Louis IX the Saint Capet Roi de France

• Preferred Name: Louis IX the Saint Capet Roi de France^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• sacre: 8 NOV 1226 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France at LATI: N9.2546 LONG: E0.0313
  
• Disputation+of+Paris: BET 1230 AND 1240 in Paris, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.8667 LONG: E0.3333 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Birth: 25 APR 1214 in Poissy, Departement des Yvelines, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.9286 LONG: E0.0418
  
• King+of+France: BET 1226 AND 1270 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Burial: 25 AUG 1270 in Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.936 LONG: E0.3594
  
• Ordered+the+burning+of+The+Talmud+in+Paris: 1243 in Paris, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.8667 LONG: E0.3333 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Christening: 25 APR 1214 in Poissy, Yvelines, Île-de-France, Francia at LATI: N8.9286 LONG: E0.0418 with note: Collégiale Notre-Dame de Poissy, Poissy, Yvelines, Île-de-France, Française
  
• 8th+crusade: 24 MAR 1267 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Founded+the+Filles-Dieu: BEF 1270 in Paris, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.8667 LONG: E0.3333 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• MilitaryService: and led the 7th Crusade to Egypt1258
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of FranceBET 1226 AND 1270
  
• Began+building+the+Sainte-Chapelle: 1238 in Paris, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.8667 LONG: E0.3333 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Religion: Roman Catholicism - Feast Day Celebrated on 25 August11 AUG 1297
  
• Founded the Quinze-Vingts National Opthalmology Clinic: 1260 in Paris, Île-De-France, France at LATI: N8.8667 LONG: E0.3333
  
• FSID: LHWP-6YX
  
• Death: 25 AUG 1270 in Tunis, Tunisia, North Africa at LATI: N6.8058 LONG: E0.1796 with note: more info
  
• Royal House: with note: Description: Capet
  
• MilitaryService: as leader of the 8th Crusade to Túnis1270
  
• Coronation: 29 NOV 1226 in Reims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France at LATI: N9.2546 LONG: E0.0313 with note: Reims Cathedral.
  
• Titre: BET 8 NOV 1226 AND 25 AUG 1270 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Canonization+to+Saint: 1297 in Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy at LATI: N1.9051 LONG: E2.4971 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• installed+a+house+of+the+Trinitarian+Order+in+his+château+of+Fo: in Fontainebleau, Departement de Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France at LATI: N8.2844 LONG: E0.7144 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  No !! member of the Capetian royal family never used the name Capet! (except for the founder as a nickname)
  
  Capet was never used as a surname!!
  
  Louis IX, Roi de France was born on 25 April 1215 at Poissy, Île-de-France, FranceG.3 He was the son of Louis VIII, Roi de France and Blanca de Castilla. He married Marguerite de Provence, daughter of Raimond Berengar V, Comte de Provence and Beatrice di Savoia, in 1234.4 He died on 25 August 1270 at age 55 at Tunis, Tunisia. He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France.
  
  He was a member of the House of Capet. Louis IX, Roi de France also went by the nick-name of Louis 'the Saint'.2 He succeeded as the Roi Louis IX de France in 1226.
  Children of Louis IX, Roi de France and Marguerite de Provence
  
  Blanche de France b. 1240, d. 1243
  Isabelle de France b. 1242, d. 1271
  Louis de France b. 1243, d. c 1260
  Philippe III, Roi de France
  b. 1 May 1245, d. 5 Oct 1285
  Jean de France b. c 1247, d. 1248
  Jean Tristan de France, Comte de Valois
  b. 1250, d. 1270
  Pierre de France, Comte d'Alençon
  b. 1251, d. 1283
  Blanche de France b. 1253, d. 1300
  Marguerite de France b. c 1255, d. 1271
  Robert de France, Comte de Clermont
  b. 1256, d. 1317
  Agnes de France b. 1260, d. 1327
  
  geni.com Louis IX "the Saint" of France, King of France French: Louis IX «le Saint» de France, roi de France, Spanish: Rey Luis IX el Santo De Francia, Rey de Francia Also Known As: ""Ludovico" "San Luis" "San Luis de Francia"", "San Luis Rey"
  Birthdate: April 25, 1214 Birthplace: Château de Poissy, Poissy, Yvelines, Île-de-France, France Death: August 25, 1270 (56) Tunis, Tunisia (plague) Place of Burial: Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France Immediate Family: Son of Louis VIII le Lion, roi de France and Blanche de Castille, reine consort de France
  
  Husband of Marguerite de Provence, reine consort de France
  
  Father of Blanche Capet, de France; Isabel de Francia, reina consorte de Navarra; Louis Capet de France; Philip III, "the Bold" king of France; Jean Capet de France, (mort jeune); Pierre Capet de France, comte d'Alençon; Blanche Capet de France; Marguerite Capet; Robert, Count of Clermont; Agnès Capet de France and Jean Tristan Capet de France, prince de France, comte de Nevers Brother of Blanche Capet, (mort jeune); Agnès Capet; Philippe de France; Jean Capet, de France; Robert I the Good, count of Artois; Jean Tristan Capet, Comte d'Anjou et du Maine; Alphonse, comte de Poitiers; Philippe Dagobert de France; Isabelle de France, Abbesse de Longchamp; Étienne de France; Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily and Ana Blanca Mayor Gracia de Bugedo « less Occupation: King, Rey de Francia (1236-1270), Conde de Artois (1226-1237), REY DE FRANCIA, King of France, Roi de FRANCE (1226 - 1270), chef de la a septième, et de la huitième croisade, Koning van Frankrijk (1236-1270)
  LESS
  
  Louis IX Saint Louis (1214-1270)
  Louis IX, né le 25 avril 1214 à Poissy et mort le 25 août 1270 à Tunis, dit « le PrudhommeL 1 », communément appelé Saint Louisa, est un roi de France capétien du xiiie siècle, qui régna pendant plus
  
  === Louis IX, Roi de France was born on 25 A ===
  Louis IX, Roi de France was born on 25 April 1215 at Poissy, Île-de-France, FranceG.3 He was the son of Louis VIII, Roi de France and Blanca de Castilla.2,3 He married Marguerite de Provence, daughter of Raimond Berengar V, Comte de Provence and Beatrice di Savoia, in 1234.4 He died on 25 August 1270 at age 55 at Tunis, TunisiaG.3 He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, FranceG.
  He was a member of the House of Capet.2 Louis IX, Roi de France also went by the nick-name of Louis 'the Saint'.2 He succeeded as the Roi Louis IX de France in 1226.2
  Children of Louis IX, Roi de France and Marguerite de Provence
  Blanche de France b. 1240, d. 1243
  Isabelle de France b. 1242, d. 1271
  Louis de France b. 1243, d. c 1260
  Philippe III, Roi de France+2 b. 1 May 1245, d. 5 Oct 1285
  Jean de France b. c 1247, d. 1248
  Jean Tristan de France, Comte de Valois1 b. 1250, d. 1270
  Pierre de France, Comte d'Alençon1 b. 1251, d. 1283
  Blanche de France+ b. 1253, d. 1300
  Marguerite de France b. c 1255, d. 1271
  Robert de France, Comte de Clermont+ b. 1256, d. 1317
  Agnes de France+ b. 1260, d. 1327
  
  === Louis IX of France, later known as Saint ===
  Louis IX of France, later known as Saint Louis, most closely approached the medieval ideal of chivalric kingship. Born on Apr. 25, 1214, he was the oldest son of the future king Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. He came to the throne as a child in 1226, and the early years of his reign were marked by princely uprisings. The queen mother, Blanche, successfully overcame this opposition and in 1229 concluded a treaty with the count of Toulouse that gave the crown a foothold on the Mediterranean and terminated the crusade against the Albigenses. Louis himself removed the last threat to royal authority in Poitou by defeating the English at Taillebourg in 1242. He had attained his majority in 1234, although Blanche was to remain influential until her death (1252).
  
  A man of great piety and a strong pacifist in dealing with fellow Christians, Louis was bitterly intolerant of heretics and non-Christians. In 1245, while recovering from a serious illness, he resolved to lead a Crusade to the Middle East. Before he left, he dispatched commissioners called enqueteurs to discover and correct governmental abuses in France. He then departed for the Levant in 1248, leaving Blanche as regent.
  
  Louis was accompanied on the crusade by Jean, sire de Joinville, whose biography of Louis remains an important historical source. The Crusaders captured the Egyptian port of Damietta, but afterward Louis was defeated and taken prisoner at Mansura in 1250. After his release he remained in the Middle East for several years before returning to France in 1254.
  
  In his later years, Louis promoted internal reforms and made treaties with Aragon (1258) and England (1259) that were intended to establish permanently peaceful relations. Before the end of the century, however, France fought wars with both these countries, and Louis was subsequently criticized for being too conciliatory. In 1270 he undertook another crusade, this time against Tunis; he became ill and died near Tunis on August 25, 1270. Admired for his prowess, his piety, and his strong sense of justice, Louis was revered as a saint well before his canonization by the church in 1297. Feast day:August 25.
  
  === In 1226, King Louis VIII of France dies, ===
  In 1226, King Louis VIII of France dies, leaving his son, who will be crowned Louis IX at Rheims Cathedral, to succeed him. Led by the King of France, Louis IX, the Seventh Crusade invades Egypt in 1248 and takes the city of Damietta. At the Battle of Fariskur, in 1250, Egyptian forces defeat the scurvy-weakened army of the Seventh Crusade. King Louis IX of France is captured by the Egyptian caliph but is released once he promises to evacuate Damietta and pay a ransom of 800,000 gold pieces. King Louis IX of France expels Jews from his country in 1252. On a mission from Louis IX of France in 1253, Guillaume de Roubrock, a Franciscan friar, travels to Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire, where he finds a silver fountain with four spouts that dispense wine, mead (a honey-based alcoholic beverage), rice wine, and koumiss (an alcoholic drink made from mare's milk). Robert de Sorbon, chaplain and confessor of Louis IX of France, opens in 1253 the Community of Poor Masters and Scholars, later to be known as the Sorbonne, the first college of the University of Paris. France's Louis IX leads the Eighth Crusade but dies of plague en route. Heat and disease decimate the Crusader army. Louis is succeeded by his son, Philip III, in 1270.
  
  === Louis' mother was regnet during his mino ===
  Louis' mother was regnet during his minority and again from 1248-1252. He was in the Sixth Crusade where his forces were defeated and captured in Egypt in 1250. He was in Syria for four years before returning to France. In 1258 he signed the Treaty of Corbell relinquishing to the Kingdom of Aragon all French claims to Barcelona and Roussillon in return for part of the Provence and Languedoc. In 1259 he signed the Treaty of Paris by which Henry III of England received territories in the south of France and Louis received the provinces of Anjou, Normandy, Poitou, Maine and Touraine. Louis was cannonized in 1297.
  
  === r.LOUIS IX, "Saint Louis", b. Poissy, 25 ===
  r.LOUIS IX, "Saint Louis", b. Poissy, 25 Apr. 1215, d. near Tunis, 25 Aug. 1270, King of France 1226, 1270, Crusader; m. Marguerite of Provence, d. 1285, dau. of RAYMOND IV BERENGER (111-29), Count of Provence. ["60 Colonists" line 101-28.] b.Louis IX, "Saint Louis," was King of France 1223-1270, and a Crusader.
  
  === !SOURCE: Data for the family of Louis I ===
  !SOURCE: Data for the family of Louis IX, King of France, and Marguerite de Provence are taken from the book "Royal Ancestors of Some L.D.S. Families," compiled by Michel L. Call, Pedigree Charts #309 and #310.
  
  === King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis ( ===
  King Louis IX of France or Saint Louis (1215 - 1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. A member of the Capetian dynasty, he was born on April 25, 1215 at Poissy, France, the son of King Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.
  
  His father died when Louis was eleven years old and he was crowned in 1226 in the cathedral at Reims. His mother acted as Regent until 1234 and continued as an important counselor to the king until her death in 1252.
  
  Louis married on May 27, 1234, Marguerite de Provence (1221 - December 21, 1295).
  
  Their children were:
  
  1. Blanche - (1240 - April 29, 1243)
  2. Isabelle - (March 2, 1241 - January 28, 1271)
  3. Louis - (February 25, 1244 - January 1260)
  4. Philippe III - (May 1, 1245 - October 5, 1285)
  5. Jean - (born and died in 1248)
  6. Jean Tristan - (1250 - August 3, 1270)
  7. Pierre - (1251 - 1284)
  8. Blanche - (1253 - 1323)
  9. Marguerite - (1254 - 1271)
  10. Robert - (1256 - February 7, 1317)
  11. Agnè - (c. 1260 - December 19, 1327)
  
  Louis' patronage of the arts drove much innovation in Gothic art and architecture, and the style of his court radiated throughout Europe by both the purchase of art objects from Parisian masters for export and by the marriage of the king's many daughters to foreign husbands and their subsequent introduction of Parisian models elsewhere. Louis' personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere.
  
  Louis went on crusade twice, in 1248 and then in 1270.
  
  He died near Tunis on August 25, 1270. His finger is interred at Saint Denis Basilica but most of his body is buried in Tunisia.
  
  Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French monarch ever to be made a saint.
  
  Louis IX was succeeded by his son, Philippe III.
  
  The city of Saint Louis, Missouri, Lac Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California are named for him. [Wikipedia, on line , ]
  
  _____________________
  
  St. Louis IX
  
  King of France, son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, born at Poissy, 25 April, 1215; died near Tunis, 25 August, 1270.
  
  He was eleven years of age when the death of Louis VIII made him king, and nineteen when he married Marguerite of Provence by whom he had eleven children. The regency of Blanche of Castile (1226-1234) was marked by the victorious struggle of the Crown against Raymond VII in Languedoc, against Pierre Mauclerc in Brittany, against Philip Hurepel in the Ile de France, and by indecisive combats against Henry III of England. In this period of disturbances the queen was powerfully supported by the legate Frangipani. Accredited to Louis VIII by Honorius III as early as 1225, Frangipani won over to the French cause the sympathies of Gregory IX, who was inclined to listen to Henry III, and through his intervention it was decreed that all the chapters of the dioceses should pay to Blanche of Castile tithes for the southern crusade. It was the legate who received the submission of Raymond VII, Count of Languedoc, at Paris, in front of Notre-Dame, and this submission put an end to the Albigensian war and prepared the union of the southern provinces to France by the Treaty of Paris (April 1229). The influence of Blanche de Castile over the government extended far beyond St. Louis's minority. Even later, in public business and when ambassadors were officially received, she appeared at his side. She died in 1253.
  
  In the first years of the king's personal government, the Crown had to combat a fresh rebellion against feudalism, led by the Count de la Marche, in league with Henry III. St. Louis's victory over this coalition at Taillebourg, 1242, was followed by the Peace of Bordeaux which annexed to the French realm a part of Saintonge.
  
  It was one of St. Louis's chief characteristics to carry on abreast his administration as national sovereign and the performance of his duties towards Christendom; and taking advantage of the respite which the Peace of Bordeaux afforded, he turned his thoughts towards a crusade. Stricken down with a fierce malady in 1244, he resolved to take the cross when news came that Turcomans had defeated the Christians and the Moslems and invaded Jerusalem. (On the two crusades of St. Louis [1248-1249 and 1270] see CRUSADES.) Between the two crusades he opened negotiations with Henry III, which he thought would prevent new conflicts between France and England. The Treaty of Paris (28 May, 1258) which St. Louis concluded with the King of England after five years' parley, has been very much discussed. By this treaty St. Louis gave Henry III all the fiefs and domains belonging to the King of France in the Dioceses of Limoges, Cahors, and Périgueux; and in the event of Alphonsus of Poitiers dying without issue, Saintonge and Agenais would escheat to Henry III. On the other hand Henry III renounced his claims to Normandy, Anjou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou, and promised to do homage for the Duchy of Guyenne. It was generally considered and Joinville voiced the opinion of the people, that St. Louis made too many territorial concessions to Henry III; and many historians held that if, on the contrary, St. Louis had carried the war against Henry III further, the Hundred Years War would have been averted. But St. Louis considered that by making the Duchy of Guyenne a fief of the Crown of France he was gaining a moral advantage; and it is an undoubted fact that the Treaty of Paris, was as displeasing to the English as it was to the French. In 1263, St. Louis was chosen as arbitrator in a difference which separated Henry III and the English barons: by the Dit d'Amiens (24 January, 1264) he declared himself for Henry III against the barons, and annulled the Provisions of Oxford, by which the barons had attempted to restrict the authority of the king. It was also in the period between the two crusades that St. Louis, by the Treaty of Corbeil, imposed upon the King of Aragon the abandonment of his claims to all the fiefs in Languedoc excepting Montpellier, and the surrender of his rights to Provence (11 May, 1258). Treaties and arbitrations prove St. Louis to have been above all a lover of peace, a king who desired not only to put an end to conflicts, but also to remove the causes for fresh wars, and this spirit of peace rested upon the Christian conception.
  
  St. Louis's relations with the Church of France and the papal Court have excited widely divergent interpretations and opinions. However, all historians agree that St. Louis and the successive popes united to protect the clergy of France from the encroachments or molestations of the barons and royal officers. It is equally recognized that during the absence of St. Louis at the crusade, Blanche of Castile protected the clergy in 1251 from the plunder and ill-treatment of a mysterious old maurauder called the "Hungarian Master" who was followed by a mob of armed men — called the "Pastoureaux." The "Hungarian Master" who was said to be in league with the Moslems died in an engagement near Villaneuve and the entire band pursued in every direction was dispersed and annihilated.
  
  But did St. Louis take measures also to defend the independence of the clergy against the papacy? A number of historians once claimed he did. They attributed to St. Louis a certain "pragmatic sanction" of March 1269, prohibiting irregular collations of ecclesiastical benefices, prohibiting simony, and interdicting the tributes which the papal Court received from the French clergy. The Gallicans of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries often made use of this measure against the Holy See; the truth is that it was a forgery fabricated in the fourteenth century by juris-consults desirous of giving to the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VII a precedent worthy of respect. This so-called pragmatic of Louis IX is presented as a royal decree for the reformation of the Church; never would St. Louis thus have taken upon himself the right to proceed authoritatively with this reformation. When in 1246, a great number of barons from the north and the west leagued against the clergy whom they accused of amassing too great wealth and of encroaching upon their rights, Innocent IV called upon Louis to dissolve this league; how the king acted in the matter is not definitely known. On 2 May, 1247, when the Bishops of Soissons and of Troyes, the archdeacon of Tours, and the provost of the cathedral of Rouen, despatched to the pope a remonstrance against his taxations, his preferment of Italians in the distribution of benefices, against the conflicts between papal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of the ordinaries, Marshal Ferri Pasté seconded their complaints in the name of St. Louis. Shortly after, these complaints were reiterated and detailed in a lengthy memorandum, the text of which has been preserved by Mathieu Paris, the historian. It is not known whether St. Louis affixed his signature to it, but in any case, this document was simply a request asking for the suppression of the abuses, with no pretensions to laying down principles of public right, as was claimed by the Pragmatic Sanction.
  
  Documents prove that St. Louis did not lend an ear to the grievances of his clergy against the emissaries of Urban IV and Clement IV; he even allowed Clement IV to generalize a custom in 1265 according to which the benefices the titularies of which died while sojourning in Rome, should be disposed of by the pope. Docile to the decrees of the Lateran Council (1215), according to which kings were not to tax the churches of their realm without authority from the pope, St. Louis claimed and obtained from successive popes, in view of the crusade, the right to levy quite heavy taxes from the clergy. It is again this fundamental idea of the crusade, ever present in St. Louis's thoughts that prompted his attitude generally in the struggle between the empire and the pope. While the Emperor Frederick II and the successive popes sough
  
  === Wikipedia ===
  Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, was King of France from 1226 to 1270, and the most illustrious of the Direct Capetians. He was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII. His mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom as regent until he reached maturity, and then remained his valued adviser until her death. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and secured Capetian success in the Albigensian Crusade, which had started 20 years earlier.
  
  As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of his realm's most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England attempted to restore the Angevin continental possessions, but was promptly routed at the Battle of Taillebourg. Louis annexed several provinces, notably parts of Aquitaine, Maine and Provence.
  
  Louis IX enjoyed immense prestige throughout Christendom and was one of the most notable European monarchs of the Middle Ages. His reign is remembered as a medieval golden age in which the Kingdom of France reached an economic as well as political peak. His fellow European rulers esteemed him highly for his skill at arms, the power and unmatched wealth of his kingdom, but also for his reputation for fairness and moral integrity; he was often asked to arbitrate their disputes.
  
  He was a reformer and developed a process of French royal justice in which the king was the supreme judge to whom anyone could in theory appeal for the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to end the scourge of private wars, and introduced the presumption of innocence to criminal procedures. To enforce his new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs.
  
  Honoring a vow he had made while praying for recovery during a serious illness, Louis IX led the ill-fated Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade against the Muslim dynasties that ruled North Africa, Egypt and the Holy Land in the 13th century. He was captured in the first and ransomed, and he died from dysentery during the latter. He was succeeded by his son Philip III.
  
  His admirers through the centuries have regarded Louis IX as the ideal Christian ruler. He was a splendid knight whose kindness and engaging manner made him popular, though contemporaries occasionally rebuked him as a "monk king". He was seen as inspired by Christian zeal and Catholic devotion. Enforcing strict Catholic orthodoxy, his laws punished blasphemy by mutilation of the tongue and lips, and he ordered the burning of some 12,000 manuscript copies of the Talmud and other important Jewish books after the Disputation of Paris of 1240. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him.
  
  Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile, and was baptised there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II, king of France; while his grandfather on his mother's side was Alfonso VIII, king of Castile. Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him most of what a king was expected to know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father ascended as Louis VIII.
  
  Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims Cathedral. Because of Louis's youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother trained him to be a great leader and a good Christian. She used to say:
  
  I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin.
  His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou, thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty.
  
  No date is given for the beginning of Louis's personal rule. His contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, though historians generally view the year 1234 as the year in which Louis began ruling personally, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252.
  
  On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221 – 21 December 1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day.[13] Louis's marriage had political connections, as his wife was sister to Eleanor of Provence, who later married Henry III of England. The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king. He enjoyed her company, and was pleased to show her the many public works he was making in Paris, both for its defence and for its health. They enjoyed riding together, reading, and listening to music. His attention to Margaret aroused a certain amount of jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep the couple apart as much as she could.
  
  When Louis was 15, his mother brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade in 1229. She signed an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse, which cleared his father of wrongdoing. Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering the assassination of Pierre de Castelnau a Roman Catholic preacher who was on a mission to convert the Cathars.
  
  Louis went on two crusades: the Seventh Crusade in 1248 and the Eighth Crusade in 1270.
  
  Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta. This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance and follow up on their success.[18] During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a sudden power shift that would make her Queen and eventually place the Egyptian army of the Mamluks in power.
  
  On 8 February 1250 Louis lost his army at the Battle of Al Mansurah[19] and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois and the surrender of the city of Damietta.
  
  Following his release from Egyptian captivity, Louis spent four years in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, namely in Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa. He used his wealth to assist the Crusaders in rebuilding their defences and conducted diplomacy with the Islamic powers of Syria and Egypt. In the spring of 1254 he and his surviving army returned to France.
  
  Louis exchanged multiple letters and emissaries with Mongol rulers of the period. During his first crusade in 1248, Louis was approached by envoys from Eljigidei, the Mongol military commander stationed in Armenia and Persia. Eljigidei suggested that King Louis should land in Egypt, while Eljigidei attacked Baghdad, to prevent the Saracens of Egypt and those of Syria from joining forces. Louis sent André de Longjumeau, a Dominican priest, as an emissary to the Great Khan Güyük Khan (r. 1246–48) in Mongolia. Güyük died before the emissary arrived at his court, however, and no action was taken by the two parties. Instead Güyük's queen and now regent, Oghul Qaimish, politely turned down the diplomatic offer.
  
  Louis dispatched another envoy to the Mongol court, the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who visited the Great Khan Möngke (1251–1259) in Mongolia. He spent several years at the Mongol court. In 1259, Berke, the ruler of the Golden Horde, westernmost part of the Mongolian Empire, demanded the submission of Louis. By contrast, Mongolian emperors Möngke and Khubilai's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu, sent a letter to the king of France seeking his military assistance, but the letter never reached France.
  
  In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis, and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom was the English prince Edward Longshanks, landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Many died of dysentery, and on 25 August, Louis himself died.
  
  Louis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture. The style of his court was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible, both deluxe illuminated manuscripts.
  
  During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as "primus inter pares", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded the largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne, were laid in Paris about the year 1257.
  
  Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy, arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had the lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete.
  
  === Crusader, mediated Anglo-Franco disputes ===
  Crusader, mediated Anglo-Franco disputes, captured at Egypt in 1250, and died of plague. Canonized 1297 at St. Louis.
  
  === !King of France from 1226-1270. Louis I ===
  !King of France from 1226-1270. Louis IX was considered an outstanding monarch of medieval times and was canonized as "St. Loius" by the Roman Catholic Church in 1297. His feast day is August 25. !Ancestral Roots of Sixty Colonists Who Came to New England between 1623 and 1650, Sixth Edition by Frederick Lewis Weis Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore 1988 line 101-28; Plantagenet Ancestry of King Edward III and Queen Philippa by George Andrew Moriarty Mormon Pioneer Genealogical Society SLC 1985 pp 116; The Plantagent Ancestry by W.H.Turton DSO Genealogical Publishing Co. Baltimore 1984 pp 4; Royal Ancestors of Some American Families by Michel Call SLC 1989 chart 11201,11309; Some research sources from Paula Evans 1992; He died of plague
  
  === Saint Louis. The leader of 2 Crusades. C ===
  Saint Louis. The leader of 2 Crusades. Came to the throne at age 12, with his mother as Regent. Fought a war with Henry III of England, who at that time ruled part of France. This war ended in 1259 when the two kings signed the Treaty of Paris.Died when a plague broke out in his army while on a crusade to the holy lands.

• m. 27 MAY 1234 in Saint-Etienne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine, France

1. Robert de Clermont, b. 1256 in Lot-et-Garonne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Francia     d. 7 de febrero de 1317 in Beauvais, Île-de-France, Francia
2. Philippe III Roi de France, b. 1 MAY 1245 in Poissy, Seine-et-Oise, France     d. 5 OCT 1285 in Perpignan, Pyrénées-Orientales, Languedoc-Roussillon, France

1. Title: The mandible of Saint-Louis (1270 AD): Retrospective diagnosis and circumstances of death
   Author: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468785519301569
   Publication: Name: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468785519301569;
   Note: Abstract: Recent paleopathological cases have shown the usefulness of interdisciplinary odontological studies in the investigation of historical figures. Observation: A macroscopic examination of the mandible of Saint-Louis (13th c. AD), conserved in the cathedral of Notre-Dame (Paris, France) was carried out, and compared with biographical data about the life and death of the King, and contemporaneous cases of infectious/inflammatory diseases. We found post-mortem tooth loss associated with moderate signs of infectious and inflammatory diseases, which precise diagnoses are discussed facing historical chronicles and sources: main diagnosis is scurvy, potentially associated with bacterial infection. Discussion: Our results support the identification of the relics, and improve the knowledge about the saint's circumstances of death related to metabolic deficiencies and infections. Keywords: Paleopathology Dental infection Scurvy
   
2. Title: Louis IX of France, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1CS3 : 9 September 2022), Louis IX of France, ; Burial, Saint-Denis, Departement de Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France, Saint Denis Basilique; citing record ID 21091, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1CS3;
   
3. Title: Rei Luiz ou King Louis NOBILIARIOS DE FAMÍLIAS DE PORTUGAL
   Author: Nobiliarios de Famílias de Portugal, Tomo XVI, Lacerdas, página 207, 208.
   Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/photos/artifacts/120753002;
   Page: Evidências da filha.
   
4. Title: Louis IX — Wikipédia French (Français)
   Author: "Louis IX — Wikipédia." Fr https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX. Accessed 2 Mar. 2023.
   Publication: Name: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX;
   Note: Source created by RecordSeek.com
   Page: Attached by RecordSeek
   
5. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Louis IX -
   Author: Royal Index, University of Hull, England, Internet, Internet, www.dcs.hull.ac.uk
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2332880681
   
6. Title: Wikipedia article
   Author: body of the article
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France;
   Note: historical biography of Louis IX
   
7. Title: TheLocal.fr - Medieval French king died after 'refusing to eat salad' says doctor
   Author: https://www.thelocal.fr/20190621/medieval-french-king-died-after-refusing-to-eat-salad
   Publication: Name: https://www.thelocal.fr/20190621/medieval-french-king-died-after-refusing-to-eat-salad;
   Note: He was the last of the crusader kings who was thought to have died of the plague as he made one last - rather roundabout - attempt to recover the Holy Land for the Christianity. But it now appears that France's King Louis IX - better known as Saint Louis - died because he committed the cardinal error of many a colonial invader: not eating the local food. An international team of researchers led by a celebrated French forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier, known on Twitter as Dr Trop Tard ("doctor too late"), now believe he fell prey to scurvy. Caused by a lack of vitamin C, the painful and potentially fatal disease was the scourge of sailors until the turn of the 19th century. While the local food in Tunisia where the Eighth Crusade landed in 1270 contained lots of vitamin-C rich salads and citrus fruit, the crusaders' meat-heavy diet and Saint Louis' extreme piety appears to have been his undoing. "His diet wasn't very balanced," said Charlier, who has also examined the heart of Richard the Lionheart and confirmed that a jawbone held in Moscow belonged to Adolf Hitler. "He put himself through all manner of penances, and fasting. Nor was the crusade as well prepared as it should have been," he told AFP. "They did not take water with them or fruit and vegetables." Charlier and his team used carbon 14 dating to authenticate that the jawbone held in a reliquary at Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris belonged to the king, who died five weeks after landing at Carthage. Examining the bone, he said it was clear that Saint Louis suffered from scurvy, "which attacks the gums and then the bone". "Saint Louis did not die from plague," as historians had always thought, Charlier added. "The scurvy is certain, but one cause of death can also hide another," said the paleopathologist. Chroniclers at the time recounted in gory detail how "Saint Louis lost his teeth, spitting out bits of his gums, which is consistent with what we see on his mandible," the pathologist told AFP. As much as a sixth of the French army may have perished from disease -- including Louis' son John Tristan -- as they besieged Tunis in the summer of 1270. A contemporary accounts by the king's friend Jean de Joinville describe how soldiers howled like "women in labour... as barbers (doctors) had to cut (away) the dead tissue to allow them to chew their meat". King Louis, however, lived on fish, a more humble food associated with abstinence in the Middle Ages. The new scientific report in the Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery said that weakened by the scurvy, Louis could have succumbed to another condition. The 'crusader' king Louis IX "Tradition has conserved a cause of death as plague but this could be related to a bad translation of the ancient word 'pestilence'," it added. "That he died of the plague is still there in the history books," Charlier said, "and modern science is there to rectify that." Other accounts maintain that he died of dysentery, and experts are now examining his stomach, which was cut up and boiled in wine and spices to preserve it before being shipped back to Europe. But the French were not the only ones to suffer during the crusade. De Joinville described both armies were decimated by trench disease, a louse-born illness that also hit soldiers fighting in World War I and II, with the river separating the French and besieged Saracens, “filled with corpses.” Saint Louis was an inveterate crusader leading both the Seventh and Eighth Crusades. The Seventh Crusade, was a disaster, too. After initial success following his landing in Egypt in 1249, it ended with him being captured and ransomed by Cairo's Mamluk rulers. While Muslims might have a different view, Saint Louis was regarded as a model for medieval Christian rulers. An ascetic who tended to lepers, fed beggars from his table and washed their feet, he brought to Paris the Crown of Thorns and a fragment of the True Cross on which Christ was said to have been crucified. De Joinville, who was with him to Tunis, is also the source of the apocryphal story of the good king dispensing justice under an oak tree.