Clifford . Henry IV (1399–1415); . Henry Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, Governor and General of the Marches . Edward IV (1442–1483); . Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III of England) (Warden of the Western March, 1471–1485) . Richard III (1483–1485): . 1483–?1485 William Musgrave . Henry VII (1485–1509): . 1485–?1502 Sir Richard Salkeld of Corby (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1483, 1495) . 1502–?1525 Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre (Warden of the Western March, 1490–1525) . Henry VIII (1509–1547): . 1525– Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset (7 years old) (Warden of the Marches, 1525–) . 1525–1527 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Deputy) . 1527–1534 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland (Warden of the Western March, 1527–1534) . 1534–1542 Henry Clifford, 1st Earl of Cumberland (Warden of the Western March, 1534–1542) . 1542–?1549 Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (died 1568) (Sheriff of Cumberland, 1529,1535,1539) (Warden of the Western March, 1542–1549) . Edward VI (1547–1553): . 1549–1550 William Lord Dacre of Gillesland . 1551–?1553 John Conyers, 3rd Baron Cony...
  14. Title: Wikiwand: Robert Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Robert_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford;
    Note: Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford (1 April 1274 - 24 June 1314), of Appleby Castle, Westmorland, feudal baron of Appleby and feudal baron of Skipton in Yorkshire, was an English soldier who became 1st Lord Warden of the Marches, responsible for defending the English border with Scotland. Origins He was born at Clifford Castle,[citation needed] Herefordshire, a son of Roger de Clifford (d.1282) (a grandson of Walter II de Clifford (d.1221), feudal baron of Clifford) by his wife Isabella de Vipont (d.1291), one of the two daughters and co-heiresses of Robert II de Vipont (d.1264), feudal baron of Appleby, grandson of Robert I de Vieuxpont (d.1227/8). Thenceforth the Clifford family quartered the arms of Vipont: Gules, six annulets or. The ancient Norman family which later took the name de Clifford arrived in England during the Norman Conquest of 1066, and became feudal barons of Clifford, first seated in England at Clifford Castle in Herefordshire. Inheritances As his father had predeceased his own father, in 1286, Robert inherited the estates of his grandfather, Roger I de Clifford (d.1286). Following the death of his mother, Isabella de Vipont, in 1291, he inherited a one-half moiety of the extensive Vipont feudal barony of Appleby in Westmorland, including Appleby Castle and Brougham Castle. During the outbreak of the Wars of Scottish Independence, in 1296, Brougham Castle became an important military base for Robert, and in 1300, King Edward I of England visited there. In 1308, Robert was granted the remaining moiety of the barony of Appleby, by his childless aunt Idonea de Vipont (d.1333), and thus became one of the most powerful barons in England. Career During the reigns of the English Kings, Edward I and Edward II, Clifford was a prominent soldier. In 1296, he was sent with Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy to quell the Scots who asked for terms of surrender at Irvine. He was then appointed Governor of Carlisle. During the reign of King Edward I, he was styled "Warden of the Marches," and during the reign of King Edward II, as "Lord Warden of the Marches," being the first holder of this office. In 1298, he fought for King Edward I at the Battle of Falkirk, in which William Wallace was defeated, for which he was rewarded with Governorship of Nottingham Castle. In 1299, he was created Baron de Clifford by writ and summoned to Parliament. He won great renown at the Siege of Caerlaverock Castle, in 1300, during which his armorials ("Chequy or and azure, a fesse gules") were recorded by the heralds on the famous Caerlaverock Roll or Poem, which read (translated from French): "Strength from wisdom drawing, Robert Lord de Clifford's mind is bent on his enemies' subjection. Through his mother his descent comes from that renowned Earl Marshal at Constantinople, said to have battled with a unicorn and struck the monster dead. All the merits of his grandsire, Roger, still in Robert spring. Of no praise is he unworthy; wiser none was with the King. Honoured was his banner, 'checky gold and blue, a scarlet fess.' Were I maiden, heart and body I would yield to such noblesse!" Clifford was one of many who sealed the 1301 Barons' Letter to the Pope, in the Latin text of which he is described as "Robertus de Clifford, Castellanus de Appelby" ("Constable of Appleby Castle"). After the death of King Edward I, in 1307, he was appointed counsellor to his son, King Edward II, together with Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln, the Earl of Warwick, and the Earl of Pembroke. In the same year of 1307, the new King appointed him Marshal of England, and in this capacity he probably organized Edward II's coronation on 25 February 1308. On 12 March 1308, he was relieved of the marshalcy, the custodianship of Nottingham Castle, and of his Forest justiceship, but on 20 August 1308, he was appointed captain and chief guardian of Scotland. In 1310, King Edward II granted him Skipton Castle, and he was created Lord of Skipton, being given the feudal barony of Skipton in Yorkshire, held until that date by Earl Henry de Lacy (1251-1311). Henry had married Margaret Longespée, Clifford's cousin and heiress of the feudal barony of Clifford, which had descended in the female line from Clifford's great-great-uncle, Walter II de Clifford (d.1263), Margaret's maternal grandfather. Skipton Castle would later become the principal seat of the Clifford family until 1676. In 1312, together with Thomas Crouchback, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, he took part in the movement against Piers Gaveston, King Edward II's favorite, whom he besieged at Scarborough Castle. Marriage and children In 1295, at Clifford Castle, he married Maud de Clare, eldest daughter of Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond and Juliana FitzGerald. By Maud, he had four children: . Roger de Clifford, 2nd Baron de Clifford (b. 21 January 1300) . Idonia (or Idonea) de Clifford (b. c.1303), married Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy. . Robert de Clifford, 3rd Baron de Clifford (b. 5 November 1305) . Margaret de Clifford (b.1307), married as her second husband, Piers de Mauley, 5th Lord Mauley (1300-1355). Death and burial Clifford was killed on 24 June 1314 fighting at the Battle of Bannockburn and was buried at Shap Abbey in Westmoreland.
  15. Title: Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-20, 22
  16. Title: Wikiwand: Skipton Castle
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Skipton_Castle;
    Note: Skipton Castle is a Grade I Listed medieval castle in Skipton, North Yorkshire, England. It was built in 1090 by Robert de Romille, a Norman baron, and has been preserved for over 900 years. History The castle was originally a motte and bailey castle built in 1090 by Robert de Romille, lord of the multiple estates of Bolton Abbey. Shortly after 1102 Henry I extended Romille's lands to include all of upper Wharfedale and upper Airedale. The earth and wood castle was rebuilt in stone to withstand attacks by the Scots. The cliffs behind the castle, dropping down to Eller Beck, made the castle a perfect defensive structure. The Romille line died out, and in 1310 Edward II granted the castle to Robert Clifford who was appointed Lord Clifford of Skipton and Guardian of Craven. Robert Clifford ordered many improvements to the fortifications, but died in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 when the improvements were barely complete. During the English Civil War the castle was the only Royalist stronghold in the north of England until December 1645. After a three-year siege, a surrender was negotiated in 1645 between Oliver Cromwell and the Royalists. Cromwell ordered the removal of the castle roofs. Legend has it that during the siege, sheep fleeces were hung over the walls to deaden the impact from the rounds of cannon fire. Sheep fleeces feature in the town's coat of arms. Skipton remained the Cliffords' principal seat until 1676. Lady Anne Clifford (1590–1676) was the last Clifford to own it. After the siege, she ordered repairs and she planted a yew tree in the central courtyard to commemorate its repair after the war. Today Skipton Castle is a well-preserved medieval castle and is a tourist attraction and private residence. The castle is the start of the 100-mile (160 km) Lady Anne's Way long distance path to Penrith. Layout The castle has six drum towers, with a domestic range connecting two towers on the northern side, protected by a precipice overlooking the Eller Beck. The first floor comprises the original kitchen, great hall, withdrawing rooms and the lord's bedchamber. New kitchens, storage and work cellars make up the ground floor. The remaining towers are military in nature and purpose. In the 16th and 17th centuries were added a new entrance staircase (replacing the original drawbridge), a further domestic wing, and larger windows in the original structure. The roof is fully intact. In the centre is a Tudor courtyard, the Conduit Court, which contains a yew tree, reputedly planted by Lady Anne in 1659. The outer curtain wall encloses the inner wards and subsidiary buildings, including the ruins of a 12th-century chapel. The wall is mainly extant, and is pierced by a twin-towered Norman gatehouse. The east tower of the gatehouse contains a 17th-century shell grotto, one of two remaining grottos from this period. (The other is at Woburn Abbey.) Recently, an ancient well was uncovered, which explains how the castle garrison survived the siege of 1643-5. Burials . Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland in the family vault. . George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland also in the family vault.
  17. Title: Robert de Clifford, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV23-2NSY : 4 June 2020), Robert de Clifford, 1314; Burial, , ; citing record ID , Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV23-2NSY;
  18. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: ROBERT [I] de Clifford
    Publication: Name: https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISHNOBILITYMEDIEVAL3.htm#RobertClifforddied1314;
    Note: ROBERT [I] de Clifford (-killed in battle Bannockburn 24 Jun 1314). He was summoned to Parliament from 1299 whereby he is held to have become Lord Clifford. m (12 Nov 1295) as her first husband, MATILDA de Clare, daughter of THOMAS de Clare Lord of Thomond, Connaught & his wife Juliana FitzMaurice (-[4 Mar/24 May] 1327). The Annals of Worcester record the marriage 12 Nov 1295 of "Robertus de Clifford" and "filiam Thomæ de Clara neptem comitis Geleberti." She married secondly (before 16 Dec 1315) Robert de Welle, Lord Welle. Inquisitions made after a writ dated 10 Apr "14 Edw II," after the death of "Thomas son of Richard de Clare," name "Margaret the wife of Bartholomew de Badelesmere and Maud the wife of Robert de Welle, aunts of the said Thomas and sisters of the said Richard are his next heirs and aged 30 or more." Robert & his wife had children:
  19. Title: Wikiwand: Battle of Bannockburn
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Battle_of_Bannockburn;
    Note: The Battle of Bannockburn (Scottish Gaelic: "Blàr Allt nam Bànag" or "Blàr Allt a' Bhonnaich") on 23 and 24 June 1314 was a victory of the army of King of Scots Robert the Bruce over the army of King Edward II of England in the First War of Scottish Independence. Though it did not bring overall victory in the war, which would go on for 14 more years, it was a landmark in Scottish history. King Edward invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters still loyal to ousted Scottish king John Balliol acknowledge Bruce as their king or lose their lands. Stirling Castle, a Scots royal fortress occupied by the English, was under siege by the Scottish army. King Edward assembled a formidable force of soldiers from England, Ireland and Wales to relieve it – the largest army ever to invade Scotland. This attempt failed when he found his path blocked by a smaller army commanded by Bruce. The Scottish army was divided into three divisions of schiltrons commanded by Bruce, his brother Edward Bruce, and his nephew, the Earl of Moray. After Robert Bruce killed Sir Henry de Bohun on the first day of the battle, the English were forced to withdraw for the night. Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed them of the English camp's position and low morale. Robert Bruce decided to launch a full-scale attack on the English forces and to use his schiltrons again as offensive units, a strategy his predecessor William Wallace had not used. The English army was defeated in a pitched battle which resulted in the deaths of several prominent commanders, including the Earl of Gloucester and Sir Robert Clifford, and capture of many others. The victory against the English at Bannockburn is the most celebrated in Scottish history, and for centuries the battle has been commemorated in verse and art. The National Trust for Scotland operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre). Though the exact location for the battle is uncertain, a modern monument was erected in a field above a possible site of the battlefield, where the warring parties are believed to have camped, alongside a statue of Robert Bruce designed by Pilkington Jackson. The monument, along with the associated visitor center, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the area. Background The Wars of Scottish Independence between England and Scotland began in 1296 and initially the English were successful under the command of Edward I, having won victories at the Battle of Dunbar (1296) and at the Capture of Berwick (1296). The removal of John Balliol from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success. The Scots had been victorious in defeating the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. This was countered, however, by Edward I's victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1298). By 1304, Scotland had been conquered, but in 1306 Robert the Bruce seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened. After the death of Edward I, his son Edward II of England came to the throne in 1307 but was incapable of providing the determined leadership his father had shown, and the English position soon became more difficult. In 1313, Bruce demanded the allegiance of all remaining Balliol supporters, under threat of losing their lands, as well as the surrender of the English forces encircling Stirling Castle. The castle was one of the most important castles held by the English, as it commanded the route north into the Scottish Highlands. It was besieged in 1314 by Robert the Bruce's younger brother, Edward Bruce, and an agreement was made that if the castle was not relieved by mid-summer it would be surrendered to the Scots. The English could not ignore this challenge and prepared and equipped a substantial campaign. It is known that Edward II requested 2,000 heavily armored cavalry and 25,000 infantry, many of whom were likely armed with longbows, from England, Wales and Ireland; it is estimated no more than half the infantry actually arrived, but the English army was still by far the largest ever to invade Scotland. The Scottish army probably numbered around 6,000 men, including no more than 500 mounted forces. Unlike the English, the Scottish cavalry was probably unequipped for charging enemy lines and suitable only for skirmishing and reconnaissance. The Scottish infantry was likely armed with axes, swords and pikes, and included only a few bowmen. The precise numerical advantage of the English forces relative to the Scottish forces is unknown, but modern researchers estimate that the Scottish faced English forces one-and-a-half to two or three times their size. Prelude Edward II and his advisors were aware of the places the Scots were likely to challenge them and sent orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near the River Forth, near Stirling. The English appear to have advanced in four divisions, whereas the Scots were in three divisions known as "schiltrons," which were strong defensive squares of men with pikes. Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, commanded the Scottish vanguard, which was stationed about a mile south of Stirling, near the church of St. Ninian, while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park. His brother Edward led the third division. According to Barbour, there was a fourth division nominally under the youthful Walter the Steward, but actually under the command of Sir James Douglas. The Scottish archers used yew-stave longbows and, though these were not weaker than or inferior to English longbows, there were fewer Scottish archers, possibly only 500. These archers played little part in the battle. There is first-hand evidence in a poem, written just after the battle by the captured Carmelite friar Robert Baston, that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen. Battle Location of the battlefield The exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn has been debated for many years, but most modern historians agree that the traditional site, where a visitor center and statue have been erected, is not correct. A large number of alternative locations have been considered but modern researchers believe only two merit serious consideration: . An area of peaty ground outside the village of Balquhiderock known as the Dryfield, about .75 miles (1.21 km) east of the traditional site. . The Carse of Balquhiderock, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northeast of the traditional site. This location is accepted by the National Trust as the most likely site. First day of battle Most medieval battles were short-lived, lasting only a few hours, so the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in that it lasted two days. On 23 June 1314, two English cavalry formations advanced. The first was commanded by the Earl of Gloucester and by the Earl of Hereford. They encountered a body of Scots led by Robert the Bruce. Bruce and Henry de Bohun, nephew of the Earl of Hereford, faced off in what became a celebrated instance of single combat. Bohun charged at Bruce and, when the two passed side by side, Bruce split Bohun's head with his axe. The Scots then rushed the English forces under Gloucester's and Hereford's command, who retreated, struggling back over the Bannockburn. The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont. Their forces included Sir Thomas de Grey of Heaton, father of the chronicler Thomas Grey. The younger Grey described the battle: "Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont, with three hundred men-at-arms, made a circuit upon the other side of the wood towards the castle, keeping the open ground. Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, Robert de Brus's nephew, who was leader of the Scottish advanced guard, hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of the English on the other side of the wood, thought that he must have his share, and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore-named lords. Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men: "Let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room." "Sir," said Sir Thomas Gray, "I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon." "Very well" exclaimed the said Henry, "if you are afraid, be off." "Sir," answered the said Thomas, "it is not from fear that I shall fly this day." So saying, he spurred in between Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt and charged into the thick of the enemy. William was killed, Thomas was taken prisoner, his horse being killed on the pikes, and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off, having utterly routed the squadron of the said two lords. Some of the English fled to the castle, others to the king's army, which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn, an evil, deep, wet marsh, where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night, having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day." — Sir Thomas Grey, "Scalacronica," translated by Herbert Maxwell Second day of battle During the night the English forces crossed the stream known as the Bannockburn, establishing their position on the plain beyond it. A Scottish knight, Alexander Seton, who was fighting in the service of Edward II of England, deserted the English camp and told Bruce that English morale was low and encouraged him to attack. In the morning the Scots advanced from New Park. Not long after daybreak, Edward was surprised to see the Scottish pikemen emerge from the cover of the woods and advance towards his position. As Bruce's army drew nearer, they paused and knelt in prayer. Edward reportedly said in surprise, "They pray for mercy!" "For mercy, yes," one of his attendants replied, "but from God, not you. These men will conquer or die." The Earl of Gloucester had argued with the Ear...
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