Ralph le Bigod

• Preferred Name: Ralph le Bigod^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: 29W7-W9P
  
• Death: BEF 28 JUL 1260 with note: Date
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Sir
  
• Birth: 1215 in Framlingham Castle, Thetford, Suffolk, England at LATI: N2.2167 LONG: E0.3333
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “*RALPH LE BIGOD, Knt., of Settrington, Yorkshire, younger son. He married after 1240 BERTHA DE FERRERS,* widow of Thomas de Furnival (living 1240), of Sheffield, Yorkshire, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, etc. [see FURNIVAL 8], and daughter of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby, by Agnes, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Chester [see FERRERS 6 for her ancestry]. They had one son, John, Knt. Sometime after 1240 he released a messuage in Thorne and Baine, Yorkshire to his half-brother, John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, which messuage he evidently had by gift of his mother. In 1248 he carried his mother's body to Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire for burial. In 1259 he was fined 40 marks by the king for a hunting transgression. SIR RALPH LE BIGOD died testate shortly before 28 July 1260. His widow, Bertha, was living 1278/9, when she was fined 40s. She was buried at Grey Friars in Dunwich, Suffolk.
  (* Note: The maiden name and parentage of Bertha de Ferrers, wife successively of Thomas de Furnival (living 1240) and Ralph le Bigod (died 1260), has been overlooked in most modem sources, such as C.P. 5 (1926): 580 (sub Furnivalle). Dugdale refers to fines dated 54 Henry III [1269-70] to show that Bertha, widow of Thomas de Furnival, married (2nd) Ralph le Bigod [see Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 34-35]. Bertha's correct parentage was first noted in Bridges Hist. of Northampton 1 (1791): 485, followed by Baker Hist. of Northampton 1 (1822-1830): 122-123.)
  Thoroton & Throsby Thoroton's Hist. of Nottinghamshire 3 (1790): 388-391. Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 30-41. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertford 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Baker Hist. & Antiqs. of Northampton I (1822-30): 123 (Ferrers ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 478; 5 (1825): 270 (Abbey of Tintern - Lacy Gen.: "Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hogonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke et Matildæ prima filia Willihelmi Marescalli, &c. et frater Hugonis Bygod com. Norfolke et Suffolke. Iste Rogerus sive Radulphus desponsavit Bertam de Fornivale de quo Johannes Bigod, et ... Isabella soror Johannis, quæ primum desponsata fuit Gilberto de Lacy."). Holland Hist., Antiqs., & Desc. of the Town & Parish of Worksop (1826): 17-56. Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod), 225 (sub Furnival). Herald & Genealogist 3 (1866): 334-339. Jour. British Arch. Assoc. 30 (1874): 237-277. Yorkshire Arch. & Topog. Jour. 5 (1879): 69-71. Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. VCH Nottingham 2 (1910): 125-129. Jour. Royal Soc. Antiqs. Ireland 43 (1914): 11-14. C.P. 5 (1926): 580, footnote h (sub Furnivalle); 9 (1936): 590, footnote c (cites Harleian Chrs. 46, D 38, 40, 41; Add'l Chr. 7207). Yorkshire Arch. Jour. 32 (1936): 172-213. Early Yorkshire Charters 8 (1949): 176-177 (cites Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 1 (1890): 35 (A.313 and A.314). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod); 65: 1-2 (sub Bigod of Settrington). Tremlett et al. Rolls of Arms Henry III (H.S.P. 113-4) (1967): 144. VCH Suffolk 2 (1975): 125-126. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 13th Cent. (2005): chart opp. 1. Cassidy 1259 Pipe Reg. 229 (available at http://www.cmjk.com/1259/1259_pipe_roll.html).”
  
  ------------------------------------
  2. “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “THOMAS DE FURNIVAL, of Sheffield, Yorkshire, Worksop, Nottinghamshire, etc., son and heir, born after 1200. He married BERTHA DE FERRERS, daughter of William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby, by Agnes, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Chester [see FERRERS 6 for her ancestry]. They had two sons, Gerard, Knt., and Thomas, Knt., and two daughters, Margaret (wife of Hugh de Neville and Hugh de Miton) and (wife of Roger de Mowbray, Knt.). He gave the grange of Fulwood to Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire. He and his brother, Gerard de Furnival, accompanied Simon de Montfort on crusade in 1240. THOMAS DE FURNIVAL killed by the Saracens at Damietta c.1240. His body brought back to England by his brother, Gerard de Furnival, and buried in the church at Worksop, Nottinghamshire. His widow, Bertha, married (2nd) after 1240 RALPH LE BIGOD [see ASKE 8], younger son of Hugh le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, by Maud, daughter of William Marshal, Knt., 4th Earl of Pembroke (or Strigoil), hereditary Master Marshal [see BIGOD 7 for his ancestry]. They had one son, John, Knt. Sometime after 1240 he released a messuage in Thorne and Baine, Yorkshire to his half-brother, John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey. In 1248 he carried his mother's body to Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire for burial. In 1259 he was fined 40 marks by the king for a hunting transgression. SIR RALPH LE BIGOD died testate shortly before 28 July 1260. His widow, Bertha, was living 1278/9, when she was fined 40s. At her death, she was buried at Grey Friars in Dunwich, Suffolk.
  Thoroton & Throsby Thoroton's Hist. of Nottinghamshire 3 (1790): 388-391. Hunter Hallamshire (1819): 30-41. Clutterbuck Hist. & Antiqs. of Hertfird 2 (1821): 510-511 (Marshal-Bigod ped.). Baker Hist. & Antiqs. of Northampton 1 (1822-30): 123 (Ferrers ped.). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 478; 5 (1825): 270 (Abbey of Tintern - Lacy Gen.: "Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hogonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke et Matildæ primæ filiæ Willihelmi Marescalli, &c. et frater Hugonis Bygod com. Norfolke et Suffolke. Iste Rogerus sive Radulphus desponsavit Bertam de Fornivale de quo Johannes Bigod, et ... Isabella soror Johannis, qua primum desponsata fuit Gilberto de Lacy."); 6(1) (1830): 122-124; 6(2) (1830): 884-886. Holland Hist., Antiqs., & Desc. of the Town & Parish of Worksop (1826): 17-56. Burke Gen. Hist. of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited & Extinct Peerages (1866): 53 (sub Bigod), 225 (sub Furnival). Herald & Genealogist 3 (1866): 334-339. Jour. British Arch. Assoc. 30 (1874): 237-277. Yorkshire Arch. & Tops. Jour. 5 (1879): 69-71. Marsh Annals of Chepstow Castle (1883): 110-132. VCH Nottingham 2 (1910): 125-129. Clay Extinct & Dormant Peerages (1913): 81-83 (sub Furnival). Jour. Royal Soc. Antiqs. Ireland 43 (1914): 11-14. C.P. 5 (1926): 580, footnote h (sub Furnivalle); 9 (1936): 590, footnote c (cites Harleian Chrs. 46, D 38, 40, 41; Add'l Chr. 7207). Yorkshire Arch. Jour. 32 (1936): 172-213. Early Yorkshire Charters 8 (1949): 176-177 (cites Desc. Cat. Ancient Deeds 1 (1890): 35 (A.313 and A.314). Paget Baronage of England (1957) 64: 1-2 (sub Bigod); 65: 1-2 (sub Bigod of Settrington); 241:2-3. Tremlett et al. Rolls of Arms Henry III (H.S.P. 113-4) (1967): 144. VCH Suffolk 2 (1975): 125-126. Morris Bigod Earls of Norfolk in the 13th Cent. (2005): chart opp. 1. Cassidy 1259 Pipe Roth 229 (available at http://www.cmjk.com/1259/1259_pipe_roll.html).
  Child of Thomas de Furnival, by Bertha de Ferrers:
  i. THOMAS DE FURNIVAL, Knt. [see next].
  ii. ___ DE FURNIVAL, married ROGER DE MOWBRAY, Knt., of Thirsk, Yorkshire [see MOWBRAY 2].
  Child of Bertha de Ferrers, by Ralph le Bigod, Knt:
  i. JOHN LE BIGOD, Knt., of Stockton, Norfolk, married (1st) [see ASKE 9]; (2nd) ISABEL [see ASKE 9].”
  
  ---------------------------------------------
  
  Ralph Bigod, Knt, of settrinton, Yorkshire
  yr s/o High Bigod , Earl of Norfolk & Maud Marshall
  b-
  m- after 1238 - Bertha Ferrers, widow of Thomsa Furnival
  d- before 28 July 1260 - Settrington, Yorkshire, England
  
  some time after 1240- RALPH released a messuage on Thorne & Baine, Yorkshire to his 1/2 brother John Warenne, Earl of Surrey, which messuage he had by gift of his mother
  1248 - he carried his mother's body to Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, for burial
  
  From Medieval Lands:
  RALPH Bigod . The Chronicle of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire names ”Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hugonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke et Matildæ primæ filiæ Willihelmi Marescalli, et frater Hugonis Bygod com. Norfolke et Suffolke”[1043]. m BERTHA de Furnival, daughter of ---. The Chronicle of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire records that ”Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hugonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke…” married “Bertam de Fornivale”[1044]. Ralph & his wife had one child:
  a) JOHN Bigod . The Chronicle of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire names "Johannes Bigod" as son of ”Rogerus sive Radulphus Bigod, secundus filius Hugonis le Bigod com. Norfolke et Suffolke…” and his wife “Bertam de Fornivale”
  [Source: The Medieval Lands Project, "RALPH Bigod", retrieved 24 July 2017, dvmansur; see link in Sources.]
  
  History of Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk(1209-1270)
  Roger Bigod (c. 1209–1270) was 4th Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England.
  
  Origins
  
  He was the eldest son and heir of Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (1182-1225) by his wife Maud, a daughter of Willi
  
  === Assigned the Marshallship of England in ===
  Assigned the Marshallship of England in right of his mother. Married Isabel, sister of Alexander, King of Scotland. Died without issue.
  
  === Ralph (le) Bigod (d. by 28 July 1260), 3 ===
  Ralph (le) Bigod (d. by 28 July 1260), 3rd son of 3rd Ear l of Norfolk. [Burke's Peerage]
  
  Note: Both AR & MCS claim that Simon is 3rd son, so I am ma king Ralph 2nd son.
  
  Ralph (le) Bigod (d. by 28 July 1260), 3rd son of 3rd Earl of Norfolk.[Burke's Peerage]
  
  Note: Both AR & MCS claim that Simon is 3rd son, so I am making Ralph 2ndson.
  
  From the collection of Jerry Dean Ferren.
  
  Note: Both AR & MCS claim that Simon is 3rd son, so I am making Ralph2nd son.
  
  Source: Please cite original sources.
  Compiled by: J. K. Loren
  
  === !Eng AM Vol 4 p 350-351,353; Eng Pub Vol ===
  !Eng AM Vol 4 p 350-351,353; Eng Pub Vol 16 p 221; Vis of Yorkshire eng Pub. AC v 16 Viz of Yorks p 221-2
  
  === 4th Earl. 30 Apr 1258, One of the full ===
  4th Earl. 30 Apr 1258, One of the fully armored Lords dema nding reforms of Henry III at Westminster. Oct 1264, Excomm unicated by the Pope merely for cooperating w/ Montfort's g ovt. aft Lewes. The anathema on Montfort's supporters was n ot enforced in the English Church. Not really a Montfort "s upporter", merely worked with his gov't after Lewes.
  
  === Roger Bigod (c. 1209 ? 1270) was 4th Ear ===
  Roger Bigod (c. 1209 ? 1270) was 4th Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England.
  
  He was the son of Hugh Bigod, and Matilda, a daughter of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke and Marshal of England. After the death of his father in 1225 Roger became the ward of William Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury. After his marriage to Isabella, daughter of William the Lion, King of Scotland, he was a ward of his new brother-in-law, Alexander II of Scotland until 1228, when, although still under-age, he succeeded to his father's estates (including Framlingham Castle). He did not, however, receive his father's title until 1233.
  
  After the death without male heirs of the last of his mother's brothers, Roger obtained the office of Marshal of England in 1246. With his younger brother Hugh Bigod (Justiciar), he was prominent among the barons who wrested the control of the government from the hands of Henry III and assisted Simon de Montfort, in what became the Second Barons' War.
  
  Roger had no children, and was succeeded by his nephew, also named Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk.
  
  From the collection of Jerry Dean Ferren.
  
  === !Sir Knight. ===
  !Sir Knight.
  
  === MARRIAGE: Ralph m. Berta, dau. of the Ba ===
  MARRIAGE: Ralph m. Berta, dau. of the Baron Furnival, and had a dau.,Isabel, who m. 1st, Gilbert, son of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Meath, inIreland; and 2ndly, John Fitz Geoffrey. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant,Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London,1883, p. 53, Bigod, Earls of Norfolk] Source: Title: Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages Author: Sir Bernard Burke Publication: Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, England, 1883 Repository: Note: CD367, Notable British Families, 1600s-1900s, The Learning Co.,Inc., 1999 Call Number: ISBN 0-8063-0789-7 Media: Book Page: p. 53, Bigod, Earls of Norfolk
  
  === Roger Bigod, fourth Earl of Norfolk (d 1 ===
  Roger Bigod, fourth Earl of Norfolk (d 1270), marshal of England, was grandson of Roger, second earl, and son of Hugh third earl, by his wife Matilda, daughter of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke. Being a minor at the time of his father's death, early in 1225, his wardship was granted to William de Longespee, earl of Salisbury, but was transferred to Alexander, king of Scotland, on the marriage of Roger with Isabella, the king's sister. In 1233, when he probably came of age, he was knighted by Henry III at Glouceser, and in the same year received livery of the castle of Framlingham. He was hiad of the commission of justices inteinerant inot Essex and Herfordshire, issued 1 Aug 1234. In 1237 he greatly distinguished himself by his prowess at the tournament at Blythe, Nottinghamshire, in which the rival barons of the north and south had a serious encounter. A serious illness, as late as 1257, was attributed to the exertions he went through on that occasion. He took part in Henry's costly expedition to France in 1242, and displayed great bravery in the skirmish at Saintes, 22 July; but soon after he and other nobles asked leave to retire and returned to England. In the parliament or assembly of the magnates in 1244 Roger Bigod was apointed one of the twelve representatives of the two estates present, lay and clerical, to obtain measures of reform from the king in return for a money grant, and in the next year he was one of the envoys sent to the council of Lyons to protest against papal exactions. Redress was refused, and the embassy retired, threatening and protesting; and in the parliament which met on 18 March 1246, Bigod took part in drawing up a list of grievances and addressing a letter of remonstrance to the pope.
  
  In 1246 also Roger Bigod was invested with the office of earl marshal in right of his mother, eldest daughter of William, earl of Pembroke, on whom it devolved on failure of the male line. Matthew paris, the chronicler, has narrated two anecdotes of Roger which illustrate his resolute character. In 1249, when the Count of Guines was passing through England, Roger ordered his arrest, in retaliation for a road tax which he had been forced to pay when traversing the count's territories on his embassy to Lyons. And in 1255, when by speaking in favour of Robert de Ros, who was in disgrace, he incurred the king's anger, he openly defied Henry, and did not hesitate to give him the lie when the latter called him traitor.
  
  In 1253 Roger was present at the solemn confirmation of the charters, when sentence of excommunication was formally passed against all who violated them. He was with the king in France in the same year; but in January 1254 was sent to England to obtain money from parliament. Soon after he with other nobles retired in disgust from the army in Gascony. In 1257 he was member of an abortive embassy to France ot demand certain rights. The next year he played an important part in the reforms introduced under the title of the Provisions of Oxford, being one of the twelve chosen to represent the barons, and subsequently being also a member of the council formed to advise the king. In 1258 he was one of the ambassadors to attent the conference at Cambray between the representatives of England, France, and Germany. The dissensions which sprang up among the barons in the course of 1259 eventually sent Roger Bigod, together with others, over to the king's side in opposition to Simon de Montfort. It is in reference to the events of this period that he is invoked in the political poem preserved by Rishanger:
  O tu comes le Bigot, pactum serva sanum;
  Cum sis miles strenuus, nunc exerce manum.
  But the award of the French king, who was appealed to the arbitrate, and who now set aside the Provisions of Oxford, probably ranged Bigod again on the popular side. After the decisive battle of Lewes he is found holding the castle of Oxford, for De Montfort's party, and he was one of the five earls who were summoned to the parliament of 1265. Nothing further is known o fhim to the time of his death in 1270. He was buried in Thetford, and dying without issue, was succeeded in his honours by his nephew Roger. He had put away his wife Isabella of Scotland on the pretext of consanguinity, but took her again in 1253. [Dictionary of National Biography II:487-8]

• m. ABT 1242

1. Title: The Royal Ancestry Bible
   Author: The Royal Ancestry Bible, Michel L. Call, Copyright 2006
   Note: birth: death:
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:2026280052
   
2. Title: Find a Grave
   Publication: Name: http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=131151406;
   
3. Title: Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families
   Author: Royal Ancestors of Some LDS Families, Michel L. Call, 1975 Editions, Page number: page 146
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3243690013
   
4. Title: Book - Yorkshire Archaeological Journal "Bigods of Settrington"
   
5. Title: Ralph Bigod, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV : 4 July 2020), Ralph Bigod, 1260; Burial, , ; citing record ID , Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV;
   
6. Title: Medieval Lands, "Hugh Bigod"
   Author: fmg.ac
   Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#HughBigodNorfolkdied1225B;
   Note: Primary source information.
   Page: Info for Ralph.
   
7. Title: "Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families," 2nd Edition, 2011, by Douglas Richardson
   Author: Published by Douglas Richardson
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=8JcbV309c5UC&dq=Magna+Carta+Ancestry%3A+A+Study+in+Colonial+and+Medieval+Families%2C+2nd+Ed.&q=bertha+de+ferrers#v=snippet&q=bertha%20de%20ferrers&f=false;
   
8. Title: The Medieval Lands Project, "ROGER Bigod"
   Author: fmg.ac
   Publication: Name: http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#RogerBigodNorfolkdied1270;
   Note: ROGER Bigod ([1212/13]-4 Jul 1270, bur Thetford 10 Jul 1270). The Chronicle of Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, names (in order) ”Hugo Bigod primus filius, comes Norfolke et Suffolke, et Rogerus sive Radulfus secundus filius” as the children of “Hugoni le Bigod comiti Norfolke et Suffolke” and his wife[1017], although this reverses the order of birth of the two sons. He succeeded his father in 1225 as Earl of Norfolk. The Continuator of Florence of Worcester records the death "die Translationis Sancti Martini" [4 Jul] of "Rogerus Bigod comes Norfol. et Suff. marescallus Angliæ, Cuhabe" and his burial "apud Thetford monachorum"[1018]. The Annals of Osney record the death “V Non Jul” in 1270 of “Rogerus Bigod marescallus Angliæ”[1019]. A writ dated 6 Jul "54 Hen III", after the death of "Roger le Bygod earl of Norfolk", names "Roger Bigot, son of the late Hugh le Bigot brother of the said earl, age variously stated as 24 and more, 25 and more and 26 and more, is his heir"[1020]. m (Alnwick May 1225, repudiated 1245 on grounds of consanguinity, compelled to cohabit again by ecclesiastical sentence 1253) ISABEL of Scotland, daughter of WILLIAM "the Lion" King of Scotland & his wife Ermengarde de Beaumont (-after 1253, bur Church of the Black Friars, London). Henry III King of England granted property to "Isabelle soori A. regis Scottorum" on her marriage to "Rogero filio et heredi H. le Bigod comitis Norfolkie" dated 11 May 1225[1021]. An order dated 20 May 1225 refers to the marriage of "Rogerum fil et heredem H. com le Bigod" and "Isab sorore reg Scot"[1022]. She is called "filiam regis Scotiæ" (but not named) by Matthew Paris when he records her husband's resumption of their marriage[1023]. She appears to have been living in Gloucestershire in Oct 1263.
   
9. Title: Record of burial
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV : 4 July 2020), Ralph Bigod, 1260; Burial, , ; citing record ID , Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV;
   Page: Record of burial
   
10. Title: Ralph Bigod, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV : 4 July 2020), Ralph Bigod, 1260; Burial, , ; citing record ID , Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVGR-CKWV;
    
11. Title: Hugh Bigod & Marshall in Family Group Records Collection, Archives Section, 1942-1969; https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9QR-717?cc=2060211&wc=WWNV-N28%3A352088201%2C353191201
    Author: "Family Group Records Collection, Archives Section, 1942-1969," images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9QR-717?cc=2060211&wc=WWNV-N28%3A352088201%2C353191201 : 20 May 2014), B > Biggs, Edward (1637) - Bijmholt, Geert > image 721 of 1406; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, compiler, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9QR-717;
    Note: Hugh Bigod (1175-1225) married Maud Marshall and had children according to research before 1950
    Page: Names, dates, locations, and relationships match research