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Amlaíb Cuarán


Preferred Parents:
Father: Sihtric Cáech ua Ímair King of Northumbria, b. BEF 875 in Dublin, Ireland   d. 927 in Northumbria, England
Mother: unknown other wife ,   

Family 1: Dúnlaith ingen Muirchertach of Ailech,    b. ABT 922 in Ireland    d. ABT 981
  1. Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb, b. ABT 935 in Ireland     d. 1021 in Ireland
Family 2: Gormflaith ingen Murchad mac Finn,    b. 4 JUN 960 in Naas, County Kildare, Ireland    d. 1 MAR 1030 in Munster, Ireland
  1. Sigtrygg II "Silkbeard" Olafsson King of Dublin, b. ABT 970 in Clontarf, County Dublin, Ireland     d. 2 APR 1042 in Clontarf, County Dublin, Ireland
Family 3: Unattested first wife ,      
Family 4: Dúnlaith mac Néill Of Ailech,    b. 935 in Scotland   
Sources:
  1. Title: Dictionary of Irish Biography -Amlaib (Olaf) Cuaran Sygtryggsson
    Author: Sources AFM; AU; Ó Corrain, Ire. before Normans; Byrne, Ir. kings; P. H. Sawyer, ‘The vikings and the Irish Sea area’, Donald Moore (ed.), The Irish Sea province in archaeology and history (1970), 86–92; A. P. Smyth, Scandinavian York and Dublin (2 vols, 1975, 1979); R. F. Foster (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of Ireland (1989); Richard Hall, Viking age York (1994); A. Woolf, ‘Amlaíb Cuarán and the Gael, 941–81’, S. Duffy (ed.), Medieval Dublin, iii (2001), 34–43; A. Woolf, ‘Amlaíb Cuarán’, S. Duffy (ed.), Medieval Ireland: an encyclopedia (2005), 14–15; ODNB (Óláf Sihtricson)
    Publication: Name: https://www.dib.ie/biography/amlaib-olafr-cuaran-a0174;
    Note: Amlaíb (Óláfr) Cuarán (d. 981), son of Sitriuc Cáech (qv), was Norse king of Dublin. He first came to notice in 940 when he left Dublin to join his cousin Amlaíb (qv) son of Gofraid at York. In 941, when Amlaíb son of Gofraid died, Amlaíb Cuarán himself became king of the Hiberno–Danish kingdom of York and Dublin, but he lost control of Danish Mercia to King Edmund of Wessex the following year. A year later, however, he made peace with Edmund and was baptised at his court, Edmund acting as sponsor. Amlaíb's cousin, Ragnall son of Gofraid, was later confirmed there in the same manner. This did not really change matters, as Edmund invaded Northumbria in 944, driving out Amlaíb and Ragnall. According to William of Malmesbury, Amlaíb then renounced his baptism (an act that outraged Edmund) and returned to Dublin. In late 948 or early 949 he returned to York to begin his second reign, which lasted till 952, when he was expelled by the Norwegian leader Eirikr Bloodaxe. Amlaíb Cuarán's Irish career is also of great importance. On returning from England in 945, he formed an alliance with the able king of Brega, Congalach Cnogba (qv) of the Sil nÁedo Sláine, who was making a bid for the high-kingship, from which his dynasty had been excluded for over two centuries. Amlaíb was forced to depose his cousin Blacair (qv), a junior kinsman who had been left in control of Dublin and had proclaimed himself king of the city in Amlaíb's absence. Blacair decided to abdicate, but in 948 he was defeated and slain by Congalach; according to the annals, 1,600 of Blacair's men were either killed or captured. That same year, the vikings of Dublin assisted Congalach in defeating and killing his rival from the Cenél Conaill dynasty, Ruaidrí Ua Canannáin (qv). Although he was slain, Ruaidrí is said to have been victorious in the battle. Amlaíb then left his brother Gofraid to rule Dublin on his behalf. Gofraid wasted little time: the bell-house of Slane was burned by the Dublin Norse in 950, while the following year the churches of Meath were plundered from a base at Kells. The annals record a ‘great outbreak of leprosy among the foreigners of Dublin’ that year. On Amlaíb's return to Dublin in 952, relations between him and Congalach began to deteriorate, the friction between the former allies being mostly due to Congalach's interference in Dublin's sphere of influence in north Leinster. In 956, Amlaíb received intelligence of Congalach's whereabouts on the way from Leinster, and was able to surprise him at a place called ‘Tigh-Gighrainn’, where Congalach and many of his nobles were captured and slain. In 962, the monastery of Kildare was plundered by the vikings of Dublin, while the following year Amlaíb's son Gofraid died. In 967, Kells was plundered by Amlaíb's sons. The following year, Amlaíb launched another attack on Kells, defeating the Uí Néill in a battle at Ard Máelchon (Ardmulchan parish, barony of Skreen, Co. Meath). Around this time he is referred to as ‘lord of the foreigners’. From this point on, Amlaíb had to deal with a series of very able Irish kings, who seriously curbed his power. In 969 the high-king Domnall Ua Néill (qv) attacked the ‘foreigners’; a decade later, in 979, the king of Mide, the famous Máel-Sechnaill (qv) son of Domnall, defeated the forces of Amlaíb's sons at the battle of Tara, in which Amlaíb's son Ragnall was killed. In 980, Máel-Sechnaill, now high-king, led a great army against Dublin, capturing the city after a siege of three days and three nights. Máel-Sechnaill not only released thousands of Irish hostages and slaves but also took many jewels and other plunder, also freeing Mide from any ‘tribute or exaction’. The Annals of Ulster state that Amlaíb had viking allies from the Hebrides and Man, and that ‘very great slaughter was inflicted on the foreigners therein, and foreign power [ejected] from Ireland’. Amlaíb abdicated that same year and went on pilgrimage to Iona, where he died in 981 ‘after penance and a good life’. Amlaíb Cuarán is important for his long reign and involvement with the Scadinavian kingdom of York, and for his being the last Dublin king to rule from York, as well as becoming a Christian king of Dublin. It has been said, however, that his military and political career was ‘too erratic to produce any lasting results’. The Cuarán element of his name, signifying sandal-making, is thought to refer to his inauguration as king of Dublin with a ceremonial sandal, in imitation of some Irish dynasties, or perhaps it was used as a form of insult. His court at Dublin made a lasting impact on Scandinavian folklore; he appears as the protector of Óláfr Tryggvason of Norway and as ‘Havelock the Dane’ in Anglo-Danish tradition. Amlaíb was succeeded by his son Glúniarainn, who reigned 980–89. Another of his sons, Sitriuc Silkbeard (qv), enemy of Máel-Sechnaill and Brian Bórama (qv), also reigned as king of Dublin from 989 to 1036, when he was deposed. Amlaíb's other sons include Aralt, Dubgall, Gofraid, and Ragnall.
  2. Title: Wikipedia -Amlaib "Curan-Sandal" Sigtryggsson
    Author: Hudson, Benjamin T.; Harrison, B. (2004). "Óláf Sihtricson (c.926–981)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25544. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005), Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion and Empire in the North Atlantic, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516237-4, OCLC 55286670 Keynes, Simon (1999), "Rulers of the English, c.450–1066", in Lapidge, Michael (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 500–516, ISBN 0-631-22492-0, OCLC 185380798 Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1997), "Ireland, Wales, Man, and the Hebrides", in Sawyer, Peter (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–109, ISBN 0-19-285434-8, OCLC 45338877 Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998), "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" (PDF), Peritia
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n;
    Note: Amlaíb mac Sitric (d. 980; Old Norse: Óláfr Sigtryggsson [ˈoːˌlɑːvz̠ ˈsiɡˌtryɡːsˌson]), commonly called Amlaíb Cuarán (O.N.: Óláfr kváran [ˈkwɑːrɑn]), was a 10th-century Norse-Gael who was King of Northumbria and Dublin. His byname, cuarán, is usually translated as "sandal". His name appears in a variety of anglicized forms, including Olaf Cuaran, Anlaf Sihtricson and Olaf Sihtricson, particularly in relation to his short-lived rule in York.[1] He was the last of the Uí Ímair to play a major part in the politics of the British Isles. Amlaíb was twice, perhaps three times, ruler of Northumbria and twice ruler of Dublin and its dependencies. His reign over these territories spanned some forty years. He was a renowned warrior and a ruthless pillager of churches, but ended his days in retirement at Iona Abbey. Born when the Uí Ímair ruled over large areas of the British Isles, by his death the kingdom of Dublin was a minor power in Irish politics. At the same time, Dublin became a major centre of trade in Atlantic Europe and mastery over the city and its wealth became the supreme prize for ambitious Irish kings. In death Amlaíb was the prototype for the Middle English romance character Havelok the Dane. In life he was a patron of Irish poets and Scandinavian skalds who wrote verses praising their paymaster. Amlaíb was married at least twice, and had many children who married into Irish and Scandinavian royal families. His descendants were kings in the Isle of Man and the Hebrides until the 13th century. Background Further information: Kingdom of Dublin and Viking Age The earliest records of attacks by Vikings in Britain or Ireland are at the end of the eighth century. The monastery on Lindisfarne, in the kingdom of Northumbria, was sacked on 8 June 793, and the monastery of Iona in the kingdom of the Picts was attacked in 795 and 802. In Ireland Rathlin Island, off the north-east coast, was the target in 795, and so too was St Patrick's Island on the east coast in 798. Portland in the kingdom of Wessex in south-west Britain was attacked during the reign of King Beorhtric of Wessex (ruled from 786 to 802).[2] These raids continued in a sporadic fashion throughout the first quarter of the ninth century. During the second quarter of the century the frequency and size of raids increased and the first permanent Viking settlements (called longphorts in Ireland) appeared.[3] Origins The Ímar from whom the Uí Ímair were descended is generally presumed to be that Ímar (English pronunciation Ivar): "king of the Northmen of all Britain and Ireland", whose death is reported by the Annals of Ulster in 873. Whether this Ímar is to be identified with Ivar the Boneless, the leader of the Great Heathen Army, is rather less certain, although at the same time not unlikely.[4] Amlaíb Cuarán was probably a great-grandson of Ímar. There is no contemporary evidence setting out the descent from Ímar to his grandsons, but it may be that the grandsons of Ímar recorded between 896 and 934—Amlaíb Cuarán's father Sitriuc (d. 927), Ragnall (d. 921), Gofraid (d. 934), Ímar (d. 904) and Amlaíb (d. 896)—were brothers rather than cousins.[5] Amlaíb's father Sitriuc first appears in the record in 917 when he seized Dublin, a settlement which had probably been under the control of an Irish king since the expulsion of the previous Viking rulers in 902.[6] Sitriuc ruled Northumbria until his death in 927. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records his marriage to King Æthelstan's sister at Tamworth on 30 January 926. According to some late sources, such as the chronicler John of Wallingford, Amlaíb was the son of Sitriuc and this West Saxon princess.[7] Sitriuc's other sons included Gofraid (died 951), king of Dublin, Aralt (died 940), ruler of Limerick, and, less certainly, Sichfrith and Auisle, listed among those killed at the battle of Brunanburh in 937 by the Annals of Clonmacnoise.[8] A daughter of Sitriuc named Gytha is said in the Heimskringla to have married Norwegian pirate king Olaf Tryggvason, but she was probably a daughter of Amlaíb Cuarán.[9] Following Sitriuc's death, Amlaíb may have become king in York for a short time,[10] but if he did it came to an end when Æthelstan took over the kingdom of Northumbria and defeated Sitriuc's brother Gofraid. According to William of Malmesbury, Amlaíb fled to Ireland while his uncle Gofraid made a second unsuccessful attempt to gain control of York.[11] In 937 an attack on Æthelstan's kingdom by Gofraid's son Amlaíb, assisted by Constantín mac Áeda, the king of Alba, and Owen, the king of Strathclyde, ended in defeat at the battle of Brunanburh.[12] William of Malmesbury wrote that Amlaíb was present at Brunanburh and spied out the English camp the night before the battle disguised as a skald.[13] King Æthelstan died in 939 and his successor, his half-brother Edmund, was unable to keep control of York. Amlaíb mac Gofrith, ruling in Dublin, crossed to Britain where he was accepted as king of the Northumbrians. He died in 941, shortly after sacking the church of Saint Baldred at Tyninghame, struck dead by the saint's power according to the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto.[14] This traditional view of Amlaíb mac Gofrith's later career has recently been disputed by Kevin Halloran.[15] The basic argument presented is that Amlaíb mac Gofrith did not rule in York and the suggestion that only one Amlaíb, Amlaíb Cuarán, was king there may explain some of the apparent anomalies in the numismatic record. York Amlaíb Cuarán's career began in 941, following the death of his cousin Amlaíb mac Gofrith, when he became co-ruler of York, sharing power with his cousin Ragnall son of Gofraid. According to the Annals of Clonmacnoise, Amlaíb had been in Britain since 940, having left another son of Gofraid, Blácaire, as ruler of Dublin.[16] Amlaíb and Ragnall ruled in York until 944. The dating of events in the period between the death of Æthelstan and the expulsion of Amlaíb and Ragnall is uncertain as the various versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are in conflict. It appears that after Æthelstan's death, not only did Edmund lose control of Northumbria, but that the Five Burghs of the Mercian Danelaw also pledged themselves to Amlaíb mac Gofrith.[17] One of the Amlaíbs stormed Tamworth according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Here Olaf broke down Tamworth and a great slaughter fell on either side, and the Danes had the victory and led much war-booty away with them. Wulfrun was seized in the raid. Here King Edmund besieged King Olaf and Archbishop Wulfstan in Leicester, and he might have controlled them had they not escaped from the stronghold in the night.[18] It is not clear when in the period between 940 and 943 these events took place, and as a result historians disagree as to whether they concern Amlaíb mac Gofrith or Amlaíb Cuarán.[19] Edmund reconquered the Five Burghs in 942, an event celebrated in verse by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Chronicle reports the baptism of Amlaíb, with King Edmund becoming his godfather.[20] This need not mean that Amlaíb was not already a Christian, nor would such a baptism have permanently committed him to Christianity, as such baptisms were often political acts. Alfred the Great, for example, had sponsored the confirmation of Christian Welsh king Anarawd ap Rhodri.[21] Amlaíb was expelled from the kingship of York in 944. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that "King Edmund conquered all Northumbria and caused to flee away two kings [or "royally-born men"], Olaf and Rægnald".[22] It is possible that rivalry between Amlaíb and Ragnall contributed to their fall.[23] Æthelweard's history reports that Amlaíb was deposed by a coup led by Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, and an unnamed Mercian ealdorman.[24] Congalach and Ruaidrí Scandinavian settlements in 10th century Ireland After being driven out of Northumbria, Amlaíb returned to Ireland while Ragnall may have been killed at York.[25] The Uí Ímair in Ireland had also suffered in 944 as Dublin was sacked that year by the High King of Ireland Congalach Cnogba, whose power base lay in Brega, north of Dublin on the lower reaches of the River Boyne. The following year, perhaps as a result of the sack of Dublin, Amlaíb's cousin Blácaire was driven out and Amlaíb replaced him as ruler of Dublin. Amlaíb was allied with Congalach and may have gained power with his assistance.[26] Congalach and Amlaíb fought against Ruaidrí ua Canannáin, a rival for the High Kingship who belonged to the Cenél Conaill, based in modern County Donegal. In 945 the two defeated part of Ruaidrí's army in Conaille Muirtheimne (modern County Louth) and the following year Amlaíb raided Kilcullen in the province of Leinster. In 947 Ruaidrí routed Congalach and Amlaíb at Slane. Losses among the Dublin men were heavy, with many drowning while fleeing the battle. This defeat appears to have lost Amlaíb his kingship, as the annals record that Blácaire, not Amlaíb, was the leader of the Dublin forces in the following year. Blácaire was killed in 948 by Congalach, and was succeeded by Amlaíb's brother Gofraid.[27] York again A second style of penny from York from Amlaíb's time, moneyer Æthelfrith, the obverse shows a bird, presumed to be a Raven, the reverse a cross. The course of events in Northumbria while Amlaíb was in Ireland is uncertain. While Edmund certainly controlled Northumbria after Amlaíb was expelled and Ragnall killed, he may soon after have lost control of the north to a Scandinavian king named Eiríkr, usually identified with Eric Bloodaxe.[28] If Erik did rule in Northumbria before Edmund's death, it was only for a short time. Edmund was killed in 946, and succeeded by his brother Eadred. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Eadred "redu
  3. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
    Note: OLAF [Amlaib] Sihtricsson, son of SIHTRIC King of York & his first wife --- ([900]-Iona [978/80]). Given the date of his death, and the record of activities of the sons of King Sihtric in 922, it is likely that Olaf was born in [900]. [The Annals of Clonmacnoise record in 922 that "Maceilgi with the sons of Sittrick tooke Dublyn on Godfrey"[1273]. The source does not name Sihtric´s sons who were involved in this campaign.] He was accepted as King of York by the Northumbrians in 927 after the death of his father, and was supported by his uncle Guthfrith who came from Dublin. However, Æthelstan invaded Northumbria and expelled Olaf, who joined his father's former associates in Ireland[1274]. The Annals of the Four Masters record in 938 that “Amhlaeibh Cuaran went to Cair-Abroc”[1275]. Florence of Worcester records that Olaf joined his cousin at York in 940 and was elected King of York[1276]. Simeon of Durham records that "the son of Sihtric named Onlaf reigned over the Northumbrians" in 941 but was driven out in 943[1277]. He lost the territories gained by Olaf Guthfrithson to Edmund King of Wessex in 942, and he was driven out of York and deposed in favour of his cousin Rægnald. He returned to Northumbria in 944, reasserting himself as king in opposition to Rægnald, but he was expelled by Edmund King of Wessex later that year[1278]. Simeon of Durham records that King Edmund expelled "king…Anlaf the son of Sihtric and [king] Reignold the son of Guthferth" from Northumbria in 944[1279]. Florence of Worcester records that Eadmund King of Wessex expelled "duos reges, Anlafum regis…Sihtrici filium, et Reignoldum Guthferthi filium" from Northumbria, undated but dateable to [944] from the context[1280]. King of Dublin: the Annals of the Four Masters record that “Blacaire one of the chiefs of the foreigners was expelled from Dublin” in 943 and “Amhlaeibh remained after him there”[1281]. The Annals of Ulster record that "Blacair gave up Áth Cliath” in 945 and that “Amlaíb succeeded him”[1282]. He returned to York once more in 949, expelling King Erik "Blodøks/Blood-axe", but was finally driven out in his turn by Erik in 952, when he returned to Dublin to take over from his brother Guthfrith. The Annals of the Four Masters record in 962 “a victory…over Amlaeibh, son of Sitric, by the Osraighi i.e. at Inis-Teoc”[1283]. The Annals of the Four Masters record in 965 that “Muireadhach, son of Faelan, Abbot of Cill-dara, and royal heir of Leinster, was slain by Amhlaeibh, lord of the foreigners, and by Cearbhall, son of Lorcan”[1284]. The Annals of the Four Masters record in 975 that “Muircheartach, son of Domhnall Ua Neill, and Conghalach, son of Domhnall, son of Conghalach, two heirs to the monarchy of Ireland, were slain by Amhlaeibh, son of Sitric”[1285]. The Annals of the Four Masters record in 978 "the battle of Teamhair…gained by Maelseachlainn, son of Domhnall, over the foreigners of Ath-cliath and of the Islands, and over the sons of Amhlaeibh in particular", where "Ragnhall son of Amhlaeibh heir to the sovereignty of the foreigners” was killed, adding that "after this Amhlaeibh went across the sea and died at l-Coluim-Cille"[1286]. The Annals of Tigernach record that “Olaf son of Sitric high-king over the Foreigners of Dublin” died in Iona in [978/79] after being defeated by “Mael-Sechnaill the Great”[1287], the battle being dated between 978 and 980 in different sources (see below). m firstly ---. No record has been found in any primary sources which confirms this supposed first marriage. However, given Olaf´s estimated birth date, it is likely that he was married before his marriage to the widow of Domnall. m [secondly] (after 952) as her second husband, ---, widow of DOMNALL, daughter of ---. Her marriages are confirmed by the Annals of Tigernach which record that “MaelSechnaill son of Domnall and Glún iarainn (Ironknee) son of Olaf, son of MaelSechnail´s mother” defeated “Domnall Clóen, son of Lorcán, and Imar of Waterford” in [981/82][1288]. m [thirdly] as her first husband, GORMLAITH, daughter of MURCHAD MacFinn King of Leinster & his wife --- (-1030). She married secondly Brian Boroma, and thirdly, as his [third] wife, Maelsechnaill King of Ireland. The Annals of Tigernach record the death in 1030 of “Gormlaith, daughter of Murchad son of Fland” mother of “Sitric son of Olaf king of the Foreigners and of Donnchad son of Brian king of Munster”[1289]. The Annals of the Four Masters record the death in 1030 of “Gormlaith daughter of Murchadh son of Finn, mother of the king of the foreigners Sitric, Donnchadh son of Brian king of Munster, and Conchobhar son of Maeleachlainn king of Teamhair”[1290]. Olaf & his [first] wife, name unknown, had [two] children: 1. [SIHTRIC (-after 967). 2. RÆGNALD (-killed in battle Temair [978/80]). Olaf & his [second] wife had one child: 3. --- “Glun iaraind/Iron knee” (-murdered [987/89]). Olaf & his [third] wife had one child: 4. SIHTRIC (-1042). King of Dublin. Olaf & his [---] wife had four children: 5. HARALD (-killed in battle Glenn Mama 30 Dec [996/97]). 6. DUBGAL (-killed in battle Clontarf 1014). 7. GYDA . 8. MAELMAIRE (-1021).
  4. Title: Wikipedia -Sitric Cáech, father of Amlaib Cuarán
    Author: Sources AFM; AU; Ó Corrain, Ire. before Normans; Byrne, Ir. kings; P. H. Sawyer, ‘The vikings and the Irish Sea area’, Donald Moore (ed.), The Irish Sea province in archaeology and history (1970), 86–92; A. P. Smyth, Scandinavian York and Dublin (2 vols, 1975, 1979); R. F. Foster (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of Ireland (1989); Richard Hall, Viking age York (1994); A. Woolf, ‘Amlaíb Cuarán and the Gael, 941–81’, S. Duffy (ed.), Medieval Dublin, iii (2001), 34–43; A. Woolf, ‘Amlaíb Cuarán’, S. Duffy (ed.), Medieval Ireland: an encyclopedia (2005), 14–15; ODNB (Óláf Sihtricson)
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitric_C%C3%A1ech#Family;
    Note: In the annals Sitric is sometimes identified by the use of one of his epithets, or by the use of "ua Ímair", meaning "grandson of Ímar", but never with a patronymic. As such, it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar (Bárid, Sichfrith or Sitriuc) – if any – was the father of Sitric. One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that Sitric was the child of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin, or who spent most of his time outside Ireland, thus making Sitric's legitimacy to rule Dublin dependent on the identity of his grandfather, not his father. Another possibility is that Sitric was a grandson of Ímar through a daughter, again with his right to rule dependent on his grandfather.[19] Sitric's kinsmen Ímar, Ragnall, Amlaíb and Gofraid are the other known grandsons of Ímar identified by the use of "ua Ímair". All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Northumbria at one time or another.[30] The Annals of Clonmacnoise mention two sons of Sitric, Auisle and Sichfrith, falling at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937.[31] Another son, Aralt, ruled as King of Limerick for an unknown length of time until his death in battle in 940. Sitric's son Amlaíb Cuarán (d. 981) reigned twice each as King of Dublin and King of Northumbria, and may have been the basis of the Middle English romance character Havelok the Dane.[32] Gofraid (d. 951) may have been another son though his father is only named as "Sitric", leaving his relationship to Sitric ua Ímair unclear.[33] Orkneyinga saga tells that a daughter of Sitric named Gytha was married to Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway. According to Hudson, this is unlikely to be correct, since the marriage is said to have occurred sixty-three years after Sitric's death. It is much more likely that Gytha was actually a granddaughter of Sitric through his son Amlaíb Cuarán.[34] Sitric married an unnamed sister of Æthelstan in 926.[25] Historians generally describe her as Æthelstan's only full sister, but Maggie Bailey points out that this rests on the late testimony of William of Malmesbury, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no such distinction when recording her marriage to Sitric.[35] William did not know her name, but traditions first recorded at Bury St Edmunds in the early twelfth century identify her as Saint Edith of Polesworth. The truth of his identification is debated, but regardless of her name it is likely that she entered a nunnery in widowhood.[36] According to some late sources, such as the chronicler John of Wallingford, Amlaíb Cuarán was the son of Sitric and this West Saxon princess.[
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