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Henry of Essex


Preferred Parents:
Father: Robert of Essex Lord of Rayleigh, b. ABT 1065 in Rayleigh, Essex (England)   d. ABT 1132 in Haughley, Stow, Suffolk (England)
Mother: Gunnora of Essex , b. ABT 1086 in Belvoir, Leicestershire, England   d. 1129 in Essex, England

Family 1: Cécily de VALOGNES,    b. 1121 in Benington, Hertfordshire, England   
Family 2: Alice de Vere,    b. ABT 1120    d. ABT 1185
  1. Agnes of Essex Countess of Oxford, b. 1120 in Rayleigh, Essex, England     d. AFT 1212 in Oxfordshire, England
Sources:
  1. Title: Wikiwand: The Complete Peerage
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/The_Complete_Peerage;
    Note: "The Complete Peerage" (full title: "The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom Extant, Extinct, or Dormant"; first edition by George Edward Cokayne, Clarenceux King of Arms; 2nd edition revised by the Hon. Vicary Gibbs "et al.") is a comprehensive and magisterial work on the titled aristocracy of the British Isles. "The Complete Peerage" was first published in eight volumes between 1887 and 1898 by George Edward Cokayne (G. E. C.). This version was effectively replaced by a new and enlarged edition between 1910 and 1959 edited successively by Vicary Gibbs (Cokayne's nephew), H. A. Doubleday, Duncan Warrand, Lord Howard de Walden, Geoffrey H. White and R. S. Lea. The revised edition (published by the St. Catherine Press Limited), took the form of twelve volumes with volume twelve being issued in two parts. Volume thirteen was issued in 1940, not as part of the alphabetical sequence, but as a supplement covering creations and promotions within the peerage between 1900 and 1938. It has subsequently been reprinted in a number of formats, most notably by Alan Sutton Publishers who reduced it in size to six volumes in a photographically reduced format (this contains four page images on each smaller page). It is also available on CD. A further reprint in six volumes appeared in 2000, together with Volume 14, which is an appendix, updating briefly from original publication (1910–1938) to 1995. Volumes 1st edition Volume Pub date I. A to Bo 1887 II. Bra to C 1889 III. D to F 1890 IV. G to K 1892 V. L to M 1893 VI. N to R 1895 VII. S to T 1896 VIII. U to Z, appendix, corrigenda, occurrences after 1 January 1898, and general index to notes, &c. 1898 All volumes edited by George Cokayne. 2nd edition Volume Pub date Editors I. Ab-Adam to Basing 1910 Hon. Vicary Gibbs II. Bass to Canning 1912 Hon. Vicary Gibbs III. Canonteign to Cutts 1913 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday IV. Dacre to Dysart 1916 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday V. Eardley of Spalding to Goojerat 1921/6 Hon. Vicary Gibbs with the assistance of H. A. Doubleday VI. Gordon to Hustpierpoint 1926 H. A. Doubleday, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden VII. Husee to Lincolnshire 1929 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden VIII. Lindley to Moate 1932 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden IX. Moels to Nuneham 1936 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden X. Oakham to Richmond 1945 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden XI Rickerton to Sisonby 1949 G. H. White XII (part 1) Skelmersdale to Towton 1953 G. H. White XII (part 2) Tracton to Zouche 1959 G. H. White XIII. Peers created 1901 to 1938 1940 H. A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden XIV. Addenda & corrigenda 1998 Peter W. Hammond Volumes 1–5 have the title "Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant, and volumes 6–13: The complete peerage; or, A history of the House of lords and all its members from the earliest times."
  2. Title: Henry of Essex, Baron of Raleigh, in Wikipedia ~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Essex [See document in the Memories section]
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Essex;
    Note: Henry of Essex, Baron of Raleigh, in Wikipedia ~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Essex [See document in the Memories section]
    Page: Henry of Essex, Baron of Raleigh, in Wikipedia ~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Essex [See document in the Memories section]
  3. Title: Origin of the Clavering family in Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, pg. 121 [See document in the Memories section]
    Author: Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, pg. 121
    Note: Origin of the Clavering family in Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, pg. 121 [See document in the Memories section]
    Page: Origin of the Clavering family in Burke's Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, pg. 121 [See document in the Memories section]
  4. Title: Henry of Essex - Lord of Rayleigh, Lord High Constable of England
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Essex-53;
  5. Title: Wikiwand: Henry of Essex
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Henry_of_Essex;
    Note: Henry of Essex or Henry de Essex (died c. 1170) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman who held the honours of Rayleigh (by inheritance) and Haughley (by right of his second wife). He was also one of the royal constables during the reigns of Kings Stephen and Henry II by right of his second wife. That office included the duty of bearing the royal standard to indicate the location of the king when on campaign or in battle. He was convicted as a traitor and took the habit in 1163, spending his last years at Reading Abbey. Life Henry was the son and heir of Robert fitz Swein of Essex, a descendant of the pre-conquest landowner Robert fitz Wimarch who was favored by King Edward the Confessor. Henry is mentioned in several chronicles, including that of Jocelin of Brakelond. His influence at the royal court was greatest during the reign of Stephen, but it continued into the early years of Henry II's. He served Henry as Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire from 1156 to 1159 and as a justiciar, as well as being his constable. Henry participated in the king's Toulouse campaign in the spring and summer of 1159. After he dropped the royal standard in a Welsh ambush during Henry II's campaign into Wales of 1157, however, his political importance waned. As royal constable, his office required that he hold the standard to indicate the king's position during any military engagement. Dropping the standard seemed to signal the king's death. At the royal court held at Easter, 1163, Henry was accused of treason for that act by a claimant to the Montfort estate of Haughley. The two men fought a judicial duel a few months later. Jocelin details Henry's judicial duel with Robert de Montfort (a rival for Henry's wife's inheritance) on Fry's Island in the River Thames at Reading. Henry's body was carried senseless from the site of the duel by monks of the nearby Reading Abbey, but he survived and took the Benedictine cowl. As he was a convicted traitor, however, his estates and offices were forfeit, and his family was disgraced. Henry was allowed to remain as a monk at Reading Abbey, where he remained for the rest of his life. Henry of Essex is thought to have died at Reading Abbey in the same year that Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered, 1170. Family Henry married firstly Cecily; they had least at two sons, Henry and Hugh. His second wife was Alice, probably the daughter and heiress of Robert de Vere, the royal constable (d. circa 1151). It is unknown which wife was the mother of Henry's daughter, Agnes, who married Aubrey de Vere, first Earl of Oxford, as his third wife, but Alice seems most likely. Arms Henry's arms were blazoned "Argent, an Orle Gules."
  6. Title: Wikiwand: High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/High_Sheriff_of_Bedfordshire_and_Buckinghamshire;
    Note: This is a list of High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. One sheriff was appointed for both counties from 1125 until the end of 1575 (except for 1165–1166), after which separate sheriffs were appointed. See High Sheriff of Bedfordshire and High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire for dates before 1125 or after 1575. 1125–1199 Michaelmas 1125–1129: Maenfinin Brito Michaelmas 1129: Richard Basset with Aubrey de Vere 1139: Aubrey de Vere, of Bolbec Castle, Bucks, and Richard Basset 1155: Aubrey de Vere, of Bolbec Castle, Bucks, and Richard Basset Michaelmas 1155: Henry of Essex and John of Bidun Michaelmas 1156: Simon Fitz Peter Michaelmas 1159: Geoffrey Fitz Ralph and Richard Fitz Osbert Michaelmas 1160: Richard Fitz Osbert Michaelmas 1162: Hugh de la Lege Michaelmas 1165: Hugh de la Lege (Beds) and Richard Fitz Osbert (Bucks) Michaelmas 1166: Hugh de la Lege and Richard Fitz Osbert Michaelmas 1169: Hugh de la Lege and William, son of Richard Fitz Osbert Easter 1170: David, Archdeacon of Buckinghamshire, and William Fitz Richard Easter 1173: William Fitz Richard Easter 1179: William Rufus Easter 1187: Oger Fitz Oger Michaelmas 1189: William Rufus Easter 1194: Simon de Beauchamp, of Bedford Castle, Beds Michaelmas 1197: William de Albini Michaelmas 1199: Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex 1200–1299 Michaelmas 1204: Robert of Braybrooke and Robert Fitz Hemeri Michaelmas 1205: Robert of Braybrooke Michaelmas 1211: Henry of Braybrooke 3 September 1214: Hugh Le Gournay 25 June 1215: Walter de Neville 2 July 1215: Ralph Hareng Michaelmas 1217: Falkes de Breauté 23 January 1224: Walter of Pattishall, of Bletsoe, Beds 5 September 1228: Sir Stephen de Segrave 30 May 1234: Ralph Fitz Reginald 22 October 1235: William de Beauchamp, of Bedford Castle, Beds 11 April 1237: Reginald de Whitchurch, of Whitchurch, Bucks 26 December 1237: Robert de Haya Christmas 1238: Sir John de Grey, of Waterhall in Bletchley, Bucks Michaelmas 1239: Paulin de Peyvre, of Toddington, Beds and Chilton, Bucks 24 October 1241: John Grimbaud 7 October 1242: William de Holwell, of Holwell, Beds 19 April 1249: Alexander de Hamden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 2 November 1252: Simon de Crendon or de Eltisden, of Long Crendon, Bucks 6 November 1255: Robert le Savage 19 October 1256: Walter de Tottenhall, of Tottenhall, Beds 21 October 1256: Robert de Tottenhall, of Tottenhall, Beds 23 October 1258: Simon of Pattishall Michaelmas 1259: Alexander de Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 27 June 1264: Simon of Pattishall, of Bletsoe, Beds Michaelmas 1265: Geoffrey le Ros 11 October 1266: Edward Plantagenet, Lord of Chester Michaelmas 1272: Thomas de Bray, of Eaton Bray, Beds 14 October 1275: Hugh de Stapleford 25 October 1278: John Cheyne, of Chenies, Bucks 5 November 1282: Ralph de Golding, of Goldington, Beds 1 July 1285: Robert Malet, of Langley, Bucks 16 October 1285: William de Boyvile Easter 1288: William de Turvile, of Weston Turville, Bucks 20 November 1289: John de Pabenham, of Pabenham and Fleet Marston, Beds 16 January 1291: William de Turvile, of Weston Turville, Bucks 16 July 1293: Nicolas de Trimenel or de Turvile 19 July 1296: Simon de Bradenham, of Bradenham, Bucks 7 November 1297: Walter de Molesworth, of Bedfordshire 1300–1399 9 October 1307: Gilbert de Holme 10 May 1308: Walter de Molesworth, of Bedfordshire 7 October 1309: William Mere 28 October 1312: Walter de Molesworth, of Bedfordshire 24 April 1313: John de Pabenham, of Pabenham and Fleet Marston, Bucks 1 November 1314: John de la Hay, of Shalstone, Bucks 20 May 1318: Roger de Tyringham, of Tyringham, Bucks 1 December 1318: Philip de Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 30 May 1319: Richard de Cave 28 April 1320 Ingelram de Berenger 20 August 1321: Philip de Aylesbury 3 June 1322: Ingelram de Berenger 5 April 1323: Ralph de Wedon 12 May 1323: Roger de Tyringham, of Tyringham, Bucks 1 May 1325: John de la Hay, of Shalstone or Hemel Hempstead 26 December 1325: Philip de Aylesbury 24 February 1327: Philip de Somerville 15 July 1328: John le Mareschal 5 December 1330: Philip de Aylesbury 8 May 1333: Ralph de Wedon, of Weedon, Bucks 28 October 1334: Richard Ward 24 March 1336: Ralph de Wedon 1 October 1337: William Moton 3 July 1338: Nicholas de Passelow, of Drayton Passelew 14 October 1340: John le Venour 6 January 1341: Gerard de Braybroke, of Colmworth, Beds and Horsenden, Bucks 22 December 1341: Henry de Chalfont, of Chalfont, Bucks 11 November 1342: John Aygnell 22 November 1343: Henry de Chalfont 4 November 1344: Thomas de Swynford, of Bedfordshire 12 November 1346: Sir William Crozier, of Bedfordshire 13 June 1349: Thomas Frembaud or Fermbrand, of Bedfordshire 2 November 1350: John Chastillon, of Thornton, Bucks 5 December 1352: Gerard de Braybroke, of Colmworth, Beds and Horsenden, Bucks 10 November 1354: Peter de Salford, of Salford, Beds 10 November 1356: Hugh Chastillon, of Thornton, Bucks 27 February 1357: John de Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 1 October 1359: Peter de Salford 21 November 1360: John de Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 23 November 1361: Peter de Salford 17 November 1365: Sir John Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 5 November 1371: John Cheyne, of Chenies 12 November 1372: John Ragon, of Bedfordshire 7 November 1373: Sir John Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 12 December 1374: John de Arderne, of Buckinghamshire 1 October 1375: John Broughton, of Broughton, Bucks 26 October 1376: John (FitzRichard) de Olney, of Weston Underwood, Bucks 26 November 1377: Sir John Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 25 November 1378: Thomas Peyver, of Toddington, Beds 5 November 1379: Sir Giles d'Aubeney 18 October 1380: John Bermyngeham 25 November 1380: Sir Thomas Sackville 1 November 1381: Sir John Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 1 November 1383: John Wodeville 11 November 1384: Robert Dixwell, of Tingrey, Beds 20 October 1385: Thomas Covell, of Buckinghamshire 18 November 1386: Sir John Aylesbury, of Milton Keynes, Bucks 18 November 1387: Ralph Fitz Richard, of Bedfordshire 1 December 1388: Thomas Peyver, of Toddington, Beds 15 November 1389: Sir Thomas Sackville 7 November 1390: Edmund Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 21 October 1391: William Tyringham, of Tyringham, Bucks 18 October 1392: Thomas Peyver, of Toddington, Beds 7 November 1393: Philip Walwyn, of Bedfordshire 11 November 1394: John Longville, of Wolverton, Bucks 9 November 1395: Edmund Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks 1 December 1396: Reynold Ragon 3 November 1397: John Worship, of Hardwick, Bucks 31 October 1399: Thomas Eston, of Holme, Beds 1400–1499 24 November 1400: Edmund Hampden,[6] of Great Hampden, Bucks[7] 8 November 1401: Sir Roger Beauchamp,[6] of Eaton Socon, Beds[7] 29 November 1402: Reynold Ragon[6][7] 5 November 1403: John Bois,[6] of Chesham Bois, Bucks[7] 22 October 1404: Richard Hasilden[6] 22 November 1405: Edmund Hampden,[6] of Great Hampden, Bucks[7] 5 November 1406: Thomas Peyver,[6] of Toddington, Beds[7] 30 November 1407: Richard Hay,[6] of Shalstone, Bucks[7] 15 November 1408: Sir Baldwin Pigot,[6] of Stratton and Biggleswade, Beds[7] 4 November 1409: Thomas Strickland,[6] of The Hoo, Beds[7] 29 November 1410: Richard Wyot[6][7] 10 December 1411: Sir Baldwin Pigot,[6] of Stratton and Biggleswade, Beds[7] 3 November 1412: Sir Thomas Aylesbury,[6] of Milton Keynes, Bucks[7] 6 November 1413: Thomas Strickland,[6] of The Hood, Beds[7] 12 November 1414: Edmund Hampden,[6] of Great Hampden, Bucks[7] 1 December 1415: Thomas Walton[6][7] 30 November 1416: Richard Wyot[6][7] 10 November 1417: John Giffard, of Whaddon, Bucks[6][7] 4 November 1418: Walter Massey[6][7] 23 November 1419: Walter Fitz Richard,[6] of Bedfordshire[7] 16 November 1420: John Radwell[6][7] 1 May 1422: William Massey[6] Michaelmas 1422: Sir Thomas Walton[6][7] 13 November 1423: Sir John Cheyne,[6] of Chenies, Bucks[7] or Drayton Beauchamp 6 November 1424: Richard Wyot[6][7] 15 January 1426: John Cheyne, of Isenhampstead Chenies, Bucks[6][7] 12 December 1426: William Massey[6][7] 7 November 1427: Humphrey Stafford,[6] of Milton Keynes, Bucks[7] 4 November 1428: Sir Thomas Walton,[6][7] 10 February 1430: Thomas Hoo,[6] of Luton Hoo, Beds[7] 5 November 1430: John Cheyne, of Isenhampstead Chenies, Bucks[6][7] 26 November 1431: Sir Giles Daubeney[6][7] 5 November 1432: Sir Thomas Walton[6][8] 5 November 1433: James Gascoigne[6] 3 July 1434: John Glove[6] or Thomas Grove, of Grove[8] 3 November 1434: John Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks[6][8] 7 November 1435: John Broughton,[6] of Broughton, Bucks[8] 8 November 1436: Robert Mansfield,[6] of Taplow, Bucks[8] 7 November 1437: Sir Humphrey Stafford,[6] of Milton Keynes, Bucks[8] 3 November 1438: John Hampden, of Great Hampden, Bucks[6][8] 5 November 1439: Walter Strickland,[6] of The Hoo, Beds[8] 4 November 1440: John Brecknock,[6] of Hardwick, Bucks[8] 4 November 1441: Edmund Hampden,[6] of Dunton, Bucks[8] 6 November 1442: Edmund Rede,[6] of Boarstall, Bucks[8] 4 November 1443: Thomas Singleton,[6] of Hartwell, Bucks[8] 6 November 1444: John Wenlock,[6] of Somerley in Luton Hoo, Beds[8] 4 November 1445: Thomas Rokes,[6] of Fawley, Bucks[8] 4 November 1446: Thomas Gifford,[6] of Twyford, Bucks[8] 12 February 1448: George Longville,[6] of Wolverton, Bucks[8] 20 December 1449: William Gedney[6][8] 3 December 1450: John Hampden,[6] of Great Hampden, Bucks[8] 8 November 1451: Robert Whitingham,[6] of Salden, Bucks[8] 8 November 1452: Robert Olney[6][8] Michaelmas 1453: vacant 5 November 1454: Edmund Rede[6][8] and John Pulter[8] 24 November 1454: Thomas Singleton,[6] of Hartwell, Bucks[8] 11 December 1455: Sir Thomas Charleton[6][8] 17 November 1456: John Hampden,[6] of Great Hampden, Bucks[8] 7 November 1457: John Maningham,[6] of Bedfordshire[8] 7 November 1458: John Heton,[6] of Buckinghamshire[8] 4 April 1460: John de Broughton,[6] of Broughton, Bucks[8][9] 18 November 1460: Edmund Rede,[6] of Boarstall, Bucks[8] 13 December 1461: Thomas Reynes,[6] of Clifton Reynes, Bucks[8] 5
  7. Title: Wikipedia: Henry de Essex
    Author: Wikipedia
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Essex;
    Note: Information for Henry of Essex
  8. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: HENRY de Essex
    Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/enguntdk.htm#_ftnref258;
    Note: 2. HENRY de Essex . “Robert de Essex and Gunnora his wife, daughter of Roger Bigod” donated Fremingham church to Thetford priory, Norfolk for the souls of their ancestors and of "their son Henry on his birth-day." A charter of King Henry II confirmed donations to Thetford Priory, including the donation by “Gunnoræ matris Henrici de Exessa.” Constable 1154. “Henricus de Essexa conestabilis regis” donated “locum in mari super Mereseiam ad faciendam piscariam...sicut...habuerunt tempore Rodberti de Essexa patris mei” to Colchester St. John, by undated charter. Lord of Rayleigh and Haughley. “Henry de Essex, the king’s constable” confirmed his parents’ donation of Fremingham church to Thetford priory, Norfolk for the souls of "Cecily his wife, Henry his son and his other children." The "Chronicle" of Jocelin of Brakelond records the trial by combat between "Henry de Essex" and "Robert de Montfort," dated to [1163]. m CECILY, daughter of ---. “Henry de Essex, the king’s constable” confirmed his parents’ donation of Fremingham church to Thetford priory, Norfolk for the souls of "Cecily his wife, Henry his son and his other children." “Henricus de Essexia” confirmed the donation of "ecclesiam de Walde" to Clerkenwell St Mary’s made by "Cecilia mater mea," by undated charter. Henry & his wife had [four or more] children:.
  9. Title: Wikiwand: Rayleigh, Essex
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Rayleigh,_Essex;
    Note: Rayleigh /ˈreɪliː/ is a market town and civil parish in the District of Rochford in Essex, England, located between Chelmsford and Southend-on-Sea. It lies 32 miles (51 km) to the east of central London. It had a population of 30,196 in 2001, increasing to 32,150 at the census 2011. Toponymy The name "Rayleigh" is Old English in origin deriving from "rǣge" ('female roe-deer or she-goat') and "lēah" ('clearing'). Therefore, the name means overall 'wood or clearing of the wild she-goats or roe-deer." History Prehistoric and Roman times There have been a scattering of stray finds around the town from Prehistoric and Roman times, including some Roman roof and hypocaust tiles found within the fabric of Rayleigh Church. This suggests there was a Roman habitation site within the area. However, there is little evidence of any density of population here during this period. Saxon era One significant archaeological find was in the early 2000s at the western edge of Rayleigh, at the site of the former Park School in Rawreth Lane. An early Saxon cemetery site was discovered here, with 144 cremation burials and evidence of just one high-status female inhumation burial. By the end of the Saxon period, there was definitely a village here, as it is recorded in the Domesday Book, when it was held by Swein of Essex, the son of Robert FitzWimarc. The most significant historic monument in Rayleigh is the great medieval mound of Rayleigh Castle. This was an early Norman motte and bailey castle, of which only the motte and its surrounding embankments remain. Despite the loss of its timber superstructure and later stone buildings, its height and bulk mean that it still dominates the town centre. Later medieval period (1154–1485) A courthouse was erected in Rayleigh in 1338. This was apparently resented by the townspeople, who turned out in force to destroy it, with 20 ringleaders later arrested and tried. The forests around Rayleigh were royal hunting grounds. It is recorded that King Henry III hunted here in 1222, and the three King Edwards also visited. One of the oldest secular building in Rayleigh is 91 High Street which houses Pizza Express downstairs and Rayleigh Town Museum upstairs. The Regal Room in the museum is dated circa 1350. It is suspected that some of Rayleigh's older Brick build buildings may contain portions older than this. Rayleigh Castle gradually fell into disuse, and in 1394 King Richard II gave permission for the townspeople of Rayleigh to use the foundations as a source of stone. By this time, the site was in royal ownership and used for pasture: "know all men of special grace who have the will to repair certain Chapel in the said town and to build a new a certain belfry we have granted them the foundations and to take away and use any stones found theren." Tudors and Stuarts Records indicate that the church was rich in plate, vestments and stained glass, but these were disposed of: "No church within the hundred was more splendidly adorned; none were so richly furnished with plate, vestments and other accessories for the celebration of the divine service; none were so rich in painted glass; none have been more mercilessly despoiled." During Henry VIII's reign, deer were constantly taken from here to replenish the herds in Greenwich Park. Modern During the 1990s many new housing estates appeared on formerly greenfield areas of the town, with the East of England region currently pushing for even more homes to be built in the area. This has caused some controversy locally, with residents of Rayleigh feeling that the areas surrounding the town should be preserved with more care. Governance The civil parish of Rayleigh became part of Rochford Rural District in 1894. In 1929 it was combined with Rawreth to form the Urban District of Rayleigh, which was abolished in 1974 when the area became part of the District of Rochford. The constituency of Rayleigh and Wickford is represented in the House of Commons by the Member of Parliament Mark Francois of the Conservative Party. In 2018 Rochford District Council has 25 Conservative members, 3 Liberal Democrats, 3 Green Party, 2 Labour, 4 independents and 4 members from Rochford Residents Party sitting on the council. Rayleigh Town council is also Conservative controlled, comprising 18 Conservatives, 4 Liberal Democrats, and 1 independent. Rayleigh Town Council have major responsibilities which include: Consultee on Planning applications in Rayleigh. Christmas Lights and organisation of switch-on event in Town Centre, King George V Playing Field in Eastwood Road, floral displays in Town Centre and entry to Annual Anglia in Bloom competition, CCTV in Town Centre, benches, salt bins, litter bins, bus shelters, some street lighting, heritage and memorial plaques, and the Town Centre clock. Four Allotment sites within Rayleigh with over 100 plots Consultee on crime & disorder reduction strategy within Rochford District Member of Rayleigh Windmill management committee. The Civic Suite and Information Centre includes the Council Chamber, Committee Rooms, Transportation and Hackney Carriage Office and is located on Hockley Road. The Citizens Advice Bureau and Registrar's Office are also located here. Transport Rayleigh is served by two prominent modes of public transport; bus and train. The bus services are run by Arriva Southend and First Essex, and usually terminate at Rayleigh railway station. Abellio Greater Anglia run the rail line which leads from Southend Victoria to London Liverpool Street, stopping at Rayleigh, running every 10 minutes during rush hour. First Essex also operate an hourly coach service to Stansted Airport, numbered X30, which makes a stop at Rayleigh railway station. Education Rayleigh has two secondary schools: Sweyne Park School, formed by the amalgamation of the Sweyne and Park schools, and FitzWimarc School. It also has seven primary schools – Down Hall, Edward Francis, Grove Wood, Our Lady of Ransom (Catholic), Rayleigh Primary and Wyburns. The seventh, Glebe Primary School with UHI, was created in September 2014 through the amalgamation of Glebe Infant and Nursery School and Glebe Junior School. In addition, St Nicholas C of E Primary School, a long-established school for the adjoining village of Rawreth, moved in 2006 to a new building just on the Rayleigh side of the parish boundary. Sports and recreation Rayleigh has a golf club on the outskirts of the town; Rayleigh Club (previously Lords Golf & Country Club) is situated on Hullbridge Road to the north of the town. Parks/playing fields Rayleigh has a number of parks and playing fields. King George V Playing Field Located next to Bull Lane, Hockley Road and Websters Way. It contains a snack bar and pavilion. As well as a "Teen" shelter Its two grass football pitches are used by Rayleigh FC, Chronicles FC and Ralee FC. It also has a skate park and a children's playground, containing a variety of play equipment. The park is also home to Rayleigh Bowls Club (who lease the use of the Pavilion). Rayleigh Lions holds an annual fireworks display on the playing field. Sweyne Park Sweyne Park is controlled by Rochford District Council. It is situated north of Sweyne Park School and can be accessed in several ways. The entrance in Downhall Park Way has a small car park, and there is a play area. It has another smaller entrance in Downhall Park Way, adjacent to Canterbury Close. It can also be accessed from Victoria Avenue. In 2008 an entrance was established from Priory Chase. The park has a pond. It has a bridleway running round its perimeter of about 2 km (1.2 mi). Fairview Playing Field, Victoria Road TQ814914 Grove Playing Field, Grove Road TQ825904 John Fisher Playing Field (Little Wheatleys Chase, Rayleigh) TQ789914 Kingley Wood stands on a steep hill slope beside the A127 and is visible as you approach Rayleigh from London. The small wood is the only surviving ancient wood in Rayleigh, but it has rich and varied wildlife and a well-documented history. Wheatley Wood This is a 64-acre (26 ha) broadleaved wood established in the late 1990s. The wood was designed and planted by a partnership of Local people and the Woodland Trust. There is a car park at the Grange Community Centre in Little Wheatley Chase, and access to the wood is across the playing fields. Greyhounds and speedway At least two greyhound racing tracks existed in the town. The main venue was the Rayleigh Weir Stadium which also hosted speedway and traded from 1948-1974. A smaller short lived track at O'Tooles Meadow, Wickford Road, off the Down Hall Road also hosted greyhound racing and dirt track speedway. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. The track opened in 1932 but the date of closure is not known and it is possible that it may have been the same venue known as the Rayleigh Sports Stadium although it is also possible that the Rayleigh Sports Stadium may have been a third separate venue. Public facilities There is a small outdoor market on Wednesdays. Until 2011 it was located next to Rayleigh Civic Suite and Information Centre, opposite Holy Trinity Church. In 2011 it moved to the taxi rank in the town's High Street (outside Boots). The market dates back to before 1181 when it was inscribed in the Exchequer Records of Henry II. The Dutch Cottage, the smallest and oldest council house in the United Kingdom, can be visited on Wednesdays by prior appointment. Rayleigh Windmill has been renovated, including a structural renovation of the 19th century brick built building has now been completed. The basic external brickwork has been repaired and the interior has been transformed to provide four stories of modern display facilities which has turned the windmill into a major tourist and educational attraction in the county. The changes to the..
  10. Title: Henry de Essex, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QK1V-W1Y6 : 16 December 2020), Henry de Essex, ; Burial, Reading, Reading Borough, Berkshire, England, Reading Abbey Ruins; citing record ID 148705489, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QK1V-W1Y6;
  11. Title: The Clavering family in Burke's General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages, pg. 124-125 [See document in the Memories section]
    Author: Burke's General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages, pg. 124-125
    Note: The Clavering family in Burke's General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages, pg. 124-125 [See document in the Memories section]
    Page: The Clavering family in Burke's General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerages, pg. 124-125 [See document in the Memories section]
  12. Title: UK and Ireland, Find A Grave Index, 1300s-Current
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/60526/records/2775601;
  13. Title: Nancy López Genealogy: Henry of Essex Lord of Rayleigh
    Publication: Name: http://cybergata.com/roots/4906.htm;
    Note: Henry of Essex Lord of Rayleigh Born: Abt 1120, Rayleigh, Essex, England 1390 Marriage: Cicely 141,160,1390 Died: After 1163, The cloisters of Reading 1390 bullet General Notes: ~Weis' Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700, 8th Edition, 246:26, Lord of Rayleigh and Haughley, Henry of Essex, son of Robert Fitz Suein of Essex by Gunnor Bigod, married Cicely and their daughter was Agnes of Essex who maried Aubrey de Vere. 160 bullet Noted events in his life were: • Background Information. 141 Aubrey's third wife, whom he married in 1162 or 1163 was Agnes, daughter of Henry de Essex, Lord of Rayleigh and Haughley, by his wife Cicely. This child, who was born in 1151 or 1152, the Earl tried to repudiate within a year. She appealed from the Bishop of London's court to Rome, and in 1171 or 1172 Alexander III directed the Bishop to order him to take his wife back. She was living with him in 1191, and survived her husband. Aubrey died 26 December 1194, and was buried at Colne. Agnes was buried by his side. ~Cokayne's Complete Peerage, 2nd Edition, (Oxford), Vol. X, pp. 199-207 • Background Information. 1390 At Oxford, about Aug. 1141, Henry de Essex, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, Hugh Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and Earl Alberic of Oxford were present for the Empresse's second Charter to Geoffrey, Earl of Essex. [Dugdale's Baronage I. 201] By about December of that year, Stephen was buying the support of Geoffrey de Mandeville by a Counter-Patent of Earldon, the deed being attested by Henry de Essex. [Rymer's Fædera I 18, I] The Treaty of Westminster, settling the question of succession, includes the signature of Henry de Essex. King Stephen died 19 Dec 1154, and Herny, son of the Empress Maud became King of England. Two Charters of King Henry II, passed at Westminster were attested by "Henry de Essex, Constable" (of England) and by "Richard de Humez, Constable" (of Normandy). On 31 Mar 1163, Henry de Essex was accused by Robert de Montfort of cowardice and treason. The trial at Windsor was in the form of "Wager of Battle," with accuser and accused confronted in arms. Henry de Essex, likey much older than Montfort, was defeated, he was outlawed and his estaes confiscated. His life was spared, and he became a monk. He died in the cloisters of Reading. Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History, Volume II, pp. 19-27 Henry married Cicely 141,160.,1390 (Cicely died after 1104 and was buried in Colne Engaine, Essex, England.)
  14. Title: Wikiwand: Lord High Constable of England
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Lord_High_Constable_of_England;
    Note: The Lord High Constable of England is the seventh of the Great Officers of State, ranking beneath the Lord Great Chamberlain and above the Earl Marshal. His office is now called out of abeyance only for coronations. The Lord High Constable was originally the commander of the royal armies and the Master of the Horse. He was also, in conjunction with the Earl Marshal, president of the Court of Chivalry or Court of Honour. In feudal times, martial law was administered in the court of the Lord High Constable. The constableship was granted as a grand serjeanty with the Earldom of Hereford by the Empress Matilda to Miles of Gloucester, and was carried by his heiress to the Bohuns, Earls of Hereford and Essex. They had a surviving male heir, and still have heirs male, but due to the power of the monarchy the constableship was irregularly given to the Staffords, Dukes of Buckingham; and on the attainder of Edward Stafford, the third Duke, in the reign of King Henry VIII, it became merged into the Crown. Since that point it has not existed as a separate office, except as a temporary appointment for the Coronation of a monarch; in other circumstances the Earl Marshal exercises the traditional duties of the office. The Lacys and Verduns were hereditary constables of Ireland from the 12th to the 14th century; and the Hays, Earls of Erroll, have been hereditary Lord High Constables of Scotland from early in the 14th century. Lord High Constables of England, 1139–1521 1139–1143: Miles de Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford 1143–1155: Roger Fitzmiles, 2nd Earl of Hereford 1155–1159: Walter de Gloucester or Walter de Hereford 1159–1164: Henry de Gloucester or Henry Fitzmiles 1164–1176: Humphrey III de Bohun 1176–1220: Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford 1220–1275: Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford and 1st Earl of Essex 1275–1298: Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex 1298–1322: Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex 1322–1336: John de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford and 4th Earl of Essex 1336–1361: Humphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford and 5th Earl of Essex 1361–1373: Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex and 2nd Earl of Northampton A cousin was alive who was not granted the titles due to him and his heirs: Gilbert de Bohun, died 1381 1373–1397: Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester 1397–1399: Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham 1399–1403: Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland 1403-?: John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (died 1435) 1445-1450 John, Viscount Beaumont (died 1460) ?-1455: Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham 1455–1456: Richard, Duke of York 1456–1460: Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham 1461–1467: John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester 1467–1469: Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers 1469–1470: Richard, Duke of Gloucester 1470–1471: John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford 1471–1483: Richard, Duke of Gloucester 1483: Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham 1483–1504: Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley 1504–1521: Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham Lord High Constables of England, 1522–present At this point, the office merged with the Crown and was revived only for coronations. It was held at coronations by the following individuals: Name Year Notes Sources The Marquess of Dorset 1547 coronation of Edward VI The Earl of Arundel 1553 coronation of Mary I 1559 coronation of Elizabeth I The Earl of Worcester 1603 coronation of James I The Duke of Buckingham 1626 coronation of Charles I The Earl of Northumberland 1661 coronation of Charles II The Duke of Grafton 1685 coronation of James II The Duke of Ormonde 1689 coronation of William III and Mary II The Duke of Bedford 1702 coronation of Anne The Duke of Montagu 1714 coronation of George I The Duke of Richmond and Duke of Lennox 1727 coronation of George II The Duke of Bedford 1761 coronation of George III Field Marshal The Duke of Wellington 1821 coronation of King George IV 1831 coronation of King William IV and Queen Adelaide 1838 coronation of Queen Victoria The Duke of Fife 1902 coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra 1911 coronation of King George V and Queen Mary The Marquess of Crewe 1937 coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Field Marshal The Viscount Alanbrooke 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
  15. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Henry De Essex - birth: 1089; Essex, England, United Kingdom
    Author: OneWorldTree, Ancestry.com, Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: MyFamily.com, Inc.
    Note: birth: 1089; Essex, England, United Kingdom death: 1163; Essex, England, United Kingdom
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2751022386
  16. Title: Find a Grave: Henry de Essex
    Author: Find A Grave memorial 148705489
    Publication: Name: https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/148705489/henry-de_essex;
    Note: Henry de Essex BIRTH 1121 Rayleigh, Rochford District, Essex, England DEATH 1170 (aged 48–49) Reading, Reading Borough, Berkshire, England BURIAL Reading Abbey (Ruins) Reading, Reading Borough, Berkshire, England MEMORIAL ID 148705489 Lord High Constable of England (1150–1154) Henry was the son and heir of Robert fitz Swein of Essex. He was a grandson of Swein, son of Robert FitzWimarc. After inheriting Rayleigh, he received a royal grant of Haughley Castle from King Stephen. Henry is mentioned in several chronicles, including that of Jocelin of Brakelond. His influence at the royal court was greatest during the reign of Stephen, but it continued into the early years of Henry II's. He served Henry as Sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire from 1156 to 1159 and as a justiciar, as well as being his constable. Henry participated in the king's Toulouse campaign in the spring and summer of 1159. After he dropped the royal standard in a Welsh ambush during Henry II's campaign into Wales of 1157, however, his political importance waned. as royal constable, his office required that he hold the standard to indicate the king's position during any military engagement. Dropping the standard seemed to signal the king's death. At the royal court held at Easter, 1163, Henry was accused of treason for that act by a claimant to the Montfort estate. The two men fought a judicial duel a few months later. Jocelin details Henry's judicial dual with Robert de Montfort (a rival for Henry's wife's inheritance) on Fry's Island in the River Thames at Reading. Henry's body was carried senseless from the site of the duel by monks of the nearby Reading Abbey, but he survived and took the Benedictine cowl. As a convicted traitor, however, his estates and offices were forfeit, and his family was disgraced. He was allowed to remain as a monk at Reading Abbey, where he remained for the rest of his life Henry married firstly a woman named Cecily, by whom he seems to have had two sons, Henry and Hugh. Henry's second wife was Alice de Montfort (possible daughter of Hugh de Montfort of Haughley Castle), by whom he had at least one daughter, Agnes, who married Aubrey de Vere, first Earl of Oxford. Family Members Children Agnes de Essex de Vere 1151–1212
  17. Title: Family tree of Henry of Essex
    Author: Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Volume 2, Robert fitz Wimarc and his descendants
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Wimarc-1;
  18. Title: FORDHAM UNIVERSITY > Internet History Sourcebooks Project > Jocelin of Brakelond: Chronicle of The Abbey of St. Edmund's (1173-1202)
    Author: INDEX Introduction by Abbot Gasquet Table of Contents The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond Chronology of the Abbey List of Abbots of Bury St.Edmunds Bibliography including links
    Publication: Name: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/jocelin.asp;
    Note: INTRODUCTION by Abbot Francis Aidan Gasquet Abbot-President of the English Benedictines. "A VERITABLE MONK OF BURY ST. EDMUND'S IS WORTH ATTENDING TO, IF BY CHANCE MADE VISIBLE AND AUDIBLE. HERE HE IS; AND IN HIS HAND A MAGICAL SPECULUM, MUCH GONE TO RUST, INDEED, YET IN FRAGMENTS STILL CLEAR; WHEREIN THE MARVELLOUS IMAGE OF HIS EXISTENCE DOES STILL SHADOW ITSELF, THOUGH FITFULLY, AND AS WITH AN INTERMITTENT LIGHT " Carlyle: Past and Present. Book II., Chapter I. FEW medieval documents have exercised a greater fascination over men's minds in these latter days than "The Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond." More than sixty years ago the publication of the Latin text of this history, by the Camden Society, attracted the attention of the great Thomas Carlyle, and furnished him with material for sketching his picture of "The Ancient Monk," which occupied the entire second book of his Past and Present. Although the modern sage in his own rugged way affected no little contempt for what he called this "extremely foreign book," and for " the monk-Latin "in which it was written, it is evident that Jocelin's simple story of the wise, firm, yet withal gentle rule of a medieval abbot over a great English monastery cast a spell over him the influence of which can be detected in every page of his delightful and almost surprisingly sympathetic account of Abbot Samson and of Edmundsbury. In this case the Past, as Carlyle read it in the "Chronicle," was so entirely different from the Present, as he knew it in his day, that the wonder is not that he was fascinated by it, but that he was able with its help to paint so true and living a picture and to fashion so fitting a frame in which to set it. For to him, without doubt, the story dealt with what he regarded as "vanished existences" - " ideas, life-furniture, whole workings and ways," which were not only Past, but gone beyond recall, and "covered deeper than Pompeii with the lava ashes and inarticulate wreck of seven hundred years!" And indeed it cannot be denied that the ideals and aspirations, as revealed to us in the history of Abbot Samson and, so far as we know, in the life story of his biographer Jocelin, arc of a higher and almost a different order to those of our modern world. To men of their calling in those far-off times, the natural and the supernatural were united and intermingled in the simplest and most ordinary way. Their very notions of the unseen world are almost sufficient to take away the breath of those whose lots have been cast in this more material and prosaic age of doubts and disbeliefs. To Samson, and Jocelin, and their fellow monks at Edmundsbury in the twelfth century, heaven, as a great writer has said of earlier English monasticism, was hardly even "next door." The future life was merely the present continued, and each man went forth to his task as it came and labored at it day by day, not with any idea of finishing it, but only of carrying on for the span of his allotted existence. They built, and planted, and wrote till the end came, and then they went to heaven and others stepped into their places and took up the common work. It was indeed a "simple life": it was almost Arcadian in its picturesque simplicity, and, as Cardinal Newman says of the same life in the days of our Venerable Bede, it reminds us of those times in the dayspring of the world, when Adam delved and Abel watched the flocks, and Noah tended his vines, and angels visited them. This living belief in the nearness and all-importance of the supernatural is the key-note of Jocelin's charming story of a few brief years in the long history of an old English abbey, a new translation of which is here given to the public. As a story, however, Brakelond's "Chronicle" is not wholly, nor indeed mostly, either mysterious or incredible. "There are troubles, and trials, and difficulties enough recounted by the writer; and at every turn we may see evidence of human nature and even of human struggles and passions, which are sufficient, and as some may perhaps think, more than sufficient, to show us that it is a history of men, and not of angels, that the old monk is setting forth so naturally and so truthfully. At any rate, there is quite sufficient of the human element in the narrative to give most of us a human interest in the story. And this itself is proof that Jocelin is a true chronicler of what really took place, and no mere romancer tempted to edit or suppress entirely what might not be unto "edification." He manifests no desire to make himself or his brethren appear other than what they were in reality, that is, thorough Englishmen, with strong wills and human passions, which, though these same passions might occasionally appear to gain the mastery, they were at all times endeavouring to subdue unto God's service by the help of His Grace and through the broad-minded provisions of St. Benedict's Rule. The actors who appear in this living drama, though they are for the most part monks, are obviously men, natural and human enough in all their works and words; but these men are at the same time also monks, endeavouring to raise their minds and hearts to supernatural ideals, and striving to attain to that personal communion with God which is the aim and object of all true religion and of all religious observance and practice. This is "another world truly," writes Carlyle, "and this present poor distressed world might get some profit by looking wisely into it, instead of foolishly. But at lowest, O dilettante friend, let us know always that it was a world, and not a void infinite of grey haze with phantasms swimming in it. These old St. Edmundsbury walls, I say, were not peopled with phantasms, but with men of flesh and blood, made altogether as we are. Had thou and I then been, who knows but we ourselves had taken refuge from an evil Time and fled to dwell here, and meditate on an Eternity, in such fashion as we could " Alas, how like an old osseous fragment, a broken blackened shinbone of the old dead Ages, this black ruin looks out, not yet covered by the soil; still indicating what a once gigantic Life lies buried there "It is dead now, and dumb" but was alive once and spake For twenty generations, here was the earthly arena where painful living men worked out their life-wrestle, looked at by Earth, by Heaven and Hell. Bells tolled to prayers "and men of many humours, various thoughts, chanted Vespers and Matins; -- and round the little islet of their life rolled forever (as round ours still rolls, though we are blind and deaf) the illimitable Ocean, tinting all things with its eternal hues and reflexes, making strange prophetic music! How silent now!" The author, Jocelin de Brakelond, the writer of the chronicle called by his name, was a monk of Edmundsbury. The date of his birth is uncertain, but as he became a novice in that abbey in 1173, we may suppose that he was born not later than 1156. It has been conjectured that he was a native of Bury St. Edmunds, and that his name Brakelond was derived from that of an ancient street of the city, in accordance with the common practice of calling monks by the name of the place from which they came to religion. Little more is known about him than he tells us incidentally in the course of his narrative, but one of his contemporaries in the monastery speaks of him as "a man of excellent religious observance, as well as a power both in word and work, "eximiae religionis, potens sermone et otere." Carlyle sees him in his writing as a man of a "patient, peaceable, loving, clear-smiling nature." A "wise simplicity," he adds, "is in him; much natural sense; a veracity that goes deeper than words." What more can we desire in a writer, especially when we may add that he shows himself to have been a cultured man, acquainted with the ancient authors, quoting Virgil and Horace and Ovid? His knowledge of the Bible is naturally extensive, and, as was common in those days, his very phraseology is obviously founded upon the sacred text. He once likewise cites, with acknowledgment, a short passage from the more modern Ralph de Diceto's "Imagines Historiaruin." Our latter-day philosopher praises him also because he shows himself to have "a pleasant wit; and to love a timely joke, though in a mild subdued manner; very amiable to see." In AD 1173, as just noted, Jocelin entered the community and passed under the care of Samson of Tottington, who subsequently became abbot, but who was then Master of novices. The then abbot, Hugh, was old, and although a high standard of the religious exercises and of the monastic life inside the cloister was maintained, the temporalities were in a sad state, and year by year tended to get from bad to worse, so that Jocelin's early experiences of monastic life were connected with anxieties about the load of debt to moneylenders under which Edmundsbury groaned. He tells us that he had himself seen bonds for repayment made out to the Jews, under which, for failure to meet the sums falling due, the original loan had grown in eight years from £100 to £800. No wonder that the youthful religious questioned his Master of novices as to why some remedy was not found by those in authority for a state of things that meant temporal ruin and disgrace for the community of Edmundsbury. In 1180, Abbot Hugh met with an accident and died. After a period of a year and three months the former Master of novices, Samson, then the provident Sacrist, was chosen in his place. It was during this period of vacancy that, in recording something that happened in the monastery, Jocelin incidentally made mention of another literary work of his own, namely, the "Book of the Miracles of St. Robert," a boy supposed to have been martyred by the Jews in 1118, who was entombed in the church at Edmundsbury. On the election of Samson, Jocelin was appointed his chaplain, and this brought him into the closest connection with the abbot for six years. In 1198 and 12..
  19. Title: Wikiwand: Reading Abbey
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Reading_Abbey;
    Note: Reading Abbey is a large, ruined abbey in the center of the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. It was founded by Henry I in 1121 "for the salvation of my soul, and the souls of King William, my father, and of King William, my brother, and Queen Maud, my wife, and all my ancestors and successors." The traditions of the Abbey today is continued by the neighboring St James's Church, which is partly built using stones of the Abbey ruins. Reading Abbey was the focus of a major £3 million project called 'Reading Abbey Revealed' which conserved the ruins and Abbey Gateway and resulted in them being re-opened to the public on 16 June 2018. Alongside the conservation, new interpretation of the Reading Abbey Quarter was installed, including a new gallery at Reading Museum, and an extensive activity program. Abbey Ward of Reading Borough Council takes its name from Reading Abbey, which lies within its boundaries. History The abbey was founded by Henry I in 1121. As part of his endowments, he gave the abbey his lands within Reading, along with land at Cholsey, then in Berkshire, and Leominster in Herefordshire. He also arranged for further land in Reading, previously given to Battle Abbey by William the Conqueror, to be transferred to Reading Abbey, in return for some of his land at Appledram in Sussex. Following its royal foundation, the abbey was established by a party of monks from Cluny Abbey in Burgundy, together with monks from the Cluniac priory of St Pancras at Lewes in Sussex. The abbey was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St John the Evangelist. The first abbot, in 1123, was Hugh of Amiens who became archbishop of Rouen and was buried in Rouen Cathedral. According to the twelfth-century chronicler William of Malmesbury, the abbey was built on a gravel spur "between the rivers Kennet and Thames, on a spot calculated for the reception of almost all who might have occasion to travel to the more populous cities of England." The adjacent rivers provided convenient transport, and the abbey established wharves on the River Kennet. The Kennet also provided power for the abbey water mills, most of which were established on the Holy Brook, a channel of the Kennet of uncertain origin. When Henry I died in Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy, in 1135 his body was returned to Reading, and was buried in the front of the altar of the then-incomplete abbey. Other royal persons buried in the abbey include parts of Matilda of Scotland, William of Poitiers, and Constance of York. Because of its royal patronage, the abbey was one of the pilgrimage centers of medieval England, and one of its richest and most important religious houses, with possessions as far away as Herefordshire and Scotland. The abbey also held over 230 relics including the hand of St James. A shrivelled human hand was found in the ruins during demolition work in 1786 and is now in St Peter's RC Church, Marlow. The song Sumer is icumen in, which was first written down in the abbey about 1240, is the earliest known six-part harmony from Britain. The original document is held in the British Library. Reading Abbey was frequently visited by kings and others, most especially by Henry III who often visited three or four times a year staying several weeks on each visit. It also hosted important state events, including the meeting between Henry II and the Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1185, the wedding of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in 1359 and a meeting of Parliament in 1453. The abbey was mostly destroyed in 1583 during Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. The last abbot, Hugh Faringdon, was subsequently tried and convicted of high treason and hanged, drawn and quartered in front of the Abbey Church. After this, the buildings of the abbey were extensively robbed, with lead, glass and facing stones removed for reuse elsewhere. Some twenty years after the dissolution, Reading town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the former refectory of the hospitium of the abbey. The lower floor of this building continued to be used by Reading School, as it had been since 1486. For the next 200 years, the old monastic building continued to serve as Reading's town hall, but by the 18th century it was suffering from structural weakness. Between 1785 and 1786, the old hall was dismantled and replaced on the same site by the first of several phases of building that were to make up today's Reading Town Hall. Around 1787, Henry Seymour Conway removed a large amount of stone from the wall and used it to build Conway's Bridge near his home at Park Place outside Henley. St James' Church and School was built on a portion of the site of the abbey between 1837 and 1840. Its founder was James Wheble, who owned land in the area at that time. Reading Gaol was built in 1844 on the eastern portion of the abbey site, replacing a small county Gaol on the same site. James Wheble sold the rest of his portion of the abbey site to Reading Corporation to create the Forbury Gardens, which were opened in 1861. Other burials Henry fitzGerold Warin II fitzGerold Henry fitzGerold Remains Ruins The inner rubble cores of the walls of many of the major buildings of the abbey still stand. The only parts of the Abbey Church that still exist are fragments of the piers of the central tower, together with parts of transepts, especially the south transept. In a range to the south of this transept are, in order, the remains of the vestry, the chapter house, the infirmary passage and the ground floor of the dorter or monks dormitory and reredorter or toilet block. The best preserved of these ruins are those of the chapter house, which is apsidal and has a triple entrance and three great windows above. To the west of this range, the site of the cloister is laid out as a private garden and to the south is a surviving wall of the refectory. The ruins are Grade I listed and a Scheduled monument. Restoration The ruins have been repaired and maintained in a piecemeal fashion leading to their deterioration. In April 2008, the cloister arch, chapter house and treasury were closed to the public. Repair work began in March 2009 and was expected to take only a few weeks but the entire site was instead closed in May 2009 due to the risk of falling masonry. In late 2010, Reading Borough Council was reported as estimating that the ruins could cost £3m to repair, but it was also stated that the extent of the damage is yet to be determined. A survey was carried out in October 2010, using three-dimensional scans to build up a detailed view of each elevation, thus helping to identify the extent of the conservation required.[26] In April 2011 plans for an £8m revamp were unveiled, with the aim to create an Abbey Quarter cultural area in Reading. In June 2014 the Council secured initial funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF); more detailed plans for the project, Reading Abbey Revealed, were then developed and submitted to the HLF in September 2015. In October 2014, a temporary scaffold roof, not visible from ground level, was installed on the Gateway to allow the building to dry out until funding for more permanent repairs is secured. The HLF confirmed that the second round application had been successful in December 2015. The HLF supported the project with a grant of £1.77 million, with Reading Borough Council match funding of £1.38 million. Historic England provided additional grant funding for initial work to the Abbey gateway and the conservation of the refectory wall. Work began in September 2016 and the ruins re-opened to the public on 16 June 2018. Abbey Gateway The Abbey's Inner Gateway also known as the "Abbey Gateway" adjoins Reading Crown Court and Forbury Gardens. The Inner Gateway is one of only two buildings that survived the dissolution, the other being the Hospitium. The Inner Gateway marked the division between the area open to the public and the section accessible only to monks. The abbot used the gateway as a meeting area. Hugh Faringdon, the last abbot of Reading was hanged, drawn, and quartered outside the Abbey Gateway in 1539. In the late 18th century, it housed the Reading Abbey Girls' School, which was attended by the novelist Jane Austen. It was heavily restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott, after a partial collapse during a storm in 1861. The Abbey Gateway is Grade I listed building. In February 2010 the Gateway was temporarily closed and fencing erected when some of the decorative stonework came loose and fell into the street. Hospitium The abbey's hospitium, or dormitory for pilgrims, also survives. Known as the "Hospitium of St. John" and founded in 1189, the surviving building is the main building of a larger range of buildings that could accommodate 400 people. Much of the remainder of this range of buildings was located where Reading Town Hall now stands. The abbey school, which was founded in 1125, moved into the hospitium in 1485 as the Royal Grammar School of King Henry VII. The abbey school still survives in the form of Reading School, a state grammar school, albeit in different buildings on a different site. About 100 years after the abbey school occupied the hospitium, and after the dissolution of the monasteries, Reading town council created a new town hall by inserting an upper floor into the hospitium's refectory, leaving the lower floor to be used by the school. This was the home of the town's administration for about 200 years, but the old refectory building eventually became structurally unsound. Between 1785 and 1786, the refectory building was dismantled and replaced on the same site by the first of several phases of building that were to make up today's Town Hall. The main building of the hospitium survived this demolition, and after various other uses, has now been incorporated into an office development, and is occupied by a children's nursery. Abbey Mill Main article: Abbey Mill (River Kennet) Some remains of ..
  20. Title: "Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Vol. X: Oakham to Richmond, 2nd edition. (London, 1945)," Cokayne, George Edward and H.A. Doubleday et. al eds
    Author: INFORMATION Title No: 271412_10 Creator: Cokayne, George Edward, 1825-1911 Gibbs, Vicary Language: English Extent: v. Page Count: 996 Publisher: Digital FamilySearch International
    Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/57180-the-complete-peerage-of-england-scotland-ireland-great-britain-and-the-united-kingdom-extant-extinct-or-dormant-vol-10?viewer=1&offset=0#page=976&viewer=picture&o=search&n=0&q=Henry%20de%20Essex;
    Note: .. that Alice’s husband was an otherwise unknown son of that Robert and brother of Henry de Essex... ..., p. 107). Dr. Farrer makes Alice the wife of Robert de Essex in one passage, of Henry de Essex... ... at Colne and another Colne and Roding.(°) She m., Istly, Geoflirey de Mandeville, Ist Earl of Essex... ... of Norfolk; zndly, Walkelin Maminot (see NORFOLK). (iv) m. Roger de Raimes, lord of Rayne (Essex).(8) V... ... Dominobus, p. 7.7). Probably he had come to the conclusion that Gunnor de Essex, who occurs in connexion.... View 976 .... with the Countess of Oxford who was the daughter of Henry de Essex (styled “Lucia” or “Lucy” by Dugdale... ... of Henry de Essex, Baron of Ralegh, the King's Constable” (Book of Colne Priory, as cited by Weever, op... ... of Henry de Essex, as stated in the 1st edition of this work, for Henry had 3 sons (Stowe MS. 935... ..., no. 97; Dugdale, Mon., vol. iv, p. 82). (0) Henry de Essex was son (by his 1st wife, Gunnor Bigod... ... Bishop of London and Henry de Essex was disgraced in 1163, the year must be 1163 or 1164.). (8.... View 218 ....) in Essex, Lavenham (Sufiblk) and Kensington (Midx.). II. OTHER LINES OF I/ERE In England two other... ... lines of Vere emerged from obscurity under Henry I, but soon came to an end. There is no evidence... ..., they are mentioned briefly here, ezwendi eausa: [L] Guy de Vere, who held of the fee of Arsic,(') was father... ... of Guy de Vere, living I 187, whose da. and h. Gundred m. Adam, s. of Robert de Goushill, the issue... ... of this marriage taking the name of Vere.(8) V [IL] Robert de Vere, who was s. of Bernard de Vere.... View 971 .... Henry de Veres: (1) His cousin, Henry de Vere of Drayton, s. of Robert, brother of the .ISt Earl V.C.H... ...., Northants, vol. iii, p. I 56). This was presumably the Henry de Vere who was Con­ stable of Gisors... ... in I 186 (Gesta Hmrici, vol. i, p. 354), and who slew Henry de Vaux for speaking insultingly of his... ...) Henry de Vere, who obtained Mut­ ford (Sufiblk) by marriage with Maud, da. and coh. of Osbert de Cailly... ..., Robert FitzRoger, elder son of Alice de Essex (sister of the 1st Earl of Oxford), by her 2nd.... View 977 .... of the Honor of John the Steward.(°) He was given charge of the Honor of Haughley forfeited by Henry de Essex... ... the Constable and two by Henry de Essex.(1) Geoffrey m., Istly, (-—),widow of Warin FitzGerold... ... charter for Colne and Robert de Vere’s charter for Monks Horton, and he witnessed a charter of Henry... ...) He attested a charter of his nephew William, Earl of Essex, for his sister Alice,(1|) 4. charters... ... for Colne Priory granted respectively by his brother Aubrey, his uncle Roger, Hubert de Munchensy.... View 973 .... marriage; for his barony and oflices passed to Henry de Essex, who in a charter for Monks Horton describes... ... abovenamed, who attested a charter of Robert de Essex.(1) (V) William abovenamed. Aubrey probably had... ...., vol. iii, pp. 250-51. Accordingly Henry’s wife Cecily cannot have been the da. and h. of Robert de... .... of Hugh and sister of Robert de Montfort.(b) He must have of.:.p.s.,(°) at least of the Montfort... ... his prede­ cessors as “Antecessores mei Hugo de Muntfort et Robertus filius ejus”; but when confirming.... View 972 ....); and/or the Gilbert de Vere who circa I 179 attested a charter of Henry II for the Earl of Essex at Winchester... ... was father of Henry de Essex, whose da. Agnes m., as his 3rd wife, the 1st Earl of Oxford... ... of William, Earl of Essex, for Colchester Abbey,(°) and a charter of Aleaume de Burgate for Hatfield.(f... ... (Essex). She m., Istly, as his 2nd wife, Robert de Essex, lord of Rayleigh, for whose soul... ... (Delisle-Berger, Reeueil alesxlctes de Henri II, no. dxlvii). (8) Dugdale, Mon., vol. vi, p. 799.... View 975 ....), forfeited in 1163 by her father, Henry de Essex (ante, p. 206, note “ ° ”... ... Theinard and Henry were each styled castellanus,they were merely constables of the castle of Bourbourg... ... the Constable of Bourbourg. Henry :1. probably circa 1152 and was bur. at St. Bertin. ('1) IX. THE COUNTESS... ... of the Count of Perche.(8) (3) Henry was trying to succour the Count, who was killed while praying before... ....). It may be noted that Jocelin of Louvain, br. of Henry I’s 2nd wife, adhered to the Flemish term.... View 980 .... before 1086 by Suein de Essex (Domesday Baal»,vol. ii, p. 43), son of Robert FitzWimarc, the foreign... ... until the forfeiture of Henry dc Essex, ~ the Constable, in 1163. See Fry, Essex Arch. Soc. Trans... ...RAYLEIGH 74.9 I cr., 18 July 1821,('*)BARONESS RAYLEIGH OF TERLING PLACE, co. Essex,(b) with rem... ..., and for Okehampton, 1826-30; D.L. for Essex. He was for many years Lieut.—Col.of the West Essex Militia (Col. 182 I... ... July 1814.; B.A. 1818; M.A. 1821; Major in the Eastern Battn. of Essex Militia (resigned I 832.... View 761 .... the author states that his father was Aubrey de Vere, the Chamberlain of King Henry, and that his mother... ...118 APPENDIX J Alice, who married John, the Constable of Chester, was the daughter of Alice de... ... Essex, sister of the Ist Earl of Oxford,(**)almost certainly by her 2nd husband, Roger FitzRichard.(b... ...) It is not surprising that she was supposed to be a Vere, for she was actually styled Alice de Vere... ... of the sons of Aubrey II it has been assumed that Round was right in identifying William de Vere.... View 978 Page : 1 ================================================= .... domina Petre de Westhorndon co Essex, alias . . . . uxor Johannis Petre de Westhorndon predict’ militis... ... Temple27Apr. I 567,(°) sue. his father 13 Jan. I571/2;(d) Sheriff of Essex I 575-76; knighted I 576... ...; M.P. for Essex I 584-87; and Lord Lieut. of that county.(°) He was cr., 21 July 1603, BARON PETRE... ..., of Writtle, co. Essex.(f) He 111., I7 Apr. I 570, at Ingatestone, Mary, Ist da. of Sir Edward... ... WALDEGRAVE, of Borley, Essex, by Frances, da. of Sir Edward NEVILL. She d. I I, and was bur. 29 Aug. 1604.... View 518 .... Montfitchet was son of William de Montfitchet by the Earl’s sister Margaret (Round, Essex Arch. Soc... ... escheated to the Crown, but was given by Henry I to William de Mont­ fitchet; which gave rise to the belief... ... to his nephew, Gilbert de Montfitchet,(b) and as such became involved in a dispute with Gloucester Abbey... ..., COUNTor VERMANDOIS, yr. s. of Henry I, King of France, which Isabel (Countess of Meulan) m., zndly... ..., William de Warenne, and Earl of Surrey.(1) Gilbert d. probably 6 Jan. I 147/ 8, or possibly (8) He.... View 363 .....(*’) III. 1176. 3. GILBERT DE STRIGOIL,(°) de jure EARL or PEM­ BROKE,only s. and h.,(f) 5. I173, sue... ... the death of Henry II, 6 July SIGI . . . RICARDIFILII GILLEBERTI; counterseal also similar, with 6... ... for Bertram son of Thierry, alias Bertram de Barwe (Barrow) (Cal. Charter Rally, vol. i, p. 72, no. 3... ...); and confirmed the gift of William de Dudeford and his sons to Biddlesdon Abbey (Wagner, ut supra). He... ... granted Raglan to Walter Bloet (Wood, op. eit., p. 59). (9') Comitissa de Hybernia est de donatione.... View 369 ...., and elsewhere by Alan son of Ralph and his mother Agnes, the grant being confirmed by Henry I and Count... ... Aubrey and his heirs the lordship of Spains Hall in Finchingfield, Essex.(f) In or shortly before I I 39... ... and removed to St. Stephen’s Chapel, Bures. The upper bears the inscription “Albericus de Ver”; the lower... ... coenobiis, quae ipsa cum viro suo instituit, ad patrocinium tuum confugit (William de Vere, in Leland, op... ...,” as supposed by Round (Geoflrey de Mandwille, p. 390). She was a benefactor to St. Osyth’s (Cal.... View 211 ..... (8) His name appears in the Empress Maud’s charters for the Earl of Essex and Aubrey de Vere... ... de: Arte: de Henri II, no. Lv1"; Round, Peerage Studies, pp. 169-70).... ... the King on his progress to the north ;(°) after which Stephen sent him, with the Earl of Essex... ... to 1140 (Essex Arch. Soc. Tramn, N.S., vol. v, p. 140), but which can be assigned confidently to June... ... charter for Earl Geoffrey, granted on this occasion (Round, Geaflrey de Mandeville, pp. 136-38, 140-44.... View 362 ....PEROT 4.73 PEROT, PIROT, PYROT(‘) Pmor in 1086 had large holdings in Essex, SuH"olk,Beds and Cambs... ..., was enfeoffed of 6 knights’ fees in Kent by William d’Aubigny, Pineerna, in the time of Henry I... ..., aunt (avuneula) of William de Watevill, he granted to Bermondsey Abbey the church of Beddington... ..., Surrey.(8) His widow probably 771., zndly, Ingram DE FoN'r£NAYs.(h) RALPH PIROT, Alan's successor... ... of Eudo (Eoun) Dapifer in Hawkwell, Essex, and Glemham, Sufi. (Domesday Baa/E,vol. ii, ff. 50, 4.03 b.... View 485 ..... She was possiblyan elder da. of Henry de Hastinges (grandfather of the first Lord Hastinges... ... of Henry de Hastinges, should not marry before the King’s return from abroad (Idem, 1253-54., p. 162... ... Gestingthorpe, Essex, for life with reversion to the King (Idem, p. 325). The reason for this surrender... ...). In 1254. it was Gilbert Pecche who undertook, to the King’s Council, that Ada de Hastinges, sister... ... . . . de Bernewelle, p. 86. He was a benefactor of Sibton Abbey (Cal. Charter Rolls, 1300-26, p. 4.58.... View 348 .... and the salvation of the soul of his brother Henry de Vere he gave the abbey 5 solidates of revenue from London... ... and sister of Walter DE BOLEBEC,(3) coh. to her niece Isabel, Countess of Oxford,(h) and widow of I... ...-Ienfy DE NoNAN'r.(i) He d. (5) Histoire des Dues, pp. 171, 182; W. Coventry, pp. 231, 235. (b) On 30... ... the cortége at Staines (Hist. de Guillaume de Maréchal, ed. Meyer, I. 19010). (<1)Rot. Lit. Claus., vol... .... i, pp. 444, 474; Patent Rolls, 1216-25, p. 271; Cart. Mon. de Rameseia (Rolls Ser.), vol. ii, pp.... View 224 .... youngest brother William, he gave two ploughlands to Abingdon Abbey.(b)~ As Aubrey de Vere... ...
  21. Title: David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History: Trial by Combat at Reading
    Author: Edited from W. M. Childs' "The Story of the Town of Reading" (1905)
    Note: Trial by Combat at Reading Fight [Almost] to the Death In 1163, a notable duel took place at Reading. Some years before, when King Henry II was fighting the Welsh, part of his army fell into a panic because, it was said, Henry of Essex, the King's standard-bearer, dropped the standard and cried out falsely that the King had been slain. If he did this, it was a coward's act; and Robert of Montfort, his kinsman, declared that he did do it, and was both coward and traitor. Essex denied these charges, so the King said that they must fight it out and settle who was right by single combat. And the King directed that the fight should take place at Reading, on the island in the River Thames below Caversham Bridge. Here, then, one day in April, 1163, a great concourse of people assembled. The King himself was there, and with him many of his nobles. Essex and Montfort were ferried over to the island, and were bidden to fight out their quarrel. Let God judge between them! After a furious fight, during which Robert of Montfort "thundered on him manfully with hard and frequent strokes," Henry of Essex fell, wounded, as was thought, to death. The King turned to the monks of Reading, and bade them carry away the body of the traitor and bury it. But the monks found that Henry of Essex was not dead. Under their care he at length recovered from his wounds. Yet because he was now held to be a coward and a traitor to the King his estates were taken from him. Nor could he bear the gaze of men for shame. And so he stayed on with the kindly monks, and became a monk himself. Thus he who had been the standard-bearer of Henry Plantagenet passed from the eyes of the world, and ended his life a forgotten monk within the walls of Reading Abbey. In after days Henry of Essex used to say that he had been defeated because, at the height of the combat, the figures of St. Edmund the Martyr, and of a certain knight, both of whom he had formerly wronged, appeared to frown upon him in a terrifying manner "on the border of the land and the water."
  22. Title: Wikiwand: Haughley
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Haughley;
    Note: Haughley is an historic village in the English county of Suffolk, about two miles from Stowmarket. Mentioned in the Domesday Book, it was the site of a castle, a church on the pilgrim's route to Bury St Edmunds Abbey, and a market. Adjacent farms on the north side of the village were also home to one of the first studies of organic farming and the first headquarters of the Soil Association. About Haughley Haughley is about 2 miles (3.2 km) miles northwest of Stowmarket, overlooking the River Rat and the Gipping valley, next to the A14 corridor. The parish anciently divided into the four divisions of Haughley Green, Old Street, New Street and Tothill, with a population of 1638 at 2011. The original 120 acres of Haughley Green, north of the main village, were enclosed in 1854 and dissected by the main railway line from London Liverpool Street to Peterborough. The village has evidence of neolithic, pagan, Iron Age, Roman and Saxon settlements and was first mentioned (as Hag'e'le) in the will of Leofgifu, a Saxon noblewoman, in 1040.[6] Leofgifu bequeathed Haughley to her only daughter who may eventually have become the wife of Guthmund, the holder of Haughley in 1066 (Guthmund was the brother of Wulfric, 'a kinsman' of Edward the Confessor, appointed Bishop of Ely c. 1052-63). Haughley is mentioned in the Domesday Survey of 1086 as Hagala being held by Hugh de Montfort, having formerly been held by the Saxon lord Guthmund for Edward. A medieval market town and site of a royal fortress, Haughley prospered till the Tudor period then went into decline further compounded by a fire in the early 1700s at which it is said “out of the ashes of Haughley, Stowmarket arose.” Through the Victorian period to the present day the village has grown and was connected to water and sewerage with the addition of local authority housing at the instigation of the infamous and controversial Rev Walter Grainge White in the 1920s following the description of Haughley and its open sewers by the Daily Mail in 1928 as “the fever pit of the kingdom.” Buildings Castle Main article: Haughley Castle Haughley Castle is considered one of the best preserved motte and bailey earthworks in Suffolk. The castle was built by Hugh de Montfort following the conquest of 1066 over the previous footprint of the fortified hall of the Saxon lord Guthmund, killed at the Battle of Hastings. King Henry II entrusted the castle to Ranulf de Broc (who had a part in the murder of Thomas Becket). In the Revolt of 1173–74 by Henry II's sons against their father, Robert de Beaumont, the Earl of Leicester, captured the castle for the rebels and demolished it in October 1173 following a short and fierce battle by smoking the occupants out of the keep by piling brushwood against the building. The dead were buried in a mass grave to the east of the castle site. However it was subsequently partially rebuilt, and was granted by Richard I to his niece Matilda of Saxony who had married Geoffrey of Perche in 1189. King Edward II spent some days at Haughley in January 1326 during a journey to Bury St Edmunds, South Elmham and Norwich. During the later 1300s it was occupied by Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk (granted the Manor in 1337) before falling into disuse in the 15th century when the De La Poles built Wingfield Castle. Haughley Park mansion was built in the early 17th century in what was then royal hunting park of the Castle. The castle motte is 210 feet (64 m) wide at the base and 80 feet (24 m) tall. The bailey is rectangular, 390 feet (120 m) by 300 feet (91 m) across, with the entrance on the west side. The outer bailey exists in earthworks around the village called The Folly which are part of the prehistoric and Iron Age statements of the village. During an archaeological investigation in October 2010-March 2011 and February–April 2012, carved stone and other masonry were recovered from the Keep. Three Cedar of Lebanon trees (planted by Richard Ray in the 18th century when he "inexplicably" cleared the site) now sit atop the keep forming a landmark. Church Haughley Parish Church (a Grade I listed building) is an example of an early English medieval Church on the site of a Saxon and Norman chapel mentioned in the Domesday Survey. It is dedicated to the "Assumption of the Virgin Mary" and a fair was held annually in August to celebrate this until its abolition in 1871. The first recorded priest was an Italian, John de Monte Luelli, in the early 13th century. The church was endowed to Hailes Abbey by Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall and "King of the Romans" (1257-1272) in thanks to God for his survival at sea. Prior to the reformation the church was on the "Pilgrims Way" to the Shrine of St Edmund at Bury St Edmunds Abbey. Visitors would worship at the Chapel of the Holy Cross in Haughley which contained a piece of the true cross of Christ in return for a papal remission of their sins. It remained under the patronage of Hailes Abbey until 1537 following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The church contains many memorials and hatchments to the Ray, Crawford, Smythe and Ward families as well as remains of medieval stained glass and a fine carved roof. The south tower (c. 1330) contains five bells dating back to the medieval period. The most recent church clock was erected in 1903, a gift of the Bevan family. Previous clocks had been erected from 1697 onwards replacing a public sundial removed by the Woods family. The flagpole on the church tower was erected and gifted by the Palmer family in 2002 to mark the Queen's Golden Jubilee. The current vicar is the Rev Brin Singleton. A United Reformed Church chapel formerly worshipped regularly in the village and now works closely with the Church of England in Haughley. Other prominent buildings In and around Haughley are many thatched, painted and listed buildings; these include: Haughley Park mansion (a Grade I listed building), built in the 17th century (c. 1620) for the Sulyard family (replacing their house at nearby Wetherden) following service to Queen Mary I. After a devastating fire in 1961 during its restoration, it has been the home of the Williams family since the mid 1960s. The Barn and grounds are used for conferences and weddings. Antrim House and the Old Counting House (a Grade II* Listed Building), dating back to the 14th century. It is described as “the stall” within its deeds and contains a rare triple arched medieval shop front. The part of the building containing the restaurant was the general store for 300 years until the early 1980s before conversion to a restaurant. Chilton and Mulbra House (a Grade II Listed Building), formerly the Guildhall (though its construction appears to post-date the dissolution of the guilds in 1545) with an impressive queen post roof and a painting of St Blaise Dial Farmhouse (c. 1550; a Grade II Listed Building)[25] has a carved porch believed to be from the village of Mendlesham depicting deer and Tudor roses New Bells Farmhouse (a Grade II Listed Building), a Tudor moated farm (c. 1530) and possibly once a Dane settlement. The farm was also one of the sites used in the organic farming study, the Haughley Experiment, from 1939. Nearby Walnut Tree Manor was from 1946 to 1985 headquarters of the Soil Association. The White House known locally as “The Ark” (a Grade II Listed Building) overlooking the village green, formerly Crown Hall, was built in 1527 by charter of Henry VIII for Roger Bell, a close friend of the King and "Yeoman of the Keeper of the Kings Cellar." It is reputed that the house was built from smuggled sales of wool out of England and silks into England. The grounds with its orchards and residence are within the site of the outer bailey of Haughley Castle and of the original Iron Age and Prehistoric settlements of the village. The front was remodeled in the Georgian style in the 1850s and it was prior to that it was the home of John Ebden, a surgeon and veteran of the American War of Independence, and of the Rev Samuel Christmas Browne, author of Trinity College, Dublin, when it was known as the Gipping & Shelland Parsonage whose advowson was in the gift of the Tyrell family until 1892. The Maltings within the grounds were sold to become a Village Hall in 1907. Since then it has been the residence of the Palmer family for the past six generations and whom have been resident in Haughley since Tudor times and who are Lords of the Manor of Eye and Constable of Eye Castle. From 1973 to 1990 the property housed a Bakery & Village Museum, one of three in Europe, founded by Roy Palmer. Open for local groups, fetes and charities the museum closed in 1990 and the Palmer Family Trust became the current repository and archive for Haughley village history. The grounds are open from time to time to raise funds for local charities. Plashwood House - built in 1901 and the residence of the Bevan family since 1907. The previous house - home of the Ray and Tyrrell families - burned down. The garden cottage is a remnant of this original building. Public houses, businesses and other facilities Haughley once possessed many inns and public houses. The Kings Arms is the last remaining in the village. Pubs that have now closed include The Fox, The White Horse, The Railway Tavern, The Crown, The Globe, The Angel, The Mulberry Tree, The Hen, The Cock as well as many other beer houses. The village post office is one of the oldest in the United Kingdom in continuous use, opening in 1848, with Jasper Pritty its first postmaster. He was succeeded by Alfred Woods (from 1896 to 1936) then the Edwards family. Additionally the village has a veterinary surgeons, a Co-op store, hairdressers, second-hand furniture shop and an Indian restaurant. A butchers, newsagents, electrical store, greengrocers, general store and fish and chip shop closed after many years in the 1990s. Haughley Crawford's Primary School is situated adjacent to the church (it takes its name from William..
  23. Title: Wikiwand: Anglo-Normans
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Anglo-Normans;
    Note: The Anglo-Normans were the medieval ruling class in England, composed mainly of a combination of ethnic Anglo-Saxons, Normans and French, following the Norman conquest. A small number of Normans had earlier befriended future Anglo-Saxon King of England, Edward the Confessor, during his exile in his mother's homeland of Normandy. When he returned to England some of them went with him, and so there were Normans already settled in England prior to the conquest. Following the death of Edward, the powerful Anglo-Saxon noble, Harold Godwinson, acceded to the English throne until his defeat by William, Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans came from the duchy of Normandy in the kingdom of France. They formed a ruling class in Britain, distinct from (although inter-marrying with) the native populations. Over time their language evolved from the continental Old Norman to the distinct Anglo-Norman language. Anglo-Normans quickly established control over all of England, as well as parts of Wales (the Cambro-Normans). After 1130, parts of southern and eastern Scotland came under Anglo-Norman rule (the Scoto-Normans), in return for their support of David I's conquest. The Norman conquest of Ireland in 1169 saw Anglo-Normans (or Cambro-Normans) settle vast swaths of Ireland, becoming the Hiberno-Normans. The composite expression regno Norman-Anglorum for the Anglo-Norman kingdom that comprises Normandy and England appears contemporaneously only in the Hyde Chronicle.[1] Norman conquest Main article: Norman conquest of England The Norman conquest of England, being a conquest by a people whose tongue and institutions were different from those of the English in many aspects, was an event of an altogether different character from the Danish conquest, a conquest by a people whose tongue was more akin to those of the English, but whose religion was pagan. The English were Catholic and shared this religion with the Normans and they had already an influence in England, before the conquest. Furthermore, the relationships between the sailors from both sides of the English channel had maintained a certain common culture. The Normans were not a homogeneous group springing from Scandinavian stock, but mostly hailed from a region of France known as Normandy (Romanized "Gallo-Franks"). The Normans who invaded England did it with a strong contingent from a wide cross-section of northwestern and central France, from Maine, Anjou, Brittany, Flanders, Poitou and "France" (today Ile-de-France), altogether non-Norman men accounted for more than a quarter of the army at Hastings. In terms of culture, they represented the Northern French civilisation, who mostly only spoke French and other Langues d'oïl. The Norman settlers felt no community with the earlier Danish settlers, despite the fact that the Normans were themselves partly descendants of the Danish Vikings. However, in their own army, they did not even feel any sense of community with the Poitou, the Bretons, and other groups that had different dialects (or in the case of the Bretons and Flemish, a different language) and traditions. The association between these different troops was only occasional and corresponds to an immediate necessity for the Norman ruler. In fact, the Normans met with the steadiest resistance in a part of England that was the most influenced by the Danish. Ousting the Danish leaders who recently conquered parts of England and provided some of the stiffest resistance to the Normans, and largely replacing the powerful English territorial magnates, while co-opting the most powerful of them, the Normans imposed a new political structure that is broadly termed "feudal" (historians debate whether pre-Norman England should be considered a "feudal" government – indeed, the entire characterization of Feudalism is under some dispute). Many of the English nobles lost lands and titles; the lesser thegns and others found themselves dispossessed of lands and titles. A number of free "geburs" had their rights and court access much decreased, becoming unfree 'villeins," despite the fact that this status did not exist in Normandy itself (compared to other "French" regions). At the same time, many of the new Norman and Northern-France magnates were distributed lands by the King that had been taken from the English nobles. Some of these magnates used their original French-derived names, with the prefix 'de,' meaning they were lords of the old fiefs in France, and some instead dropped their original names and took their names from new English holdings. The Norman conquest of England brought Britain and Ireland into the orbit of the European continent, especially what remained of Roman-influenced language and culture. If the earlier Anglo-Saxon England was tied to local traditions, the England emerging from the Conquest owed a debt to the Romance languages and the culture of ancient Rome, that was not so important before the Conquest, but was maintained at a high level by the English Catholic Church and the clerks of England. It transmitted itself in the emerging feudal world that took its place. That heritage can be discerned in language, incorporating shards of the French language and the Roman past, in architecture, in the emerging Romanesque (Norman) architecture, and in a new feudal structure erected as a bulwark against the chaos that overtook the Continent following the collapse of Roman authority and the subsequent Dark Ages. The England that emerged from the Conquest was a decidedly different place, but one that had been opened up to the sweep of outside influences. Military impact The Norman conquest of England also signalled a revolution in military styles and methods. The old Anglo-Saxon military elite began to emigrate, especially the generation next younger to that defeated at Hastings, who had no particular future in a country controlled by the conquerors. William (and his son, William Rufus), encouraged them to leave, as a security measure. The first to leave went mostly to Denmark and many of these moved on to join the Varangian Guard in Constantinople. The Anglo-Saxons as a whole, however, were not demilitarized; this would have been impractical. Instead, William arranged for the Saxon infantry to be trained up by Norman cavalry in anti-cavalry tactics. This led quickly to the establishment of an Anglo-Norman army made up of Norman horsemen of noble blood, Saxon infantrymen often of equally noble blood, assimilated English freemen as rank-and-file, and foreign mercenaries and adventurers from other parts of the Continent. The younger Norman aristocracy showed a tendency towards Anglicization, adopting such Saxon styles as long hair and mustaches, upsetting the older generation. (Note that the Anglo-Saxon "cniht" did not take the sense of the French "chevalier" before the latest period of Middle English. John Wycliffe (1380s) uses the term "knyytis" generically for men-at-arms, and only in the 15th century did the word acquire the overtones of a noble cavalryman corresponding to the meaning of "chevalier"). The Anglo-Norman conquest in the 12th century brought Norman customs and culture to Ireland. Norman-Saxon conflict The degree of subsequent Norman-Saxon conflict (as a matter of conflicting social identities) is a question disputed by historians. The 19th-century view was of intense mutual resentment, reflected in the popular legends of Robin Hood and the novel Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott. Some residual ill-feeling is suggested by contemporary historian Orderic Vitalis, who in Ecclesiastical Historii (1125) wrote in praise of native English resistance to "William the Bastard" (William I of England). In addition, a fine called the "murdrum," originally introduced to English law by the Danes under Canute, was revived, imposing on villages a high (46 mark/~£31) fine for the secret killing of a Norman (or an unknown person who was, under the murdrum laws, presumed to be Norman unless proven otherwise). In order to secure Norman loyalty during his conquest, William I rewarded his loyal followers by taking English land and redistributing it to his knights, officials, and the Norman aristocracy. In turn, the English hated him, but the king retaliated ruthlessly with his military force to subdue the rebellions and discontentment. Mike Ashley writes on this subject; "he [William I] may have conquered them [the English], but he never ruled them." Not all of the Anglo-Saxons immediately accepted him as their legitimate king. Whatever the level of dispute, over time, the two populations intermarried and merged. Eventually, even this distinction largely disappeared in the course of the Hundred Years War, and by the 14th century Normans identified themselves as English, having been fully assimilated into the emerging English population. However, some, like William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke, felt already English in the 12th century. Wales Main article: Cambro-Norman The Normans also led excursions into Wales from England and built multiple fortifications as it was one of William's ambitions to subdue the Welsh as well as the English, however he was not entirely successful. Afterwards, however, the border area known as the Marches was set up and Norman influence increased steadily. Encouraged by the invasion, monks (usually from France or Normandy) such as the Cistercian Order also set up monasteries throughout Wales. By the 15th century a large number of Welsh gentry, including Owain Glyndŵr, had some Norman ancestry. The majority of knights who invaded Ireland were also from or based in Wales (see below). Ireland Main article: Hiberno-Norman Anglo-Norman barons also settled in Ireland from the 12th century, initially to support Irish regional kings such as Diarmuid Mac Murchadha whose name has arrived in modern English as Dermot MacMurrough. Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, known as "Strongbow," was the leader of the Anglo-No..
  24. Title: Wikiwand: Trial by combat
    Author: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Publication: Name: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Trial_by_combat;
    Note: Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right. In essence, it was a judicially sanctioned duel. It remained in use throughout the European Middle Ages, gradually disappearing in the course of the 16th century. Origins Unlike trial by ordeal in general, which is known to many cultures worldwide, trial by combat is known primarily from the customs of the Germanic peoples. It was in use among the ancient Burgundians, Ripuarian Franks, Alamans, Lombards, and Swedes. It was unknown in Anglo-Saxon law, Roman law and Irish Brehon Law and it does not figure in the traditions of Middle Eastern antiquity such as the code of Hammurabi or the Torah. The practice is regulated in various Germanic legal codes. Being rooted in Germanic tribal law, the various regional laws of the Frankish Empire (and the later Holy Roman Empire) prescribed different particulars, such as equipment and rules of combat. The "Lex Alamannorum" ("recension Lantfridana" 81, dated to 712–730 AD) prescribes a trial by combat in the event of two families disputing the boundary between their lands. A handful of earth taken from the disputed piece of land is put between the contestants and they are required to touch it with their swords, each swearing that their claim is lawful. The losing party besides forfeiting their claim to the land is required to pay a fine. Capitularies governing its use appear from the year 803 onward. Louis the Pious prescribed combat between witnesses of each side, rather than between the accuser and the accused, and briefly allowed for the Ordeal of the Cross in cases involving clerics. In medieval Scandinavia, the practice survived throughout the Viking Age in the form of the Holmgang. An unusual variant, the marital duel, involved combat between a husband and wife, with the former physically handicapped in some way. The loser was killed. Holy Roman Empire Otto the Great in 967 expressly sanctioned the practice of Germanic tribal law even if it did not figure in the more "imperial" Roman law. The celebrated case of Gero, Count of Alsleben, is a good example. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 deprecated judicial duels, and Pope Honorius III in 1216 asked the Teutonic order to cease its imposition of judicial duels on their newly converted subjects in Livonia. For the following three centuries, there was latent tension between the traditional regional laws and Roman law. The "Sachsenspiegel" of 1230 recognizes the judicial duel as an important function to establish guilt or innocence in cases of insult, injury or theft. The combatants are armed with sword and shield, and may wear linen and leather clothing, but their head and feet must be bare and their hands only protected by light gloves. The accuser is to await the accused at the designated place of combat. If the accused does not appear after being summoned three times, the accuser may execute two cuts and two stabs against the wind, and his matter will be treated as if he had won the fight. The "Kleines Kaiserrecht," an anonymous legal code of c. 1300, prohibits judicial duels altogether, stating that the emperor had come to this decision on seeing that too many innocent men were convicted by the practice just for being physically weak. Nevertheless, judicial duels continued to be popular throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. Trial by combat plays a significant role in the German schools of fencing in the 15th century. Notably, Hans Talhoffer depicts techniques to be applied in such duels, separately for the Swabian (sword and shield) and Franconian (mace and shield) variants, although other "Fechtbücher" such as that of Paulus Kal and the "Codex Wallerstein" show similar material. While commoners were required to present their case to a judge before duelling, members of the nobility did have the right to challenge each other for duels without the involvement of the judiciary, so that duels of this kind were separate from the judicial duel already in the Middle Ages and were not affected by the latter's abolition in the early 16th century by Emperor Maximilian I, evolving into the gentlemanly duel of modern times which was outlawed only as late as in the 19th century. Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 "Thott" codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder, treason, heresy, desertion of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of abduction), perjury/fraud and rape. Great Britain and Ireland "Wager of battle," as the trial by combat was called in English, appears to have been introduced into the common law of the Kingdom of England following the Norman Conquest and remained in use for the duration of the High and Late Middle Ages. The last certain trial by battle in England occurred in 1446: a servant accused his master of treason, and the master drank too much wine before the battle and was slain by the servant. In Scotland and Ireland, the practice was continued into the sixteenth century. In 1446 a trial by combat was arranged between two quarreling Irish magnates, James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde and the Prior of Kilmainham, but King Henry VI intervened personally to persuade them to settle their differences peacefully. The wager of battle was not always available to the defendant in an appeal of murder. If the defendant were taken in the "mainour" (that is, in the act of committing his crime), if he attempted to escape from prison, or if there was such strong evidence of guilt that there could be no effective denial, the defendant could not challenge. Similarly, if the plaintiff was a woman, above 60 years of age, a minor, lame or blind, they could decline the challenge, and the case would be determined by a jury. Peers of the realm, priests, and citizens of the City of London (the last pursuant to their guarantee of ancient liberties under Magna Carta) could also decline the battle if challenged. If the actual battle took place, it would occur in judicial lists, 60 feet (18 m) square, following the taking of oaths against witchcraft and sorcery. If the defendant was defeated and still alive, he was to be hanged on the spot. However, if he defeated his opponent, or if he were able to fend off his opponent from sunrise to sunset, he would go free. If the plaintiff said the word craven ("I am vanquished") and gave up the fight, he was to be declared infamous, deprived of the privileges of a freeman, and was liable for damages to his successful opponent. Middle Ages The earliest case in which wager of battle is recorded was Wulfstan v. Walter (1077), eleven years after the Conquest. Significantly, the names of the parties suggest that it was a dispute between a Saxon and a Norman. The Tractatus of Glanvill, from around 1187, appears to have considered it the chief mode of trial, at least among aristocrats entitled to bear arms. Around 1219, trial by jury replaced trial by ordeal, which had been the mode of proof for crown pleas since the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. With the emergence of the legal profession in the thirteenth century, lawyers, guarding the safety of the lives and limbs of their clients, steered people away from the wager of battle. A number of legal fictions were devised to enable litigants to avail themselves of the jury even in the sort of actions that were traditionally tried by wager of battle. The practice of averting trial by combat led to the modern concept of attorneys representing litigants. Civil disputes were handled differently from criminal cases. In civil cases, women, the elderly, the infirm of body, minors, and—after 1176—the clergy could choose a jury trial or could have champions named to fight in their stead. Hired champions were technically illegal but are obvious in the record. A 1276 document among Bishop Swinefield's household records makes the promise to pay Thomas of Brydges an annual retainer fee for acting as champion, with additional stipend and expenses paid for each fight. In criminal cases, an "approver" was often chosen from the accomplices of the accused or from a prison to do the fighting for the crown. Approvers sometimes were given their freedom after winning five trials but sometimes were hanged anyway. In practice, a person facing trial by combat was assisted by a second, often referred to as a squire. The role of the squire was to attend the battle and to arrange the particulars of the ceremony with the opposing squire. Over time, squires would meet and resolve the disputes during negotiations over combat. Ample time was made for this by creating a process for checking the saddle and bridle of horses for prayer scrolls and enchantments and requiring litigants to exchange gloves (the origin of "throwing down the gauntlet") and sometimes to go to separate churches and give five pence (for the five wounds of Christ) to the church. Early trials by combat allowed a variety of weapons, particularly for knights. Later, commoners were given war hammers, cudgels, or quarterstaves with sharp iron tips. The duelling ground was typically sixty feet square. Commoners were allowed a rectangular leather shield and could be armed with a suit of leather armor, bare to the knees and elbows and covered by a red surcoat of a light type of silk called sendal. The litigants appeared in person. The combat was to begin before noon and be concluded before sunset. Either combatant could end the fight and lose his case by crying out the word "craven," from the Old French for "broken," which acknowledged "(I am) vanquished." The party who did so, however, whether litigant or champion, was punished with outlawry. Fighting continued until one party was dead or disabled. The last man standing won his case. By 1300..
  25. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Henry De Essex -
    Author: Ancestral File (TM), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, June 1998 (c), data as of 5 JAN 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3244051500
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