Rhodri ap Merfyn of Wales and the Britons

• Preferred Name: Rhodri ap Merfyn of Wales and the Britons^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]}
  
• Alternate Name: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn of Wales
  
• Gender: M
  
• MilitaryService: The Chronicle of the Princes records two victories by Rhodri: the first at a place given variously as Bangolau, Bann Guolou, or Bannoleu, where he defeated the Vikings on Anglesey "in a hard battle" and the second at Manegid or Enegyd, where the Vikings "were destroyed." with note: Wikiwand: Rhodri the Great
  
• Death: 878 in Anglesey, Wales at LATI: N3.2913 LONG: E4.372
  
• MilitaryService: The Annals of Ulster record that "Rhodri, son of Merfyn, King of the Britons, came in flight from the dark foreigners to Ireland."877
  
• Fact: with note: Description: He is called "King of the Britons" in the Annals of Ulster
  
• FSID: LDQ1-TMR
  
• Fact: with note: Description: According to legend, the first Dinefwr Castle was build by Rhodri Mawr
  
• Royal House: with note: Description: Gwynedd
  
• MilitaryService: The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Rhodri the Great opposed [Berthwrd king of Mercia]…with the assistance of Meuryg son of Hywel king of Glamorgan" in 843, adding that Meuryg was killed in the battle and was succeeded by "Ithel son of Hywel" who was killed by "the men of Brecknockshire" on his way to assist Rhodri.843 with note: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: RHODRI ap Merfyn "Mawr/the Great," son of MERFYN "Frych/the Freckled" ap Gwriad King of Gwynedd & his wife Nest of Powys (-killed Anglesey 878).
  
• Fact: with note: Description: Rhodri's marriage to Angarad was used to explain his supposed inheritance of her brother Gwgon's kingdom of Ceredigion after that king's death in 872 via a principle of jure uxoris that does not survive in our sources for Welsh law
  
• Birth: 820 in Wales at LATI: N2.3302 LONG: E3.7664
  
• MilitaryService: Won a notable victory against the Danish and killed their leader Gorm.856 with note: Wikiwand: Rhodri the Great
  
• Fact: with note: Description: In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales," although the title is anachronistic and his realm did not include southern Wales.
  
• Fact: with note: Description: According to later genealogies, his mother or grandmother was Nest ferch Cadell of the ruling dynasty in Powys
  
• Burial: 878 in Isle of Anglesey, Anglesey, Wales at LATI: N3.2628 LONG: E4.314
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  "Roderick the Great" "Mawr the Great"
  
  Rhodri ap Merfyn (c. 820–878), later known as Rhodri the Great (Welsh: Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his father, Merfyn Frych, as King of Gwynedd in 844. Rhodri annexed Powys c. 856 and Seisyllwg c. 871. He is called "King of the Britons" by the Annals of Ulster. In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales", although the title is anachronistic and his realm did not include southern Wales.
  
  Lineage and inheritance
  
  Rhodri was the son of Merfyn Frych, who had claimed Gwynedd upon the extinction of Cunedda's male line. Rhodri then inherited the realm after his father's death around 844. Merfyn hailed from "Manaw" which may either refer to the Isle of Man or Manau, the ancestral homeland of all Gwynedd's kings since Cunedda.
  
  According to later genealogies, his mother or grandmother was Nest ferch Cadell of the ruling dynasty in Powys. Although surviving texts of Welsh law expressly forbid inheritance along the maternal line, Nest and Rhodri's supposed inheritance was later used to justify Gwynedd's annexation of Powys after the c. 855 death of Cyngen ap Cadell in preference to Cyngen's other heirs.
  
  Similarly, Rhodri's marriage to Angharad ferch Meurig was used to explain his supposed inheritance of her brother Gwgon's kingdom of Ceredigion after that king's death in 872[a] via a principle of jure uxoris that does not survive in our sources for Welsh law.
  
  Reign 855-878
  Now the master of much of modern Wales, Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and, increasingly, from Vikings, called the "black gentiles"[b] in the Welsh sources. The Danish are recorded ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856, Rhodri won a notable victory and killed their leader Gorm.
  
  The Chronicle of the Princes records two victories by Rhodri in 872: the first at a place given variously as Bangolau,[1] Bann Guolou,[2] or Bannoleu,[3] where he defeated the Vikings on Anglesey "in a hard battle"[1] and the second at Manegid[1] or Enegyd[4] where the Vikings "were destroyed".
  
  The Chronicle of the Princes records his death occurring at the Battle of Sunday on Anglesey in 873;[1] the Annals of Wales record the two events in different years[2][3] and Phillimore's reconstruction of its dates places Rhodri's death in 877.[2] According to the Chronicle, Rhodri and his brother Gwriad were killed during a Saxon invasion (which probably would have been under Ceolwulf of Mercia, given that the Wessex forces under Alfred the Great were fighting Vikings in East Anglia at the time). The Annals record no great details of the death, but where the B text calls Gwriad Rhodri's brother,[3] the A text has him as Rhodri's son instead.[2] It is likely he was killed in battle given that all the sources call his son Anarawd's victory over the Mercians at the Battle of the Conwy a few years later "God's vengeance for Rhodri".
  
  Succession
  Rhodri died leaving at least four sons to share his land among themselves. The traditional account is that his eldest, Anarawd, became king of Gwynedd and the head of the subsequent House of Aberffraw which produced Gruffudd ap Cynan and Llywelyn the Great. Another, Cadell, was given Ceredigion and killed his brother Merfyn to claim Powys as well. Cadell's family was later known as the House of Dinefwr, after its base of operations was moved by Hywel the Good to Dyfed following another (supposed) inheritance via his marriage to Elen ferch Llywarch. Hywel's wide domain, later known as Deheubarth, briefly eclipsed Gwynedd under his immediate heirs before fracturing.
  
  A fourth son, possibly too young to have been considered for the first division of Rhodri's lands, took part in Anarawd's 881 revenge against Mercia and, wounded there, became known to history as Tudwal the Lame, a condition disqualifying him from rule under Cyfraith Hywel, Welsh customary law.
  
  Children
  Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 913)
  Cadell ap Rhodri (854–907)
  Gwriad ap Rhodri
  Tudwal ap Rhodri (born 860)
  
  Cawley states that Rhodri and his wife Angharad had four children, and names Gwriad, Anarawd, Cadell, and Merfyn. Boyer, by contrast, following Bartrum, names six children (Anarawd, Cadell, Merfyn, Aeddan, Meurig, and Nest) by his first wife, two (Tudwal Gloff and Elise) by his second, and an additional four (Gwyddelig, Rhodri Fychan, Gwriad, and a daughter) undetermined.
  https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ap_Merfyn-19
  
  Dinefwr Castle
  Legend says the castle was built by Rhodri Mawr.
  
  http://www.castlewales.com/rhodri.html
  
  http://www.ffish.com/family_tree/descendants_llewellyn/D1.htm#i6076
  http://www.ffish.com/family_tree/descendants_llewellyn/D1.htm#i6076
  
  === 2 SOUR S003599 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of ===
  2 SOUR S003599 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jun 28, 2002 2 SOUR S003619 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 22, 2002 2 SOUR S003722 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 26, 2002 2 SOUR S003758 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 27, 2002 2 SOUR S003865 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Sep 17, 2002 2 SOUR S003860 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Sep 17, 2002 2 SOUR S003885 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Oct 8, 2002 2 SOUR S229184 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Dec 3, 2002 [3 william morgan.ged] Notes: Bartrum's "Welsh Genealogies". Upon the death of his father in 844 he became King of Gwynedd. When his uncle, Cyngen, died in 855 he became King of Powys. When his wife ANGHARAD's brother, Gwgon, died in 871 he also became ruler of Seisyllwg. By the time of his death in 877 h e ruled over all of Wales with the exception of the southeastern and southwestern extremities. Rhodri was a pivotal person in Welsh history. In future centuries, one of the main requirements for kingship in the Welsh kingdoms was being of the des cent of Rhodri Mawr. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. It was his victory over the Viking, Horn, leader of the Danes, in 856 which brought him international acclaim. The Irish and the Franks had been unsuccessfully trying to rep el the Northmen and they were impessed by Rhodri's success. The English kingdom of Wessex had for many years been striving with partial success to subjugate Powys. It was in battle against the English that Rhodri, along with his son, Gwriad, was k illed in 877. It appears that the Welsh court experienced a cultural revival during the reign of Rhodri. Stewart Baldwin posted to soc.genealogy.medieval on 29 Jun 1997 (in part): Subject: Re: Rhoderic Mawr, King of Wales "Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, died in 878. ["Rhoderic" is an Anglicization of the Welsh name "Rhodri".] Although he was an important Welsh king, it is not really appropriate to call him the "first King o f Wales", for there were large parts of Wales over which he did not rule. Most sources give the name of Rhodri's wife as ANGHARAD, heiress of Ceredigion, and give his mother as NEST, heiress of Powys, but Patrick Sims-Williams [in the article "His torical Need and Literary Narrative: a Caveat from Ninth-Century Wales", Welsh History Review, vol. 17 (1994), pp. 1-40] has recently argued (conclusively, in my opinion) that neither NEST nor ANGHARAD ever existed, and that they were inventions o f later genealogists who wanted to give Rhodri's family a line of descent from the earlier kings of Powys and Ceredigion. Rhodri's ancestry, as taken from the best records (The Harleian genealogies and the Welsh and Irish annals), is given in thi s genealogy. Names are given here in their Old Welsh forms, with Modern Welsh ["MW"] forms given in brackets. General: The king of Gwynedd who provided stern resistance to the Viking attacks, brought Powys within his dominion and then briefly extended his sway over two areas in the southwest (lying north and east of Dyfed), namely Ceredigion and Ystrad Twyi, whic h had previously been united to form the kingdom of Seisyllwg. The period following Rhodri's death proved to be of far-reaching significance. The outlying kingdoms of Wales-Dyfed, Brycheiniog, Glywysing, and Gwent-being subjected to pressure exert ed by Rhodri's sons or by Mercia, turned to the kingdoms of Wessex and by a formal commendation entered into that allegiance, ultimately expressed in homage and fealty, which each of the kings of Wales owed, individually and directly, to the Engli sh monarchy. Father: Merfyn "Frych" Ap GWRIAD (AFN:FLH5-XQ) Mother: Esyllt Verch CYNAN (AFN:FLH5-ZW) 1. Sex Name M Anarawd Ap RHODRI (AFN:FLH5-RV) Born: Abt 0857 Place: Of, , Gwynedd, Wales Died: 916 Place: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Sex Name M Merfyn Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-ST) Born: Abt 859 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales Died: 0900 Place: ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- 3. Sex Name M Cadell Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-KM) Born: Abt 861 Place: Of, , Deheubarth, Wales Died: 910 Place: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Sex Name M Aeddan Ap RHODRI (AFN:V9Z9-QJ) Born: Abt 0862 Place: Of, , , Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Sex Name M Tudwal "Gloff" Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-T1) Born: Abt 0863 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Sex Name M Meurig Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-V6) Born: Abt 0865 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Sex Name M Rhodri "Fychan" Ap RHODRI (AFN:V9Z9-RP) Born: Abt 0866 Place: Of, , , Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. Sex Name M Gwriad Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-WC) Born: Abt 0867 Place: Of Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. Sex Name M Gwyddelig Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-XJ) Born: Abt 869 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10. Sex Name F Nest Verch RHODRI (AFN:V9Z9-SV) Born: Abt 0870 Place: Of, , , Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. Sex Name F Angharad Verch RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-ZP) Born: Abt 0871 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12. Sex Name F Miss Verch RHODRI (AFN:V9Z9-T2) Born: Abt 0871 Place: Of, , , Wales[L Hays 8-27-02.FTW] [Louisa Hays 04.ged] Notes: Bartrum's "Welsh Genealogies". Upon the death of his father in 844 he became King of Gwynedd. When his uncle, Cyngen, died in 855 he became King of Powys. When his wife ANGHARAD's brother, Gwgon, died in 871 he also became ruler of Se isyllwg. By the time of his death in 877 h e ruled over all of Wales with the exception of the southeastern and southwestern extremities. Rhodri was a pivotal person in Welsh history. In future centuries, one of the main requirements for kingship in the Welsh kingdoms was being of the des cent of Rhodri Mawr. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. It was his victory over the Viking, Horn, leader of the Danes, in 856 which brought him international acclaim. The Irish and the Franks had been unsuccessfully trying to rep el the Northmen and they were impessed by Rhodri's success. The English kingdom of Wessex had for many years been striving with partial success to subjugate Powys. It was in battle against the English that Rhodri, along with his son, Gwriad, was k illed in 877. It appears that the Welsh court experienced a cultural revival during the reign of Rhodri. Stewart Baldwin posted to soc.genealogy.medieval on 29 Jun 1997 (in part): Subject: Re: Rhoderic Mawr, King of Wales "Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, died in 878. ["Rhoderic" is an Anglicization of the Welsh name "Rhodri".] Although he was an important Welsh king, it is not really appropriate to call him the "first King o f Wales", for there were large parts of Wales over which he did not rule. Most sources give the name of Rhodri's wife as ANGHARAD, heiress of Ceredigion, and give his mother as NEST, heiress of Powys, but Patrick Sims-Williams [in the article "His torical Need and Literary Narrative: a Caveat from Ninth-Century Wales", Welsh History Review, vol. 17 (1994), pp. 1-40] has recently argued (conclusively, in my opinion) that neither NEST nor ANGHARAD ever existed, and that they were inventions o f later genealogists who wanted to give Rhodri's family a line of descent from the earlier kings of Powys and Ceredigion. Rhodri's ancestry, as taken from the best records (The Harleian genealogies and the Welsh and Irish annals), is given in thi s genealogy. Names are given here in their Old Welsh forms, with Modern Welsh ["MW"] forms given in brackets. General: The king of Gwynedd who provided stern resistance to the Viking attacks, brought Powys within his dominion and then briefly extended his sway over two areas in the southwest (lying north and east of Dyfed), namely Ceredigion and Ystrad Twyi, whic h had previously been united to form the kingdom of Seisyllwg. The period following Rhodri's death proved to be of far-reaching significance. The outlying kingdoms of Wales-Dyfed, Brycheiniog, Glywysing, and Gwent-being subjected to pressure exert ed by Rhodri's sons or by Mercia, turned to the kingdoms of Wessex and by a formal commendation entered into that allegiance, ultimately expressed in homage and fealty, which each of the kings of Wales owed, individually and directly, to the Engli sh monarchy. Father: Merfyn "Frych" Ap GWRIAD (AFN:FLH5-XQ) Mother: Esyllt Verch CYNAN (AFN:FLH5-ZW) 1. Sex Name M Anarawd Ap RHODRI (AFN:FLH5-RV) Born: Abt 0857 Place: Of, , Gwynedd, Wales Died: 916 Place: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. Sex Name M Merfyn Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-ST) Born: Abt 859 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales Died: 0900 Place: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Sex Name M Cadell Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-KM) Born: Abt 861 Place: Of, , Deheubarth, Wales Died: 910 Place: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. Sex Name M Aeddan Ap RHODRI (AFN:V9Z9-QJ) Born: Abt 0862 Place: Of, , , Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Sex Name M Tudwal "Gloff" Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-T1) Born: Abt 0863 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. Sex Name M Meurig Ap RHODRI (AFN:FJGW-V6) Born: Abt 0865 Place: Of, Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales -----------------------------------------------------------
  
  === Just as Egbert, King of the West Saxons ===
  Just as Egbert, King of the West Saxons and later of Kent is the first ruler to be styled King of the Angles or English people in 829-30, so Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great 820-878) is remembered as the first to claim the title of king of the Welsh. He was the first to unite most o Wales under his rule, 844-78. Professor Davies points out that the title "great" was bestowed upon only two other rulers in the same century: Charlemagne (Charles the Great) and Alfred the Great. All threee contributed greatly to the growth of statehood among their respective nations. Rhodri, son of Merfyn Frych became King of Gwynedd in 844, following the death of his father, of Poways following the death of his uncle in 855 and of Seisyllwg (including eredigion and Ystrad Tywi) following the death of his brother-in-law in 872. He was most successful in keeping out the danes and the english from settling his territories. By uniting the three principal kingdoms of Wales under his rule, Rhodri showed that an independent Wales could exist that need not be subservient ot the rule of English monarchs. Gwynfor Evans cites Nora Chadwick, Calling Rhodri "the greatest of all the kings of Wales." His success was mainly due to his creation of a consciousness in the Welsh-speaking people of Britan that they could act together as one. Gwynfor Evans also laments the fact that this great king had no biographer to properly record his achievements, unlike Alfred of Wessex, who had a biographer Asser, a Welshman from St. David's Rhodri was killed in 878 fighting against the English of Mercia.
  
  === Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), some ===
  Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), sometimes written as Gruffydd ap Cynan, was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137. In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to Norman rule, and was remembered as King of all Wales. As a descendant of Rhodri Mawr, Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of the princely House of Aberffraw.
  
  Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections with the Norse settlement around Dublin and he frequently used Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops. He three times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again, before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping power until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his great-grandson Llywelyn the Great.
  
  Life
  Unusually for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary biography of Gruffudd, "The history of Gruffudd ap Cynan," has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.
  
  Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in Welsh but these are clearly translations of a Latin original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost, and that existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh. However Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text.
  
  Ancestry
  According to "The Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan," Gruffudd was born in Dublin and reared near Swords, County Dublin, in Ireland. He was the son of a Welsh Prince, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the Kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never its king, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more usual "son of Cynan," indicating that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young, since the History describes his mother telling him who his father was.
  
  According to "Historia Gruffud vab Kenan," Gruffudd's mother was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a granddaughter of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímair dynasty. The latter had two sons named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst another died in 1034. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.
  
  During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, the Isles and Wexford and from Muircheartach Ua Briain, because he was also descendant through his mother from Brian Boru, High King of Ireland.
  
  First bid for the throne
  Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on Abermenai Point, Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an ally of Trahaearn who held Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn himself in the battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of Gwynedd.
  
  Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan Castle. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the Second bid for the throne and capture by the Normans.
  
  Coat of Arms retroactively attributed to Gryffudd ap Cynan
  Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth. Rhys had been attacked by Caradog ap Gruffudd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to flee to St David's Cathedral. Gruffudd this time embarked from Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St David's, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn, Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. Gruffudd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.
  
  He soon was faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh, Earl of Chester and Hugh, Earl of Shrewsbury at Rhug, near Corwen. At the meeting Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his biographer this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog.
  
  Escape from captivity and third reign
  Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity. According to his biography he was in fetters in the market-place at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a "Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The History in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 or 1097. J.E. Lloyd favors 1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K.L. Maund on the other hand favors 1097, pointing out that there is no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.
  
  Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as Aber Lleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading northern Wales in 1095. However his army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. "The History" mentions only one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.
  
  In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd. Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but then were forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.
  
  King for the fourth time and consolidation
  The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway, also known as Magnus Barefoot, who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai Straits. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself. The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again, having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester.
  
  With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King Henry I of England who, granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd, Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd in a three-pronged attack, one detachment led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced by overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy fine, but lost no territory. By about 1118, Gruffudd's advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad, daughter of Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl: Cadwallon, Owain Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr. The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by the king of England in 1121 was a military failure.
  
  Children
  The family line of Cynan shows he had many children by several different women. With wife Angharad (daughter of Owain ab Edwin) he had:
  
  . Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd), married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain
  . Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, married Alice de Clare, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare
  . Cadwallon ap Gruffudd
  . Mareda/Marared
  . Susanna, married Madog ap Maredudd, Prince of Powys
  . Ranulht/Rannillt
  . Agnes/Annest ferch gruffydd
  . Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, married Gruffudd ap Rhys, Prince
  
  === Reference 2 ===
  He succeeded his father as King of Gwynedd. He was called Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) on account of his skill in extending the boundaries of his kingdom and in uniting the Welsh people under one government. He became ruler of all Wales except a small part in the extreme south. He married ANGHARAD, daughter of Meurig ap Dyfnwallon. His Mother's brother, Cyngen, King of Powys, died in 855. He immediately took possession of Powys and no one seems to have disputed his right to rule. He acquired Seisyllwg on the death of its King Gwgon, brother of Rhodri's wife, who died in 872. He was somewhat successful in resisting the invasions of the Saxons and the Danes---but in 876 he sustained a crushing defeat and fled to Ireland. He returned in 877 and attempted to regain the kingdom, but was killed by the Saxons in 878. After his death the kingdom does not seem to have been held by the Saxons as it was divided betyween three of his sons; Anawrad, Cadell and Merfyn.
  
  === Title: Heir to Powys Death: 904 Father: ===
  Title: Heir to Powys Death: 904 Father: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn Frych b: 844 Mother: Angharad ferch Meurig Marriage 1 Spouse Unknown Children Llywelyn ap Merfyn Avendreg ferch Mervyn Sources: Title: " Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400 & AD 1400-1500" P. C. Bartrun's, 8 vol and 18 vol Repository: Call Number: Media: Book
  
  === [Greene.FTW] [INDIV2.DAT] Source: Tau ===
  [Greene.FTW] [INDIV2.DAT] Source: Taut, Anne. "The Kings and Queens of Great Britain" pub by ElmTree Books/Hamish Hamilton Ltd. Great Britain; Kings & Queens of Britain, p226; Buell001.zip
  
  === !SOURCE: A History of the Morgan Family ===
  !SOURCE: A History of the Morgan Family FHL book. RHODRI-MAWR (Roderick the Great) led the fight against the Viking invaders and killed the Norse leader Horm in battle. He established a line of Welsh Kings that reigned until the year 1305. RHODRI-MAWR inherited the Kingdom of Powys from an uncle, the Kingdom of North Wales from his mother, and the Kingdom of South Wales from his wife. He was killed in battle fighting the Saxons. Married Angharad, Heiress of South Wales. His six sons split the Kingdom, with Mervyn-Mawr becoming King of Powys and his brother, CADELL, taking the title of King of South Wales (Seisyllwg).
  
  === !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 12 ===
  !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236.
  
  === !Aristocratic & Royal Ancestors GS 929.2 ===
  !Aristocratic & Royal Ancestors GS 929.242 H249t p. 904 & 898 gave name as Roderick I http://millennium.fortunecity.com/sherwood/46t8/rhys.html "Wales and the Story of the Rhys Clan (270-1800)" states that "Rhodi lived in the ninth century, and through his schemes and marriages came to rule all of Wales. It was the first time Wales had been ruled by a single power for five hundred years. Rhodi, upon his death split his Kingdom up amongst his sons, and the south part of Wales went to Cadell Ap Rhodi, King of Seisyllwg." Cadell ...founded the aristocratic House of Deheubarth. In about 900 he commissioned a study by the monks to determine his lineage, on which this is based.
  
  === Sources: Young; Kraentzler 1747b; Histor ===
  Sources: Young; Kraentzler 1747b; History of Morgan Family. Young:L Merfyn, prince of Powys, died 904. K: Merfyn, Prince of Powys. ****** Apparently his son, Llwellyn, lost the Kingdom of Powys to his uncle,Cadell. Llwellyn's daughter, Angharad, married Owain (Owen), son of Hywel theGood, to settle the claims of Llwellyn to the throne of Powys. Says MervynMawr died in 916. SOURCES: 1. Morgan, Dennis, _A History of the Morgan Family_. 2. Bartrum, Peter C. _Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400; University ofWales Press, 1968. p. 42. Gives date of death as 904.
  
  === ALIA: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn /Marfyn/,Rod ===
  ALIA: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn /Marfyn/,Roderick the Great Title: King of ALL Wales Birth: 844 Death: 878 in Anglessy, Wales of Slain in battle of 878 Inherited North Wales from father, Powys from mother, South from his wife. Sources: Title: "Annales Cambriae" Early Middle Ages (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1980)" Title: The Annals of Ulster to A.D. 1131, edited by S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill [Dublin, 1984) Title: Jesus College (Oxford) MS. 20, in EWGT, Title: "Genealogies from Harleian MS". 3859, fo. 193r-195r, edited in EWGT Text: 1: "Rotri map Mermin"] (also #1568) Title: " Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400 & AD 1400-1500" P. C. Bartrun's, 8 vol and 18 vol Repository: Call Number: Media: Book Text: Upon the death of his father in 844 he became King of Gwynedd. When his uncle, Cyngen, died in 855 he became King of Powys. When his wife ANGHARAD's brother, Gwgon, died in 871 he also became ruler of Seisyllwg. By the time of his death in 877 he ruled over all of Wales with the exception of the southeastern and southwestern extremities. Rhodri was a pivotal person in Welsh history. In future centuries, one of the main requirements for kingship in the Welsh kingdoms was being of the descent of Rhodri Mawr. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. It was his victory over the Viking, Horn, leader of the Danes, in 856 which brought him international acclaim. The Irish and the Franks had been unsuccessfully trying to repel the Northmen and they were impessed by Rhodri's success. The English kingdom of Wessex had for many years been striving with partial success to subjugate Powys. It was in battle against the English that Rhodri, along with his son, Gwriad, was killed in 877. It appears that the Welsh court experienced a cultural revival during the reign of Rhodri. Title: Stewart Baldwin Text: Stewart Baldwin posted to soc.genealogy.medieval on 29 Jun 1997 (in part): Subject: Re: Rhoderic Mawr, King of Wales "Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, died in 878. ["Rhod eric" is an Anglicization of the Welsh name "Rhodri".] Although he was an important Welsh king, it is not really appropriate to call him the "first King of Wales", for there were large parts of Wales over which he did not rule. Most sources give the name of Rhodri's wife as ANGHARAD, heiress of Ceredigion, and give his mother as NEST, heiress of Powys, but Patrick Sims-Williams [in the article "Historical Need and Literary Narrative: a Caveat from Ninth-Century Wales", Welsh History Review, vol. 17 (1994), pp. 1-40] has recently argued (conclusively, in my opinion) that neither NEST nor ANGHARAD ever existed, and that they were inventions of later genealogists who wanted to give Rhodri's family a line of descent from the earlier kings of Powys and Ceredigion. Rhodri's ancestry, as taken from the best records (The Harleian genealogies and the Welsh and Irish annals), is given in this genealogy. Names are given here in their Old Welsh forms, with Modern Welsh ["MW"] forms given in brackets. ALIA: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn /Marfyn/,Roderick the Great Title: King of ALL Wales Birth: 844 Death: 878 in Anglessy, Wales of Slain in battle of 878 Inherited North Wales from father, Powys from mother, South from his wife. Father: Merfyn (Marfyn) Frych ap Gwriad Mother: Nesta Marriage 1 Angharad ferch Meurig Children Tudwal Gloff ap Rhodri Mawr Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr Merfyn ap Rhodri Mawr Sources: Title: "Annales Cambriae" Early Middle Ages (Boydell Press, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1980)" Title: The Annals of Ulster to A.D. 1131, edited by S. Mac Airt and G. Mac Niocaill [Dublin, 1984) Title: Jesus College (Oxford) MS. 20, in EWGT, Title: "Genealogies from Harleian MS". 3859, fo. 193r-195r, edited in EWGT Text: 1: "Rotri map Mermin"] (also #1568) Title: " Welsh Genealogies AD 300-1400 & AD 1400-1500" P. C. Bartrun's, 8 vol and 18 vol Repository: Call Number: Media: Book Text: Upon the death of his father in 844 he became King of Gwynedd. When his uncle, Cyngen, die d in 855 he became King of Powys. When his wife ANGHARAD's brother, Gwgon, died in 871 he also became ruler of Seisyllwg. By the time of his death in 877 he ruled over all of Wales with the exception of the southeastern and southwestern extremities. Rhodri was a pivotal person in Welsh history. In future centuries, one of the main requirements for kingship in the Welsh kingdoms was being of the descent of Rhodri Mawr. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. It was his victory over the Viking, Horn, leader of the Danes, in 856 which brought him international acclaim. The Irish and the Franks had been unsuccessfully trying to repel the Northmen and they were impessed by Rhodri's success. The English kingdom of Wessex had for many years been striving with partial success to subjugate Powys. It was in battle against the English that Rhodri, along with his son, Gwriad, was killed in 877. It appears that the Welsh court experienced a cultural revival during the reign of Rhodri. Title: Stewart Baldwin Text: Stewart Baldwin posted to soc.genealogy.medieval on 29 Jun 1997 (in part): Subject: Re: Rhoderic Mawr, King of Wales "Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, died in 878. ["Rhoderic" is an Anglicization of the Welsh name "Rhodri".] Although he was an important Welsh king, it is not really appropriate to call him the "first King of Wales", for there were large parts of Wales over which he did not rule. Most sources give the name of Rhodri's wife as ANGHARAD, heiress of Ceredigion, and give his mother as NEST, heiress of Powys, but Patrick Sims-Williams [in the article "Historical Need and Literary Narrative: a Caveat from Ninth-Century Wales", Welsh History Review, vol. 17 (1994), pp. 1-40] has recently argued (conclusively, in my opinion) that neither NEST nor ANGHARAD ever existed, and that they were inventions of later genealogists who wanted to give Rhodri's family a line of descent from the earlier kings of Powys and Ceredigion. Rhodri's ancestry, as taken from th e best records (The Harleian genealogies and the Welsh and Irish annals), is given in this genealogy. Names are given here in their Old Welsh forms, with Modern Welsh ["MW"] forms given in brackets. Name: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn Frych ALIA: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn /Marfyn/,Roderick the Great Title: King of ALL Wales Birth: 844 Death: 878 in Anglessy, Wales of Slain in battle of 878 Event: Personal Note Inherited North Wales from father, Powys from mother, South from his wife.
  
  === He succeeded his father as King of Gwyn ===
  He succeeded his father as King of Gwynedd. He was calle d Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) on account of his skill i n extending the boundaries of his kingdom and in uniting th e Welsh people under one government. He became ruler of all Wales except a small part in th e extreme south. He married ANGHARAD, daughter of Meurig a p Dyfnwallon. His Mother's brother, Cyngen, King of Powys, died in 8 55. He immediately took possession of Powys and no one see ms to have disputed his right to rule. He acquired Seisyllw g on the death of its King Gwgon, brother of Rhodri's wife , who died in 872. He was somewhat successful in resisting the invasion s of the Saxons and the Danes---but in 876 he sustained a c rushing defeat and fled to Ireland. He returned in 877 an d attempted to regain the kingdom, but was killed by the Sa xons in 878. After his death the kingdom does not seem to have bee n held by the Saxons as it was divided betyween three of hi s sons; Anawrad, Cadell and Merfyn.
  
  === Merfyn was the son of Rhodri (Mawr) ap M ===
  Merfyn was the son of Rhodri (Mawr) ap Merfyn and Angharad verch Meurig. He was the brother of Anarawd ap Rhodri and Cadell ap Rhodri within this ancestral lineage.
  
  === slain in battle Prince os Wales The Nort ===
  slain in battle Prince os Wales The Northmen pirates were held at bay by Rhodri Mawr, "founder of the princely houses of Gwynedd and Deheubarth (south Wales) and ruler of all Wales save Dyfed (the land of the Demetae), Brecon, Gwent and Glamorgan." {-Encycl.Brit.,`56,23:291} Sir Anthony Wagner, Garter King of Arms ("English Ancestry," Oxford U. Press, 1961, pp.14-15) states: "Rhodri's male ancestry is traced...to Coel Hen Godebog, who lived, perhaps, early in the fifth century, while the line of Rhodri's grandmother, that of the older dynasty of North Wales, is taken back to its founder Cunedda, about A.D.450, and to Cunedda's father, grandfather and great-grandfather, the Roman forms of whose names (Eternus, Paternus and Tacitus) suggest that they were historical." "A History of Wales," John Davies (New York: Penguin Books, 1993) p. 81: "A chain of marriages begins around 800 when Gwriad, of the lineage of the Men of the North, married Esyllt of the line of Maelgwn Fawr; their son, Merfyn, became king of Gwynedd in 825 on the death of Esyllt's uncle, Hywel ap Rhodri, Marfyn married Nest of the house of Powys, and their son, Rhodri, married Angharad of the house of Seisyllwg (Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi). Rhodri became ruler of Gwynedd in 844 on the death of his father, of Powys in 855 on the death of his uncle, Cyngen, and of Seisyllwg in 871 on the death of his brother-in-law Gwgon; he died in 877, king of a realm extending from Anglesey to Gower. ...Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior." The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126;*The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23;*Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438;*Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370;*Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3;*Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309.*Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41;*Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82;*Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec,Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236.
  
  === "Roderick the Great" "Mawr the Great" ===
  "Roderick the Great" "Mawr the Great"
  
  Rhodri ap Merfyn (c. 820–878), later known as Rhodri the Great (Welsh: Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his father, Merfyn Frych, as King of Gwynedd in 844. Rhodri annexed Powys c. 856 and Seisyllwg c. 871. He is called "King of the Britons" by the Annals of Ulster. In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales", although the title is anachronistic and his realm did not include southern Wales.
  
  Lineage and inheritance
  
  Rhodri was the son of Merfyn Frych, who had claimed Gwynedd upon the extinction of Cunedda's male line. Rhodri then inherited the realm after his father's death around 844. Merfyn hailed from "Manaw" which may either refer to the Isle of Man or Manau, the ancestral homeland of all Gwynedd's kings since Cunedda.
  
  According to later genealogies, his mother or grandmother was Nest ferch Cadell of the ruling dynasty in Powys. Although surviving texts of Welsh law expressly forbid inheritance along the maternal line, Nest and Rhodri's supposed inheritance was later used to justify Gwynedd's annexation of Powys after the c. 855 death of Cyngen ap Cadell in preference to Cyngen's other heirs.
  
  Similarly, Rhodri's marriage to Angharad ferch Meurig was used to explain his supposed inheritance of her brother Gwgon's kingdom of Ceredigion after that king's death in 872[a] via a principle of jure uxoris that does not survive in our sources for Welsh law.
  
  Reign 855-878
  Now the master of much of modern Wales, Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and, increasingly, from Vikings, called the "black gentiles"[b] in the Welsh sources. The Danish are recorded ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856, Rhodri won a notable victory and killed their leader Gorm.
  
  The Chronicle of the Princes records two victories by Rhodri in 872: the first at a place given variously as Bangolau,[1] Bann Guolou,[2] or Bannoleu,[3] where he defeated the Vikings on Anglesey "in a hard battle"[1] and the second at Manegid[1] or Enegyd[4] where the Vikings "were destroyed".
  
  The Chronicle of the Princes records his death occurring at the Battle of Sunday on Anglesey in 873;[1] the Annals of Wales record the two events in different years[2][3] and Phillimore's reconstruction of its dates places Rhodri's death in 877.[2] According to the Chronicle, Rhodri and his brother Gwriad were killed during a Saxon invasion (which probably would have been under Ceolwulf of Mercia, given that the Wessex forces under Alfred the Great were fighting Vikings in East Anglia at the time). The Annals record no great details of the death, but where the B text calls Gwriad Rhodri's brother,[3] the A text has him as Rhodri's son instead.[2] It is likely he was killed in battle given that all the sources call his son Anarawd's victory over the Mercians at the Battle of the Conwy a few years later "God's vengeance for Rhodri".
  
  Succession
  Rhodri died leaving at least four sons to share his land among themselves. The traditional account is that his eldest, Anarawd, became king of Gwynedd and the head of the subsequent House of Aberffraw which produced Gruffudd ap Cynan and Llywelyn the Great. Another, Cadell, was given Ceredigion and killed his brother Merfyn to claim Powys as well. Cadell's family was later known as the House of Dinefwr, after its base of operations was moved by Hywel the Good to Dyfed following another (supposed) inheritance via his marriage to Elen ferch Llywarch. Hywel's wide domain, later known as Deheubarth, briefly eclipsed Gwynedd under his immediate heirs before fracturing.
  
  A fourth son, possibly too young to have been considered for the first division of Rhodri's lands, took part in Anarawd's 881 revenge against Mercia and, wounded there, became known to history as Tudwal the Lame, a condition disqualifying him from rule under Cyfraith Hywel, Welsh customary law.
  
  Children
  Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 913)
  Cadell ap Rhodri (854–907)
  Gwriad ap Rhodri
  Tudwal ap Rhodri (born 860)
  
  Cawley states that Rhodri and his wife Angharad had four children, and names Gwriad, Anarawd, Cadell, and Merfyn. Boyer, by contrast, following Bartrum, names six children (Anarawd, Cadell, Merfyn, Aeddan, Meurig, and Nest) by his first wife, two (Tudwal Gloff and Elise) by his second, and an additional four (Gwyddelig, Rhodri Fychan, Gwriad, and a daughter) undetermined.
  https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Ap_Merfyn-19
  
  Just as Egbert, King of the West Saxons and later of Kent is the first ruler to be styled King of the Angles or English people in 829-30, so Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great 820-878) is remembered as the first to claim the title of king of the Welsh. He was the first to unite most o Wales under his rule, 844-78. Professor Davies points out that the title "great" was bestowed upon only two other rulers in the same century: Charlemagne (Charles the Great) and Alfred the Great. All threee contributed greatly to the growth of statehood among their respective nations. Rhodri, son of Merfyn Frych became King of Gwynedd in 844, following the death of his father, of Poways following the death of his uncle in 855 and of Seisyllwg (including eredigion and Ystrad Tywi) following the death of his brother-in-law in 872. He was most successful in keeping out the danes and the english from settling his territories. By uniting the three principal kingdoms of Wales under his rule, Rhodri showed that an independent Wales could exist that need not be subservient ot the rule of English monarchs. Gwynfor Evans cites Nora Chadwick, Calling Rhodri "the greatest of all the kings of Wales." His success was mainly due to his creation of a consciousness in the Welsh-speaking people of Britan that they could act together as one. Gwynfor Evans also laments the fact that this great king had no biographer to properly record his achievements, unlike Alfred of Wessex, who had a biographer Asser, a Welshman from St. David's Rhodri was killed in 878 fighting against the English of Mercia.
  
  !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236. !The Royal Tribes of Wales, Wales 1 p 126; !The Royal Lines of Succession, A16 A225, p 23; Eminent Welshmen Wales 13, p 16,17,438; Dict of Nat'l Biog, Eng Pub A,v.1,p 370; Temple Rec, Mary Ann P Schow, TR 593, p 3; Ped of Angl. & Carnarv Fam, Wales Angl 1 p 309. Eminent Welshmen, Wales 13, p 41; Hist of Powys Fadog, Wales 15 v 1 p 82; Heraldic Visitations of Wales, Wales 37, v 1 p 313; Montgomery Collec, Montg Pub A, v 1 p 236.
  
  2 SOUR S003599 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Jun 28, 2002 2 SOUR S003619 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 22, 2002 2 SOUR S003722 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 26, 2002 2 SOUR S003758 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Aug 27, 2002 2 SOUR S003865 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Sep 17, 2002 2 SOUR S003860 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Sep 17, 2002 2 SOUR S003885 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Oct 8, 2002 2 SOUR S229184 3 DATA 4 TEXT Date of Import: Dec 3, 2002 [3 william morgan.ged] Notes: Bartrum's "Welsh Genealogies". Upon the death of his father in 844 he became King of Gwynedd. When his uncle, Cyngen, died in 855 he became King of Powys. When his wife ANGHARAD's brother, Gwgon, died in 871 he also became ruler of Seisyllwg. By the time of his death in 877 h e ruled over all of Wales with the exception of the southeastern and southwestern extremities. Rhodri was a pivotal person in Welsh history. In future centuries, one of the main requirements for kingship in the Welsh kingdoms was being of the des cent of Rhodri Mawr. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. It was his victory over the Viking, Horn, leader of the Danes, in 856 which brought him international acclaim. The Irish and the Franks had been unsuccessfully trying to rep el the Northmen and they were impessed by Rhodri's success. The English kingdom of Wessex had for many years been striving with partial success to subjugate Powys. It was in battle against the English that Rhodri, along with his son, Gwriad, was k illed in 877. It appears that the Welsh court experienced a cultural revival during the reign of Rhodri. Stewart Baldwin posted to soc.genealogy.medieval on 29 Jun 1997 (in part): Subject: Re: Rhoderic Mawr, King of Wales "Rhodri Mawr, king of Gwynedd, died in 878. ["Rhoderic" is an Anglicization of the Welsh name "Rhodri".] Although he was an important Welsh king, it is not really appropriate to call him the "first King o f Wales", for there were large parts of Wales over which he did not rule. Most sources give the name of Rhodri's wife as ANGHARAD, heiress of Ceredigion, and give his mother as NEST, heiress of Powys, but Patrick Sims-Williams [in the article "His torical Need and Literary Narrative: a Caveat from N
  
  === First to combine almost all of Wales. M ===
  First to combine almost all of Wales. Mawr = The Great from Homer Beers James website: Rhodri Mawr, (Roderick the Great) was born in 844. Uniting three kingdoms, he became King of all Wales, having inherited North Wales from his father, Powys from his mother, and South Wales from his wife. He was slain in battle in 878, having married Ankaret, Queen of South Wales, thirteenth in descent from Cunedda, No. 1 of his line. The kingdoms he united were at his death divided among their three sons.
  
  === !Prince of Wales, "Mawr", Had six sons b ===
  !Prince of Wales, "Mawr", Had six sons but divided his kingdom among only three of them. "Wales History," by Gilbert Stone, p 149.
  
  === http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great ===
  Rhodri was the son of Merfyn Frych, who had claimed Gwynedd upon the extinction of Cunedda's male line. Rhodri then inherited the realm after his father's death around 844. Merfyn hailed from "Manaw" which may either refer to the Isle of Man or Manau, the ancestral homeland of all Gwynedd's kings since Cunedda.
  
  According to later genealogies, his mother or grandmother was Nest ferch Cadell of the ruling dynasty in Powys. Although surviving texts of Welsh law expressly forbid inheritance along the maternal line, Nest and Rhodri's supposed inheritance was later used to justify Gwynedd's annexation of Powys after the c. 855 death of Cyngen ap Cadell in preference to Cyngen's other heirs.
  
  Similarly, Rhodri's marriage to Angharad ferch Meurig was used to explain his supposed inheritance of her brother Gwgon's kingdom of Ceredigion after that king's death in 872[1] via a principle of jure uxoris that does not survive in our sources for Welsh law.
  
  === 16. Rhodri Mawr, (Roderick the Great) w ===
  16. Rhodri Mawr, (Roderick the Great) was born in 844. Uniting three kingdoms, he became King of all Wales, having inherited North Wales from his father, Powys from his mother, and South Wales from his wife. He was slain in battle in 878, having married Ankaret, Queen of South Wales, thirteenth in descent from Cunedda, No. 1 of his line. The kingdoms he united were at his death divided among their three sons. The three sons were as follows:

1. Cadell ap Rhodri, b. ABT 870 in Wales     d. 909 in Dinefwr Castle, Carmarthenshire, Wales
2. Anarawd Mawr ap Rhodri, b. 857 in Gwynned, Wales     d. 916 in Anglesey, Wales

1. Title: Descendants of Rhodri Mawr
   Publication: Name: http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6516/TABLES%20-%20EARLY%20SERIES_42.png?sequence=13&isAllowed=y;
   
2. Title: "Archaeologia Cambrensis," by W. Pickering, 1864
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=CZAbAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1#v=onepage&q=rhodri&f=false;
   
3. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales -
   Author: Brian C Tompsett , Directory of Royal Genealogical Data (1994-2001, www.dcs.hull.ac.uk/public/genealogy/royal), Internet, Page number: Version: 25 Mar 2001, n=royal?royal01938
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2637146926
   
4. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales -
   Author: Encyclopedia Britannia, 1996 - CD97, Wales
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2737222626
   
5. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri "Mawr" Ap Merfyn -
   Author: #8724
   
6. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales -
   Author: Garry L McLaughlin , Garry L McLaughlin's Family History (1 Aug 2001, www.gbso.net/actor/actor.htm, Star Rt. 3, Box 1484-L, Satsuma, FL 32189), Internet
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2637146923
   
7. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales - birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom
   Author: 160010.GED, Not Given
   Note: birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: 0878; Isle of Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2737222791
   
8. Title: Early Welsh Society (tree)
   Publication: Name: https://www.wikitree.com/photo/jpg/Cennetig-1;
   Note: Wales and the Britons, 350-1064, Volume 1 of History of Wales. p. 334. Cennetig-1.jpg Comments On 15 Jul 2014 Michelle Brooks wrote: Wales and the Britons, 350-1064, Volume 1 of History of Wales. p. 334. Author T. M. Charles-Edwards. Edition illustrated. Publisher Oxford University Press, 2013
   
9. Title: "Brut y tywysogion: or, The chronicle of the princes," by Caradoc, of Llancarvan, edited by John Williams
   Author: Publication date: 1860 Topics: Welsh literature, English literature Publisher: London : Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts Collection: pimslibrary; toronto Digitizing sponsor: University of Toronto Contributor: PIMS - University of Toronto Language: Welsh
   Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/brutytywysogiono00cara/page/n9;
   Note: Good source, but there is not mention of any Idwallan son of Einon - need page # The second edition Ordnance Survey map (1899) shows ‘Pant Câd-Einion Site of Battle (A.D.982)’ at SS 9494 8059. This is absent from the first edition map of 1877. The battle was likely added on the basis of material found in the unreliable Gwentian Brutforged by Iolo Morgannwg in the 1790s. 982 Einion, son of Owain, went to Gorwennydd, where the action of Pencoed Colwynn took place (Owen, 35). How Pencoed Colwynn became Pant Câd-Einion is uncertain. (same source)
   
10. Title: Book: Dictionary of Welsh Biography down to 1940
    Author: Dictionary of Welsh Biography down to 1940; John Edward Lloyd & R T Jenkins, Ed. {1957}, Page number: 837
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2736742404
    
11. Title: Dictionary of Welsh Biography: RHODRI MAWR (‘the Great’) (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth
    Publication: Name: https://biography.wales/article/s-RHOD-MAW-0877;
    Note: Name: Rhodri Mawr Date of death: 877 Spouse: Angharad ferch Meurig Child: Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr Child: Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr Parent: Nest ferch Cadell ap Brochwel Parent: Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad Gender: Male Occupation: king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth Area of activity: Politics, Government and Political Movements; Royalty and Society Author: Thomas Jones Pierce son of Merfyn Frych by Nest, daughter of Cadell ap Brochwel of Powys. He succeeded his father as king of Gwynedd in 844. In 855, on the death of his uncle, Cyngen, he became king of Powys, and in 872, when Gwgon, king Seisyllwg (Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi) and brother to his wife, Angharad, died, the southern realm came under his rule. There was thus created for the first time a loose union of at least three major Welsh provinces, and though dissolved at Rhodri's death, this temporary association gave birth to an aspiration which coloured the outlook of successive generations of Rhodri's descendants as rulers of Deheubarth or Gwynedd down to the loss of Welsh independence. In his life-time Wales was gravely menaced by the Danes, and evidence exists pointing to bold and vigorous leadership during this crisis. It would appear that he died in battle against the Saxons, leaving six sons of whom two became founders of medieval dynasties, Anarawd of the house of Aberffraw, and Cadell, father of Hywel Dda, of the house of Dinefwr. Author Professor Thomas Jones Pierce, (1905 - 1964), Aberystwyth Sources A History of Wales: from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (London 1912); Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Further Reading Wikipedia Article: Rhodri the Great Additional Links Wikidata: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q470862 Published date: 1959 Article Copyright: http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/
    
12. Title: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CK3Z-VFPZ : 7 February 2023), Rhodri the Great, ; Burial, , ; citing record ID 207234197, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CK3Z-VFPZ;
    
13. Title: Legacy NFS Source: ap Cadell Hywel Dda, Prince of Deheubarth - birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: Ratcliff3.FTW, Not Given
    Note: birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: after 0917; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
    
14. Title: Legacy NFS Source: ap Cadell Hywel Dda, Prince of Deheubarth - birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: v11t4329.FTW, Not Given
    Note: birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: after 0917; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other baptism: Source Media Type: Other baptism: Source Media Type: Other Endowment: Source Media Type: Other Endowment: Source Media Type: Other Seal to Parents: Source Media Type: Other Seal to Parents: Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
    
15. Title: Web: Netherlands, GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-Current
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/9289/records/33021550;
    
16. Title: "Colonial Families of the US", p. 157
    Note: DD was 1 year late. He died in battle with his brother Gwiriad fighting the Saxons.
    
17. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri Mawr -
    Author: 401017.ftw, Not Given
    Note: Source Media Type: Other
    
18. Title: Peerage, The
    Author: Darryl Lundy, The Peerage, a genealogical survey of teh Peerage of Britian as well as the royal families of Europe(http://thepeerage.com : accessed 26 Aug 2019), Rhodri \'Mawr\' ap Merfyn;
    Note: Rhodri \'Mawr\' ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd was the son of Merfyn \'Frych\' ap Gwriad, King of Gwynedd and Nest ferch Cadell.1 He married Angharad (?).1 He died in 878.1 He was also known as Rhodri \'the Great\'.1 He gained the title of King of Gwynedd in 844.1 He succeeded as the King of Powys in 855.1Children of Rhodri \'Mawr\' ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd and Angharad (?) Cadell ap Rhodri+1 d. 909 Anarawd ap Rhodri, King of Gwynedd+1 d. 916 Merfyn ap Rhodri, King of Powys1Citations [S130] Wikipedia, online http;//www.wikipedia.org. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
    
19. Title: Geni: Rhodri the Great, king of the Britons
    Publication: Name: https://www.geni.com/people/Rhodri-the-Great-king-of-the-Britons/6000000000475063599;
    Note: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn Welsh: Rhodri ap Merfyn Gender: Male Birth: circa 820 Caer Seiont, Carnarvonshire, Wales Death: 878 (54-62) Anglesey, Wales (Killed by English under Alfred the Great) Immediate Family: Son of Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad Husband of N.N. and Angharad verch Meurig, of South Wales Father of Tudwal Gloff ap Rhodri Mawr; Elise ap Rhodri Mawr; Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr, King of Seisyllwg, Dyfed and Deheubarth; Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr; Nest verch Rhodri Mawr and 7 others Brother of Anarawd ap Merfyn and Gwriad ap Merfyn Added by: Bjørn P. Brox on May 2, 2007 Managed by: James Fred Patin, Jr. and 184 others Curated by: Terry Jackson (Switzer) See Peter Bartrum, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6516/TABLES%20-%20EARLY%20SERIES_41.png?sequence=14&isAllowed=y (May 27, 2018; Anne Brannen, curator) See Peter Bartrum, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/6516/TABLES%20-%20EARLY%20SERIES_12.png?sequence=34&isAllowed=y (May 8, 2018; Anne Brannen, curator) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Clan of Tudor Trevor; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id55.html. (Steven Ferry, May 4, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Royal Family of Gwynedd- Wikipedia's Lame Biography of Rhodri Mawr; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id165.html. (Steven Ferry, May 4, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Retaking of Northeast Wales in the 10th Century; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id60.html. (Steven Ferry, May 23, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: Hedd Molwynog or Hedd ap Alunog of Llanfair Talhearn; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id61.html. (Steven Ferry, May 23, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Enigmatic Elystan Glodrydd; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id199.html. (Steven Ferry, June 9, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: Einion ap Celynin of Llwydiarth; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id138.html. (Steven Ferry, June 18, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: Eidio Wyllt - What Was His Birthname?; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id156.html. (Steven Ferry, July 3, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Legendary Kingdom of Seisyllwg; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id123.html. (Steven Ferry, July 3, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Royal Family of Ceredigion; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id158.html. (Steven Ferry, July 5, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: Pedigree of "Ednowain Bendew II"; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id92.html, [#28] as emended 10/27/17. (Steven Ferry, October 29, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Pedigree of Cynddelw Gam of Ystrad Alun; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id94.html; [#30] [#71] [#147] (Steven Ferry, December 12, 2017.) Please see Darrell Wolcott: The Royal Family of Glamorgan: The Ancestry of Iestyn ap Gwrgan; http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id227.html. (Steven Ferry, December 27, 2018.) Rhodri the Great (in Welsh, Rhodri Mawr; occasionally in English, Roderick the Great) (c. 820–878) was the first ruler of Wales to be called 'Great', and the first to rule most of present-day Wales. He was called King of the Britons by the Annals of Ulster. In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales" but he did not rule all of Wales nor was this term used contemporaneously to describe him. The son of Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, and Nest ferch Cadell of the Royal line of Powys, he inherited the Kingdom of Gwynedd on his father's death in 844. When his maternal uncle Cyngen ap Cadell ruler of Powys died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 855 Rhodri inherited Powys. In 872 Gwgon, ruler of Seisyllwg in southern Wales, was accidentally drowned, and Rhodri added his Kingdom to his domains by virtue of his marriage to Angharad, Gwgon's sister. This made him the ruler of the larger part of Wales. Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and increasingly from the Danes, who were recorded as ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856 Rhodri won a notable victory over the Danes, killing their leader Gorm (sometimes given as Horm). Two poems by Sedulius Scotus written at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Western Franks, celebrate the victory of "Roricus" over the Norsemen. In 876 Rhodri fought another battle against the Norse invaders on Anglesey, after which he had to flee to Ireland. On his return the following year, he and his son Gwriad were said to have been killed by the English under Alfred the Great, though the precise manner of his death is unknown. When his son, Anarawd ap Rhodri won a victory over the Mercians a few years later, it was hailed in the annals as "God's vengeance for Rhodri". Historical Event: Tsar Simeon the Great was the ruler of Bulgaria, who reigned 893 - 927. He was 27 when he took the throne from his brother Vladimir, the son of Prince Boris, who was deposed and possibly blinded by his own father after his attempt to return Bulgaria to paganism. One of the first decisions which he took after taking over the throne was to move the capital of Bulgaria from Pliska to Preslav. Lineage & inheritance The son of Merfyn Frych, King of Gwynedd, and Nest ferch Cadell of the Royal line of Powys, he inherited the Kingdom of Gwynedd on his father's death in 844. When his uncle Cyngen ap Cadell ruler of Powys died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 855 Rhodri inherited Powys. In 872 Gwgon, ruler of Seisyllwg in southern Wales, was accidentally drowned, and Rhodri added his Kingdom to his domains by virtue of his marriage to Angharad, Gwgon's sister. This made him the ruler of the larger part of Wales. Resistance against Danes Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and increasingly from the Danes, who were recorded as ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856 Rhodri won a notable victory over the Danes, killing their leader Gorm (sometimes given as Horm). Two poems by Sedulius Scotus written at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Western Franks, celebrate the victory of "Roricus" over the Norsemen. In 877 Rhodri fought another battle against the Norse invaders on Anglesey, this time being forced to flee to Ireland. Defeat and death On his return the following year, he and his son Gwriad were said to have been killed by the English under Alfred the Great, though the precise manner of his death is unknown. When his son, Anarawd ap Rhodri won a victory over the Mercians a few years later, it was hailed in the annals as "God's vengeance for Rhodri". Succession His son Cadell ap Rhodri conquered Dyfed, which was later joined with Seisyllwg by Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda to become Deheubarth. Like his grandfather, Hywel would come to rule most of Wales. Source: Wikipedia He united Gwynedd, Powys & Deheubarth thru war and marriage. History: Dinefwr district, Dyfed county, southern Wales. Created in the administrative reorganization of 1974, it covers an area of 375 square miles (971 square km) and rises from an elevation of just over 100 feet (30 m) in the Tywi valley in central Dinefwr to heights of more than 2,000 feet (600 m) in the Black Mountains to the south. Dinefwr district is bordered by the districts of Ceredigion to the north, Brecknock to the east, Lliw Valley and Llanelli to the south, and Carmarthen to the west. The district's town of Llandovery was of strategic importance in Roman times, and the Church of Llanfair (restored 1915) nearby was built within the ramparts of a Roman fort. The ruins of the 13th-century Dynevor Castle are located just west of Llandeilo. Originally built in AD 876 by the Welsh nobleman Rhodri Mawr, the castle was taken by the English in the 13th century and rebuilt; the Welsh leader Owen Glendower tried to retake it in 1408 but failed. Dinefwr is a rural district in which dairy farming is the main agricultural activity. Both Llandovery and Llandeilo are agricultural market towns, and Llandeilo is also the administrative seat for the district. Dinefwr's limited industry is located in Ammanford, a mining centre situated on an anthracite coalfield surrounded by scenic countryside. Many tourists visit the district as most of its eastern half lies within Brecon Beacons National Park. The County Agricultural College is in Llandeilo. A highway and a railway extend south from Llandovery through Llandeilo and Ammansford. Pop. (1986 est.) 37,200. Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. First ruler of Wales to be called 'Great', and the first to rule most of present-day Wales. He is referred to as "King of the Britons" by the Annals of Ulster. Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and increasingly from the Danes, who were recorded as ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856 Rhodri won a notable victory over the Danes, killing their leader Gorm (sometimes given as Horm). Two poems by Sedulius Scotus written at the court of Charles the Bald, King of the Western Franks, celebrate the victory of "Roricus" over the Norsemen. In 877 Rhodri fought another battle against the Norse invaders on Anglesey, this time being forced to flee to Ireland. On his return the following year, he and his son Gwriad were said to have been killed by the English under Alfred the Great, though the precise manner of his death is unknown. When his son, Anarawd ap Rhodri won a victory over the Mercians a few years later, it was hailed in the annals as "God's vengeance for Rhodri". Family Rhodri died leaving three sons: His heir, Anarawd ap Rhodri, who became the new king of the britons, taking kingship of the Kingdom of Gwynedd; His son Cadell ap Rhodri, who conquered Dyfed, which was later joined with Seisyllwg by Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda to become Deheubarth. Like his grandfather, Hywel would come to rule most of Wales; and His son Merfyn ap Rhodri, who became the king of the Kingdom of Powys. Rhodri the Great From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rhodri the Great (in Welsh, Rhodri Mawr; occasionally in English, Roderick the Great) (c. 820–878) was the first ruler of Wales to be called 'Great', and the first to rule most of present-day Wales. He wa...
    
20. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri "Mawr" Ap Merfyn -
    Author: #8736
    
21. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri "Mawr" Ap Merfyn -
    Author: #8733
    
22. Title: Legacy NFS Source: ap Cadell Hywel Dda, Prince of Deheubarth -
    Author: International Genealogical Index® (1998, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints), www.FamilySearch.org -- Internet, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA, Family History Library 35 N West Temple Street, Page number: film 184321, page 404, ref 8996
    
23. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales -
    Author: Welsh Genealogies, AD 300-1400; Peter C Bartrum, Page number: 12, 41
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2736742563
    
24. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales - birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: v11t4329.FTW, Not Given
    Note: birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: 0878; Isle of Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other baptism: Source Media Type: Other baptism: Source Media Type: Other Endowment: Source Media Type: Other Endowment: Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2737222792
    
25. Title: Web: Netherlands, GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-2015
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/9289/records/31771404;
    
26. Title: The Castles of Wales: Rhodri Mawr
    Publication: Name: http://www.castlewales.com/rhodri.html;
    Note: Walker 1990; Davies 1990 According to legend, the first Dinefwr Castle (right) was built by Rhodri Mawr - King of Wales in the 9th century. It is unavoidable that attention should focus on those Welsh rulers who extended their power over much of Wales in the centuries prior to the Norman conquest. They foreshadowed the attempts by the princes of Gwynedd in the 13th century to create a unified Welsh state, and they matched contemporary developments in England, and similar, but later, developments in Scotland. So, Rhodri Mawr (844-78) is presented as one who set a pattern for the future. He either ruled or, by his personal qualities, dominated much of Wales. Chroniclers of his generation hailed Rhodri ap Merfyn as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), a distinction bestowed upon two other rulers in the same century - Charles the Great (Charlemagne, died 814) and Alfred the Great (died 899). The three tributes are of a similar nature - recognition of the achievements of men who contributed significantly to the growth of statehood among the nations of the Welsh, the Franks and the English. Unfortunately, the entire evidence relating to the life of Rhodri consists of a few sentences; yet he must have made a deep impression upon the Welsh, for in later centuries being of the line of Rhodri was a primary qualification for their rulers. Until his death, Rhodri was acknowledged as ruler of more than half of Wales, and that as much by diplomacy as by conquest. Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. That success was noted by The Ulster Chronicle and by Sedulius Scottus, an Irish scholar at the court of the Emperor Charles the Bald at Liege. It was his victory over the Vikings in 856 which brought him international acclaim. Wales was less richly provided with fertile land and with the navigable rivers that attracted the Vikings, and the Welsh kings had considerable success in resisting them. Anglesey bore the brunt of the attacks, and it was there in 856 that Rhodri won his great victory over Horn, the leader of the Danes, much to the delight of the Irish and the Franks. It was not only from the west that the kingdom of Rhodri was threatened. By becoming the ruler of Powys, his mother's land, he inherited the old struggle with the kingdom of Mercia. Although Offa's Dyke had been constructed in order to define the territories of the Welsh and the English, this did not prevent the successors of Offa from attacking Wales. The pressure on Powys continued; after 855, Rhodri was its defender, and he and his son, Gwriad, were killed in battle against the English in 878.
    
27. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri Mawr -
    Author: Ball.FTW, Not Given
    Note: Source Media Type: Other
    
28. Title: Ancient Wales Studies: #14 - MAM TUDOR TREFOR
    Publication: Name: http://www.ancientwalesstudies.org/id182.html;
    Note: Under this heading, Bartrum presents two pedigrees: (1) "Mam Tudyr Trevor oedd Rieingar verch Lluddicka ap Kariadoc vreichfras iarll Henffordd ap y Keiloc myngrudd or gogledd ap Eidol darianlas ap Kenau ap Koel godeboc. Tri o meibon oedd i Dudyr Trevor, nid amgen, Grono, Lluddicka, Dingad. I Rono y bu verch yr hon a elwid Gwen ferch ac etifedd i Rono. Mam oedd hono i Elystan glodrydd, ac oddiwth i vam i kavas Elystan iarllaeth Henffordd, ac oddiwrth i vam i kowsse Dudyr Trevor yr un iarllaeth achos i vam oedd verch ac etifedd Lluddicka ap Kariadoc vreichvras iarll Henffordd." (2) [a] "Mam Tudur Trevor oedd Rieingar verch Lluddyka ap Kriadoc vreichvras" [b] "Mam Lluddyka ap Tudur Trevor oedd Angharad verch Howel ddaf ap Kadell" [c] "Mam Llowarch gam ap Lluddyka ap Tudur Trevor oedd verch Iago ap Idwal ap Meuric" [d] "Mam Ednyfed ap Llowarch gam oedd Nest verch Gwrystan ap Gwaithfoed" In his notes to these pedigree, Bartrum says: "Little confidence can be placed in these relationships although, surprisingly, they are all chronologically possible except for 'Mam Tudur Trefor' and "Mam Llywarch Gam'. To the best of my knowledge [the second pedigree] does not appear again until Lewys Dwnn who gives an expanded version (ii.307)." PEDIGREE 1: For those whose Welsh isn't fluent, we shall attempt to render the pedigree in English: "The mother of Tudor Trevor[1] was Reingar ferch Lluddocca ap Caradog Freich Fras, earl of Hereford, ap y Ceiliog Myngrudd of the North ap Eidol Darian Las ap Ceneu ap Coel Godebog. Tudor Trevor had three sons, namely, Gronwy, Lluddocca and Dyngad. Gronwy had a daughter and heiress named Gwen, who was the mother of Elystan Glodrydd. This Elystan Glodrydd became earl of Hereford by right of his mother since Tudor Trevor had inherited it from his mother, the daughter of Lluddocca ap Caradog Freich Fras, earl of Hereford." While Reingar was the granddaughter of Caradog Freich Fras, he was not the man of that name who lived in the 6th century near Hereford whose flawed pedigree follows that name. She was a lady of north Wales whose grandfather was the Caradog Freich Fras of c. 820 found in the pedigree of Heilig ap Glannog. This misidentification led early historians to believe Tudor Trevor held lands in Hereford, whereas his lands were all north of the Severn in Cheshire and Shropshire. Gronwy ap Tudor Trevor died before his father; his only daughter, Gwenllian, married a man of southeast Wales named Cuhelyn ap Ifor and she was the mother of Elystan Glodrydd who became King of Fferlys. That kingdom lay between the Wye and Severn, south of Powys and north of Gwent. It did, prior to the Norman incursions, extend east into Herefordshire. PEDIGREE 2: The first item is a repeat from the first pedigree, but deletes all the wording which misidentified the Caradog Freich Fras in the ancestry of Tudor Trevor's mother. Reingar was born c. 885. The second item identifies the wife of Tudor Trevor by calling her the mother of his son, Lluddocca. Angharad ferch Hywel Dda was born c. 915. The third item identifies the wife of Lluddocca ap Tudor Trevor, but incorrectly extends her ancestry beyond Idwal. Born c. 950, this unnamed lady[2] was a daughter of Iago ap Idwal Foel ap Anarawd ap Rhodri Mawr, not the later Iago ap Idwal ap Elisedd ap Meurig ap Idwal Foel. The fourth item identifies the wife of Llowarch Gam ap Lluddocca. Nest[3] was born c. 980 and was a sister of Cynfyn ap Gwerystan and aunt of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Had Bartrum correctly identified the Caradog Freich Fras and the Iago ap Idwal mentioned in the pedigrees, he could not have concluded that ANY of the relationships cited were chronologically impossible; while slightly corrupt as cited, the marriages were not only possible but highly probable. Tudor Trevor was descended from a junior branch of the First Powys Dynasty, held a vast lordship in the lands bordering Wales and Mercia, and his family should be expected to have married neighboring nobility. The following charts shows the timeline of the family: 805 Gwrgeneu[4] 820 Caradog Freich Fras l l 835 Cadfarch 850 Llyddoca[5] Cadell 850 l l l 880 870 Ynyr============Reingar 885 Hywel Dda 880 Idwal Foel l l l 900 Tudor Trevor============Angharad 915 Iago 915 _____________l_______________ l l l l l 935 Gronwy 930 Dyngad[6] 935 Lluddocca====dau 950 l l l l l Ifor[7] 930 __________l l l l [8] 970 Gwenllian========Cuhelyn 960 l Gwaithfoed 920 l l l 990 Elystan Glodrydd l Gwerystan 950 l l 965 Llowarch Gam===Nest 980 NOTES: [1] Tudor was called "trefor" because he was born at Tref Awr, a manor in Nanheudwy near the present Llangollen [2] She is called Angharad in Dwnn ii, 307 [3] This lady is called Lleuci in Dwnn ii, 307 [4] The ancestry of Gwrgeneu extends back to Cadell ap Cynan Garwin of the First Powys Dynasty; Cadell was a younger brother of King Selyf and both fell in the 613 Battle of Chester [5] Llyddoca was a brother of Gwgan Gleddyfrudd who is found in the pedigree of Heilig ap Glannog [6] Dyngad was the eldest son of Tudor Trevor and inherited the northern part of the lordship, principally Maelor. Lluddocca received his father's manor and the part of his lands which extended south to the Severn; except for Nanheudwy, those lands were all in present-day Shropshire. The third son, Goronwy, died during the lifetime of Tudor and thus inherited nothing [7] Ifor was the son of Seferys ap Cadwr. His sister, Sissely, married Dyngad ap Tudor Trevor. This family descended from Tegonwy ap Teon and represented the southern branch of the extended Powys family [8] Gwaithfoed of Powys represented another branch of the family descended from Tegonwy ap Teon; his descendant, Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, founded the Second Powys Dynasty. The first-cousin of Gwaithfoed was Gwrydr Hir ap Caradog ap Lles Llydog; that Gwrydr Hir married Arddun, a daughter of Tudor Trevor
    
29. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri "Mawr" Ap Merfyn -
    Author: #8726
    
30. Title: CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts > The Annals of Ulster > Year U877 and Year U878: Rhodri
    Publication: Name: https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100001A/index.html;
    Note: Year 877 Rhodri son of Merfyn, king of the Britons, came in flight from the dark foreigners to Ireland. Year 878.1 Rhodri son of Merfyn, king of the Britons, was killed by the Saxons.
    
31. Title: Millennium File
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/7249/records/10253409;
    
32. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales -
    Author: P L Kessler , History Files, The -- The King Lists (1999-2002, Home Publishing, homepages.tesco.net/~plk33/plk33), Internet
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2637146921
    
33. Title: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: RHODRI ap Merfyn "Mawr/the Great," son of MERFYN "Frych/the Freckled" ap Gwriad King of Gwynedd & his wife Nest of Powys (-killed Anglesey 878)
    Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/WALES.htm#_ftnref68;
    Note: RHODRI ap Merfyn "Mawr/the Great," son of MERFYN "Frych/the Freckled" ap Gwriad King of Gwynedd & his wife Nest of Powys (-killed Anglesey 878). [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Rhodri the Great, son of Mervyn the Freckled began to reign over the Welsh" in 843.] King of Gwynedd. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Rhodri the Great opposed [Berthwrd king of Mercia]…with the assistance of Meuryg son of Hywel king of Glamorgan" in 843, adding that Meuryg was killed in the battle and was succeeded by "Ithel son of Hywel" who was killed by "the men of Brecknockshire" on his way to assist Rhodri.] He succeeded his maternal uncle Cyngen ap Cadell as King of Powys in 855. He succeeded in 872 as King of Seisyllwg. The Annals of Ulster record that "Rhodri son of Merfyn king of the Britons came in flight from the dark foreigners to Ireland" in 877. The Annales Cambriæ record that "Rotri et filius eius Guriat…jugulatur" in 877 by the Saxons. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Rhodri and his brother Gwriad were killed by the Saxons" in 878. The Annals of Ulster record that "Rhodri son of Merfyn king of the Britons was killed by the Saxons" in 878. The Gwentian Chronicle records "the action…in Mona in which Rhodri and his brother Gwriad, and Gweirydd son of Owain of Glamorgan were killed by the Saxons" in 873 (dated in other sources to 878). m [ANGHARAD, daughter of MEURIG King of Ceredigion & his wife ---. Angharad´s parentage and marriage are recorded in a manuscript now at Jesus College.] Rhodri & his wife had [four] children: 1. [GWRIAD (-killed Anglesey 878). The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Rhodri and his brother Gwriad were killed by the Saxons" in 878. The Gwentian Chronicle records "the action…in Mona in which Rhodri and his brother Gwriad, and Gweirydd son of Owain of Glamorgan were killed by the Saxons" in 873. The Annales Cambriæ record that "Rotri et filius eius Guriat…jugulatur" in 877 by the Saxons. With these contradictory sources, it is uncertain whether Gwriad was the brother or son of Rhodri, although the later passage quoted below, which names Gwriad´s son, suggests that he was Rhodri´s son.] m ---. The name of Gwriad´s wife is not known. Gwriad & his wife had one child: a) GWGAWN (-killed 955). The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Gwgawn son of Gwriad son of Rhodri the Great" was killed in 955. 2. ANARAWD ap Rhodri (-[913/15]). [The Gwentian Chronicle records the division of territories effected by "Rhodri the Great" and that "Gwynedd he conferred upon his son Anarawd and his palace was at Aberffraw in Mona."] King of Gwynedd. The Gwentian Chronicle is contradicted by Gerald of Wales´s Descriptio Kambriæ which records that “Rothericus magnus, qui Britannice Rotheri Maur dicebatur” had “tres filios...Mervinum, Anaraut et Cadelh” who divided Wales between them, “Mervino...Nortwallia, Anaraut Powisia, Cadelh...Sudwallia.” [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Anarawd king of Gwynedd devastated Ceredigion, the territory of his brother Cadell" in 892.] The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 915 of "Anaraut rex." The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records the death in 913 of "Anarawd son of Rhodri, king of the Britons." [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Anarawd son of Rhodri the Great, king of the Britons" died in 913 and then "Hywel son of Cadell ruled over all Wales."] m ---. The name of Anarawd´s wife is not known. Anarawd & his wife had two children: a) IDWAL "Foel/the Bald" (-killed [941/43]). [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Eidwal the Bald son of Anarawd son of Rhodri the Great became king of Aberfraw" in 913 after his father died.] King of Aberfraw. It appears that Idwal "Foel/the Bald" was a different person from Idwal, son of King Rhodri, who became King of Gwynedd (see below). This is apparent from the passage in the Gwentian Chronicle which records that "the Welsh gained their freedom…through the bravery and wisdom of Eidwal the Bald and his brother Elisseu…and Idwal son of Rhodri the Great" in 940. [The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Idwal son of Rhodri, and his brother Elised were killed by the Saxons" in 941.] m ---. The name of Idwal´s wife is not known. Idwal & his wife had [one child]: i) [IDWAL "Fychan/the Little" (-killed [978/79]). The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Idwal Vychan son of Idwal the Bald" was killed in 978. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Idwal was slain" in 979.] b) ELISSEU (-killed [941/43]). [The Gwentian Chronicle which records that "the Welsh gained their freedom…through the bravery and wisdom of Eidwal the Bald and his brother Elisseu…and Idwal son of Rhodri the Great" in 940.] [The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Idwal son of Rhodri, and his brother Elised were killed by the Saxons" in 941.] m ---. The name of Elisseu´s wife is not known. Elisseu & his wife had one child: i) CYNAN . [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Cynan son of Elisseu was endangered by poision given to him" in 943.] 3. CADELL (-[900/09]). [The Gwentian Chronicle records the division of territories effected by "Rhodri the Great" and that "Cadell his eldest son had Ceredigion and his palace at Dinevwr…[with] the supremacy to the oldest of the three diademed princes."] King of Ceredigion. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Cadell son of Rhodri subjugated his brother Mervyn and took Powys from him, and then ruled over all Wales" in 877. The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Anarawd king of Gwynedd devastated Ceredigion, the territory of his brother Cadell" in 892.] Cadell succeeded as King of South Wales [Deheubarth], bordered by the Irish Sea, the Severn and the rivers Wye and Dovey, with his residence at Dinevawr on the river Towy in Carmarthenshire. Gerald of Wales´s Descriptio Kambriæ records that “Rothericus magnus, qui Britannice Rotheri Maur dicebatur” had “tres filios...Mervinum, Anaraut et Cadelh” who divided Wales between them, “Mervino...Nortwallia, Anaraut Powisia, Cadelh...Sudwallia,” and adds that Cadell acquired the whole of Wales after the death of his brothers. Bridgeman records that Cadell´s kingdom at first approximately corresponded to the 19th century Welsh counties of Cardigan, Pembroke, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Monmouth and Brecknock. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 909 of "Catell filius Rodri rex." The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records the death in 907 of "Cadell son of Rhodri." [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Cadell son of Rhodri the Great" died in 900.] m ---. The name of Cadell´s wife is not known. Cadell & his wife had three children: a) HYWEL "Dda/the Black" (-[948/50]). [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "his son Hywel was made king of Ceredigion" in 900 after the death of "Cadell son of Rhodri the Great." He succeeded his father in 909 as King of Deheubarth. The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Anarawd son of Rhodri the Great, king of the Britons" died in 913 and then "Hywel son of Cadell ruled over all Wales." The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Rhys son of Tewdwr began to reign" in 1077. Gerald of Wales´s Descriptio Kambriæ records the descent of the rulers of South Wales in reverse chronological order as follows: “...Theodorus filius Cadelh, Cadelh filius Eneæ, Eneas filius Oenei, Oeneus filius Hoeli da, id est Hoeli boni, Hoelus filius Cadelh, Cadelh filius Roderici magni.” The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "king Howel the Good, son of Cadell, went to Rome" in 926. King of Gwynedd. Athelstan King of Wessex agreed the frontier with the Welsh princes along the river Wye at a meeting in Hereford in [930], exacting a heavy tribute from them. Hywel visited Athelstan King of Wessex many times between 931 and 937, and was influenced by English life and methods of government. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Eidwal the Bald, son of Anarawd being dead, Hywel took upon himself the government of all Wales" in 943.] The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 950 of "Higuel rex Brittonum." The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Howel the Good, son of king Cadell, chief and glory of all the Britons" died in 948. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Hywel the Good, son of Cadell king of all Wales" died in 948.] m ([904]) ELEN of Dyfed, daughter and heiress of LLYWARCH ap Hyfaidd King of Dyfed & his wife --- (-[943]). The primary source which confirms her parentage has not yet been identified. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Elen wife of Hywel the Good" died in 943.] Hywel & his wife had four children: i) DYVNWAL (-951). The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dyvenwal and Rhodri sons of Howel" died in 951. ii) RHODRI (-[951/54]). King of Gwynedd, jointly with his brothers. The Annales Cambriæ record the death in 954 of "Rotri filius Higuel." The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Dyvenwal and Rhodri sons of Howel" died in 951. iii) EDWIN (-952). King of Gwynedd, jointly with his brothers. The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Edwin son of Howel the Good" died in 952. iv) OWAIN ap Hywel (-[987/88]). [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "his son Owain took the rule of Ceredigion" after the death of "Hywel the Good, son of Cadell king of all Wales" in 948.] King of Gwynedd, jointly with his brothers. - see below, Part C. b) MEURYG (-936). [The Gwentian Chronicle names "Meuryg and Clydog" as the two other sons of "Cadell son of Rhodri the Great."] The Chronicle of the Princes of Wales records that "Clydog son of Cadell son of Rhodri the Great was killed by his brother Meurug" in 917. [The Gwentian Chronicle records that "Clydog son of Cadell was killed by his brother Meuryg" in 914. The Chronicle of the Pr...
    
34. Title: Web: Netherlands, GenealogieOnline Trees Index, 1000-2015
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=9289&h=31771404&indiv=try;
    
35. Title: Legacy NFS Source: ap Cadell Hywel Dda, Prince of Deheubarth - birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: Ratcliff3.FTW, Not Given
    Note: birth: about 0889; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: after 0917; Dinefwr Castle, Sir Gaerfyrddin, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
    
36. Title: American Genealogical-Biographical Index (AGBI)
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/3599/records/543761;
    
37. Title: A Dictionary of Welsh Language
    Publication: Name: http://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html;
    Note: Type in a word for the translation, either from Welsh to English, or English to Welsh.
    
38. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales - birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: Ratcliff3.FTW, Not Given
    Note: birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: 0878; Isle of Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other death: 0878; Isle of Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom Source Media Type: Other Source Media Type: Other
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2737222804
    
39. Title: Legacy NFS Source: ap Cadell Hywel Dda, Prince of Deheubarth -
    Author: Garry L McLaughlin , Garry L McLaughlin's Family History (1 Aug 2001, www.gbso.net/actor/actor.htm, Star Rt. 3, Box 1484-L, Satsuma, FL 32189), Internet
    
40. Title: Book: Dictionary of National Biography
    Author: Dictionary of National Biography, George Smith, Oxford Press, Vols 1-21 (Orignially published 1885-90),Ed by Sir Leslie S, Page number: XVI:971
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2736742373
    
41. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri "Mawr" Ap Merfyn -
    Author: #8725
    
42. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Rhodri Mawr Prince of Wales -
    Author: Stirnet.com, Peter Barns-Graham, Chairman, Name: http://www.stirnet.com;, Page number: Wales03
    Note: Peter Barns-Graham, Chairman, Stirnet.com (http://www.stirnet.com).
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3246398939
    
43. Title: Legacy NFS Source: "Mawr" "Mawr" Rawdri Prince Of Wales - death: 0878; Wales, United Kingdom
    Author: Ancestral File.LDS Church. Family History Library.
    Note: death: 0878; Wales, United Kingdom death: 0878; Wales, United Kingdom birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom birth: about 0789; Caernarvon, Wales, United Kingdom
    Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2198868384
    
44. Title: Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CK3Z-VFPZ : 7 February 2023), Rhodri the Great, ; Burial, , ; citing record ID 207234197, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:CK3Z-VFPZ;