Ludwig IV. der Bayer der Wittelsbacher

• Preferred Name: Ludwig IV. der Bayer der Wittelsbacher^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}
  
• Alternate Name: Ludwig Wittelsbach IV; Holy Roman Emperor; Duke of Bavaria
  
• Alternate Name: Ludwig IV von Bayern
  
• Gender: M
  
• Acceded: 1314 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Birth: 1 APR 1282 in München, Herzogtum Oberbayern, HRR at LATI: N9.5 LONG: E0 with note:
  
• Burial: in Marienkapelle, München, HRR at LATI: N8.1539 LONG: E1.5481 with note:
  
• Ruled: 1328 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Christening: 1282 in Herzogtum Bayern at LATI: N9 LONG: E1.5
  
• Death: 11 OCT 1347 in Puch, Fürstenfeldbruck, Herzogtum Oberbayer, HHR at LATI: N8.1888 LONG: E1.221 with note:
  
• FSID: LK6X-186
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
  
  Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.
  
  Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria
  
  Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.
  
  Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.
  
  In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.
  
  Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg
  
  The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, seemed too powerful to most prince-electors, opening the door for other candidates. The most likely choice was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxemburg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.
  
  On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors assembled at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis's brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxemburgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four elector chose Frederick as King.
  
  The Luxemburg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxemburg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested his Rudolph of Wittenbergs claim to the electoral vote.
  
  This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.
  
  After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.
  
  Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.
  
  As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.
  
  Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors
  
  Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope
  
  Holy Roman Emperor
  
  After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.
  
  In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci, as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Peter II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.
  
  Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena, and William of Ockham and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court in Munich.
  
  In 1333, Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire, and offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles, an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown and the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling Louis that he should make peace with the church first.[2]
  
  The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation.
  
  Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence and was named vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more time
  
  Family and children[edit]
  
  In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica. Their children were:
  1.Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
  2.Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
  3.Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
  4.Anna (c. July 1317[4] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
  5.Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
  6.Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria
  
  In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:
  1.Margaret (1325 – 1374), married: 1.in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
  2.1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.
  
  2.Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
  3.Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
  4.Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married: 1.Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
  2.Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.
  
  5.William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
  6.Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
  7.Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
  8.Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
  9.Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
  10.Louis (October 1347 – 1348
  
  Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperer
  Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
  Louis IV, called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328. Louis IV was Duke
  
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282-11 October 1347)
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282-11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
  
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282-11 October 1347)
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282-11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
  
  === "of the Holy Roman Empire". ===
  "of the Holy Roman Empire".
  
  Historisch falsch.
  Diese Person hat so nicht existiert.
  
  === Holy Roman Emperor 1314 - . Duke of Bav ===
  Holy Roman Emperor 1314 - . Duke of Bavaria 1294; Palatinate 1329.
  
  === GEN: !DEATH:1986 Britannica v.23 p.361 v ===
  GEN: !DEATH:1986 Britannica v.23 p.361 v.7 p.505-6; Columbia Viking DeskEncyl. p.629 GEN: Duke of Upper Bavaria
  
  === Ludwig IV Emperor of the Holy Roman Emp ===
  Ludwig IV Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1282-1347): According to Ancestry tree 185874, Ludwig IV had 11 children by Margaretha de Avesnes, Countess of Holland.
  
  === BIOGRAPHY: Title: Duke of Upper Bavaria. ===
  BIOGRAPHY: Title: Duke of Upper Bavaria. Emporer of the HOLY ROMANEMPIRE.
  
  === BIOGRAPHY: Title: Duke of Upper Bavaria. ===
  BIOGRAPHY: Title: Duke of Upper Bavaria. Emporer of the HOLY ROMANEMPIRE. Non-standard gedcom data: 1 _IFLAGS 0
  
  === b.Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, was Empero ===
  b.Ludwig IV, Duke of Bavaria, was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
  
  === Emperor (1328-46) and German king (1314- ===
  Emperor (1328-46) and German king (1314-46), duke of Upper Bavaria. Louis was crowned emperor by the 'representatives of the Roman People' but failed to win recognition from the papacy. Throughout his reign Louis kept adding to the possessions of his family by blatantly abusing his authority In 1346 Pope Clement vI declared the emperor deposed and secured the election of Charles of Luxemburg. Louis was successfully resisting his rival when he was killed in a hunting accident.
  
  === [v11t4329.FTW]
  
  ?? Line 6768: (New PAF R ===
  [v11t4329.FTW]
  
  ?? Line 6768: (New PAF RIN=3885)
  1 NAME Ludwig IV, Emperor Of The /HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE/
  
  [v11t4329.FTW]
  
  ?? Line 6768: (New PAF RIN=3885)
  1 NAME Ludwig IV, Emperor Of The /HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE/
  
  === Hg. v. Bayern 1297, dt. Kg. 1314, dt. Ks ===
  Hg. v. Bayern 1297, dt. Kg. 1314, dt. Ks. 1328
  
  === Margarete/ md. 25 Feb 1324 Empress of Ge ===
  Margarete/ md. 25 Feb 1324 Empress of Germany
  
  === BETHAMIS GENEALOGICAL TABLES (GS NUMBER ===
  BETHAMIS GENEALOGICAL TABLES (GS NUMBER Q929.2 B465G) TAB 460;
  
  === BETHAMIS GENEALOGICAL TABLES (GS NUMBER ===
  BETHAMIS GENEALOGICAL TABLES (GS NUMBER Q929.2 B465G) TAB 352, 453, 460, 461, 491;
  
  === !TITLE: Emperor Of The HOLY ROMAN EMPIR ===
  !TITLE: Emperor Of The HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE TITLE: DUKE OF UPPER BAVARIA From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.
  
  === Louis IV
  
  born 1283?, Munich
  died Oct. 1 ===
  Louis IV
  
  born 1283?, Munich
  died Oct. 11, 1347, Munich
  
  byname Louis The Bavarian, German Ludwig Der Bayrisch duke of upper Bavaria (from 1294) and of united Bavaria (1340–47), German king (from 1314), and Holy Roman emperor (1328–47), first of the Wittelsbach line of German emperors. His reign was marked by incessant diplomatic and military struggles to defend the right of the empire to elect an emperor independently of the papacy, to consolidate his own position, and to improve the status of his family.
  
  Early life.
  
  As the younger son of Louis II, count Palatine and duke in Upper Bavaria, Louis had no claim to the crown by birth. On his father's death in 1294, the 11-year-old boy was made a ward of his brother Rudolf, who was then 20, and of his mother, Mechthild, a Habsburg and a daughter of King Rudolf I. Louis immediately found himself involved in high politics; his brother took the side of King Adolf of Nassau and his mother that of her brother, Albert I of Austria, who was attempting to depose Adolf. Keeping her son out of Munich, she sent him to her brother's court in Vienna, where he was reared, together with his Habsburg cousins, Frederick and Leopold. This circumstance no doubt had a lasting effect on Louis, though he never let political decisions be influenced by family ties. Albert's victory over Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim (July 2, 1298) allowed Louis to assume the share in the government that was his by law but that his older brother had hitherto withheld from him. The rivalry between the brothers, which had flared up again after the assassination of King Albert (1308), ended in 1310 with a partition of territories, which Louis was able to impose on the strength of being the guardian of his Lower Bavarian cousins. But the traditionally anti-Austrian attitude of Lower Bavaria led to a quarrel with the Habsburgs. Having assured himself of his brother's goodwill by means of a compromise (June 21, 1313), Louis gained a decisive victory over the Habsburgs at Gammelsdorf (November 9), while the succession to the German crown, fallen vacant with the emperor Henry VII's unexpected death on August 24, was still the subject of negotiations.
  
  The empire had become an elective monarchy, but counts no longer figured among the candidates. The houses of Habsburg and Luxembourg (Luxemburg), risen to the rank of major German powers as a result of acquiring Austria (1282) and Bohemia (1310), respectively, contended for the throne; had it not been divided into warring lines, the House of Wittelsbach might have been a third contender. On the strength of his victory, Louis, in 1314, became the candidate of the Luxembourgs, who had failed to gain the crown for John of Bohemia, the late emperor's son. The Habsburgs, however, would not acknowledge Louis, though he was grandson of King Rudolf; in the double election of Oct. 19–20, 1314, Louis gained little advantage from the fact that his claims were rather more substantial than those of the anti-king, Frederick III of Austria, crowned on the same day, November 25. Military successes enabled Louis to wrest exclusive control over Upper Bavaria and the Rhenish Palatinate from his brother, who had voted against him; but a permanent settlement with the latter's descendants could be made only after the death of Rudolf, his widow Mathilde of Nassau, and his oldest son, Adolf. The dynastic Compact of Pavia (1329), dividing the House of Wittelsbach into a Bavarian and a Palatinate line, enabled Louis to gain the latter line's support in matters of imperial policy. He failed, however, to achieve a lasting understanding with his Lower Bavarian cousins; that conflict was not settled until this line became extinct in 1340.
  
  Struggle with the Habsburgs.
  
  Louis's most pressing problem was the struggle with the Habsburgs. The decisive battle was fought on Sept. 28, 1322, at Mühldorf, where Louis gained victory, taking prisoner King Frederick with his brothers. By April 1323 he could risk investing his oldest son, Louis, still a minor, with the Margravate of Brandenburg, which had been in abeyance since 1319. Territorial aspirations motivated the conclusion of a hereditary alliance with the House of Wettin as well as Louis' second marriage, to Margaret of Holland (1324), which in 1345 led to the accession of Holland and its dependencies. These successes did not sit well with John of Bohemia, who refused to be pacified either by the donation of Upper Lusatia in 1320 or by the marriage of Duke Henry the Elder of Lower Bavaria with a Luxembourg the following year, or by the acquisition, by way of collateral, of the Egerland. Luxembourg finally allied itself with France, and this move, in turn, led to an increased hostility toward Louis on the part of the Pope, who was wholly under French influence.
  
  Pope John XXII had taken advantage of the contest for the crown of Germany to appoint Robert of Naples imperial vicar in Italy vacante imperio (in the absence of a Holy Roman emperor) and to threaten the Italian Ghibellines with heresy proceedings. When Louis's own imperial vicar forced the Pope and Robert to raise the siege of Milan, the heresy proceedings were extended to Louis himself, who was excommunicated in March 1324. This interdiction, never lifted, exposed Louis' adherents to a conflict of conscience while providing his enemies with a convenient excuse for disobedience. In the eyes of the Curia and of his other enemies, he was thenceforth merely Ludovicus Bavarus, Louis the Bavarian, by which name he lives on in history.
  
  Louis hit back with several proclamations of his own, notably the so-called Sachsenhausen Appellation of May 22, 1324, in which the charge of heresy was turned against the Pope. The argumentation ill-advisedly dealt with constitutional problems touching on the empire as well as with doctrinal points. Louis quickly acknowledged this as a mistake and softened its effect, but at this time the Austrians also joined the alliance of France and Luxembourg (July 27, 1324). Louis broke up the hostile combination by agreeing to share the rule with his prisoner Frederick; even so, he overcame Duke Leopold's objections only by further agreeing (Jan. 7, 1326) to abdicate altogether, provided that the Pope gave his approbation to Frederick's sole rule. There was little likelihood of that because the Curia was interested in perpetuating the rivalry for the German crown. Its reaction proved to Frederick that he had been callously used; he now became a loyal co-ruler with Louis.
  
  Acceptance of the imperial crown.
  
  When Duke Leopold died in February 1326, Louis boldly opposed the Pope in Italy itself. Supported by the Ghibellines, he accepted the iron crown of Lombardy in Milan (May 31, 1327) and the imperial crown in Rome (Jan. 11, 1328), offered by the representatives of the Roman populace. This unusual move could be considered an emergency measure because the Pope had refused to crown the designated emperor, declaring him a heretic on purely political grounds.
  
  Louis let himself be persuaded to depose the Pope formally by a decree of April 18, 1328, and to countenance the appointment of an antipope whose incompetence furnished John XXII with an easy triumph. Moreover, Louis' forces were insufficient to subjugate Robert of Naples or to institute a stable order in Italy, for which he lacked the necessary prerequisite of a firm hold on Germany. Turning to the north again, he celebrated Christmas of 1329 in Trent, whence he had departed for Italy in February 1327.
  
  King Frederick died on Jan. 13, 1330. The problem of shared rule was thus solved. Yet Louis' German enemies had not been idle. John of Bohemia had arranged the marriage of his younger son, John Henry, with Margaret, the heiress of Carinthia-Tirol, in 1330. This caused Louis to enter into a secret covenant with the Habsburgs regarding the partition of this strategically important inheritance (May 31, 1331). He thus encircled John of Bohemia, forcing him to withdraw from Italy, where he had ensconced himself in the guise of an imperial vicar. In order to confuse his enemies, Louis issued a new decree of abdication, hedged with countless provisos, on Nov. 19, 1333; this time he proposed to renounce the throne in favour of his Lower Bavarian cousin Henry. The death of Duke Henry of Carinthia-Tirol in 1335 compelled Louis to invest the Habsburgs with Carinthia, by way of carrying out his part of the secret compact; he also granted them southern Tirol in order to save at least the northern part for himself. But the Habsburgs, in their eagerness to secure Carinthia, concluded an agreement behind his back with Luxembourg, which thus acquired the whole of the Tirol. As a result, the influential archbishop of Mainz came over to Louis' side (June 29, 1337), and Edward III of England made a treaty with him (August 26), thus proving that Louis was a desirable ally on the international plane.
  
  The Germans, tired of the incessant quarrels over the crown, were disconcerted by the Pope's intransigence. Through their city magistrates and other representatives, they pressed for legitimization of Louis' rule and the rejection of papal interference. When Louis issued a statement of principle regarding the accession to the imperial throne before the Frankfurt Diet (Fidem catholicam of May 17, 1338), he had the support not only of the cities but also of the empire's ecclesiastical lords. He relied upon this support in promulgating a basic electoral law (Licet juris) in Frankfurt (August 3) and again in Coblenz, where he met the King of England and bestowed on him an imperial vicarate on the Lower Rhine. The promulgation of that law, however, remained an empty gesture because the electoral princes, while assembled at Rhens on July 16, had rejected the Pope's claims without declaring themselves in favour of Louis and withheld their approval. The conflict over the crown and the charge of heresy thus continued to smolder. By isolating John of Bo
  
  === !MAR: Bk, Medieval Knight by Stephen Tur ===
  !MAR: Bk, Medieval Knight by Stephen Turnbull.
  
  === !#552-v1-t23; ===
  !#552-v1-t23;
  
  === BIO Part I ===
  Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  For the 9th-century German ruler also called Louis the Bavarian, see Louis the German.
  
  Louis IV
  Ludovico il Bavaro.jpeg
  Portrait of Louis IV (on a late gothic graveplate made of red marble in 1468 by Hans Haldner), tomb in the Frauenkirche of Munich
  King of the Romans
  until 1330 with Frederick the Handsome
  Reign 20 October 1314 – 11 October 1347
  Coronation 25 November 1314 (Aachen)
  Predecessor Henry VII
  Successor Charles IV
  King of Italy
  Reign 31 May 1327 – 11 October 1347
  Coronation 31 May 1327 (Milan)
  Predecessor Henry VII
  Successor Charles IV
  Holy Roman Emperor
  Reign 1328 – 11 October 1347
  Coronation 17 January 1328 (Rome)
  Predecessor Henry VII
  Successor Charles IV
  Duke of Bavaria
  until 1317 with Rudolf I
  Reign 1301 – 11 October 1347
  Predecessor Rudolf I
  Successor Louis V, Stephen II, Louis VI, William I, Albert I and Otto V
  Born 1 April 1282
  Munich
  Died 11 October 1347 (aged 65)
  Puch, near Fürstenfeldbruck
  Burial Frauenkirche, Munich
  Spouse Beatrix of Świdnica
  Margaret II, Countess of Holland
  Issue Matilda, Margravine of Meissen
  Louis V, Duke of Bavaria
  Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria
  Louis VI, Duke of Bavaria
  William I, Duke of Bavaria
  Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
  Beatrice, Queen of Sweden
  Otto V, Duke of Bavaria
  House Wittelsbach
  Father Louis II, Duke of Bavaria
  Mother Matilda of Habsburg
  Religion Roman Catholicism
  Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.
  
  Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.
  
  Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria
  Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.
  
  Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.
  
  In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.
  
  Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg
  The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young,[2] and by others to be already too powerful. One alternative was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxembourg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.
  
  On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis' brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxembourgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four electors chose Frederick as King.
  
  The Luxembourg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held.[3] Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxembourg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested Rudolph of Wittenberg's claim to the electoral vote.
  
  This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.
  
  Battle of Mühldorf (1322), contemporary illustration
  After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf[4] on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.
  
  Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.[5]
  
  Golden Bull of Louis IV 1328
  As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.
  
  Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors and the papacy.
  
  Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope
  Holy Roman Emperor
  Armoiries Bavière.svg Shield and Coat of Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (c.1200-c.1300).svg
  Coats of arms
  After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.
  
  In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII (Jacques Duèze) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330 on his return from Italy.
  
  Edward III becomes Vicar to the Emperor Louis IV.
  Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham, and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire.
  
  In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first.[6]
  
  Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time.
  
  === BIO Part II ===
  Imperial privileges
  Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights. In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon the Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories.[7] Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers.
  
  Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city chronicles for the privileges he granted. In 1330 the emperor for example permitted the Frankfurt Trade Fair, and in 1340 Lübeck, as the most powerful member of the future Hanseatic League, received the coinage prerogative for golden gulden.
  
  Dynastic policy
  
  Gold Gulden of Lübeck, 1341
  In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V after the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania had died out. With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329 the emperor reconciled the sons of his late brother Rudolph and returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert. After the death of Henry of Bohemia, the duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on 2 May 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg cousins Albert II, Duke of Austria, and Otto, Duke of Austria, while Tyrol was first placed into Luxemburg hands.
  
  With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria. John's mother, a member of the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the House of Luxemburg even more.
  
  In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay princes by conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland upon his wife, Margaret II of Hainaut. The hereditary titles of Margaret's sisters, one of whom was the queen of England, were ignored. Because of the dangerous hostility of the Luxemburgs, Louis had increased his power base ruthlessly.
  
  Conflict with Luxemburg
  
  Ludwig IV's tomb, Frauenkirche, Munich
  The acquisition of these territories and his restless foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies among the German princes. In the summer of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was elected rival king, with the support of Pope Clement VI. Louis himself obtained much support from the Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet ("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself also took part in the battle but escaped.
  
  But then Louis' sudden death avoided a longer civil war. Louis died in October 1347 from a stroke suffered during a bear-hunt in Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck. He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. The sons of Louis supported Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided the Wittelsbach possessions amongst themselves again. In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with the House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany, a great-grandnephew of Louis.
  
  Family and children
  In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica (1290-1320). Their children were:
  
  Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
  Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
  Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
  Anna (c. July 1317[8] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
  Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
  Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria
  In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1308-1356). Their children were:
  
  Margaret (1325 – 1374), married:
  in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
  1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.
  Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
  Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
  Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married:
  Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
  Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.
  William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
  Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
  Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
  Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
  Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
  Louis (October 1347 – 1348).
  
  === My PAF Notes ===
  from thepeerage.com, 6/2009:
  Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor1
  M, #87105, b. 1282, d. 1347
  Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor|b. 1282\nd. 1347|p8711.htm#i87105|Ludwig II Herzog von Oberbayern|b. 1229\nd. 1294|p11384.htm#i113838|Mathilde von Habsburg|b. 1251\nd. 1304|p11384.htm#i113837|Otto I. Herzog von Bayern|b. 12 Apr 1206\nd. 29 Nov 1253|p11429.htm#i114281|Agnes von Braunschweig|b. c 1201\nd. 16 Aug 1267|p386.htm#i3852|Rudolf I. von Habsburg, Roman King|b. 1218\nd. 1291|p11382.htm#i113819|Gertrud von Hohenberg|b. 1225\nd. 1281|p11383.htm#i113822|
  Last Edited=22 Jul 2005
  Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor was born in 1282.2 He was the son of Ludwig II Herzog von Oberbayern and Mathilde von Habsburg .2 He married Marguerite, Comtesse de Hainaut et Hollande , daughter of Guillaume V (III), Comte de Hainaut, Hollande et Zélande and Jeanne de Valois . He married Beatrix von Schlesien-Glogau , daughter of Heinrich III Herzog von Schlesien-Glogau and Matilde von Braunschweig , circa 1308. He died in 1347.2
  Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor was a member of the House of Wittelsbach.3 He succeeded to the title of Herzog von Bayern in 1294.3 He succeeded to the title of King Ludwig IV of the Romans in 1314.4 He succeeded to the title of Emperor Ludwig IV of the Holy Roman Empire in 1328.2,5
  Children of Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor and Beatrix von Schlesien-Glogau
  Mathilde von Wittelsbach + b. c 1309, d. 2 Jul 1346
  Stefan II Herzog von Bayern-Ingolstadt + b. 22 Dec 1313, d. 10 May 13753
  Children of Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor
  Otto V Herzog von Bayern d. a 13513
  Ludwig V Herzog von Bayern + b. 1315, d. 13611
  Marguerite von Wittelsbach b. 1325, d. b 17 Mar 13746
  Ludwig VI Kurfürst von Brandenburg b. 1330, d. 13653
  Beatrice von Wittelsbach b. 1344, d. 13597
  Children of Ludwig IV von Bayern, Holy Roman Emperor and Marguerite, Comtesse de Hainaut et Hollande
  Wilhelm III Herzog von Bayern b. c 1332, d. 15 Apr 13898
  Albrecht I Herzog von Bayern-Straubing + b. c 1336, d. 12 Dec 14043
  Citations
  [S16 ] Jirí Louda and Michael MacLagan, Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, 2nd edition (London, U.K.: Little, Brown and Company, 1999), table 17. Hereinafter cited as Lines of Succession.
  [S16 ] Louda and MacLagan, Lines of Succession, table 77.
  [S38 ] John Morby, Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 139. Hereinafter cited as Dynasties of the World.
  [S38 ] John Morby, Dynasties of the World, page 123.
  [S13 ] Detlev Schwennicke, editor, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschicht der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge: Band XVII (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Vittorio Klostermann, 1998), tafel 2. Hereinafter cited as Europäische Stammtafeln: Band XVII.
  [S16 ] Louda and MacLagan, Lines of Succession, table 90.
  [S16 ] Louda and MacLagan, Lines of Succession, table 28.
  [S38 ] John Morby, Dynasties of the World, page 91.
  
  === Find a Grave ===
  Holy Roman Emperor. Born in Munich, Germany. Son of Ludwig Von Wittlelsbach II, Duke Upper Bayern (1229-1294) and Mathilde Von Habsburg (1254-1304). Founder of the Duchy of Bavaria (Herzogtum Bayern). King Ludwig IV, The Bavarian was the first German king of the Wittlesbacher dynasty to be crowned in 1314 and was crowned emperor in 1328. Married to Beatrix Von Silezia of Silezia-Glogau in 1309. Beatrix born in 1290, Died in 1322. Married to Margaretha-Comtesse de Hainault, d' Avesnes, February 25,1324 in Koln, Rheinland, Prussia. Margaretha born in 1311 of Le Quesnoy, Nord, France, Died June 23, 1356 in Le Quesnoy, Nord, France. She is buried in Valenciennes, Nord, France. Ludwig IV has a son, Stephen Von Wittelsbach II, Duke Von Bayern. Buried in the Frauenkirche Cathedral (Church of Our Lady) in Munich (Muenchen), Germany. Ludwig IV died in 1347 of a stroke.

• m. 25 FEB 1323

• m. 14 OCT 1308 in München, Oberbayern, Bayern, Germany

1. Mathilde von Bayern, b. 21 JUN 1313 in Bayern, Heiliges Römisches Reich     d. 2 JUL 1346 in Meißen, HZT Sachsen-Wittenberg, HRR
2. Stephen Duke of Bavaria II, b. 1319 in München, Bayern, Deutschland     d. 13 MAY 1375 in Landshut, Bayern, Deutschland

1. Title: Castle Information
   Author: Online
   Publication: Name: https://www.exploring-castles.com/europe/germany/ludwig_ii_of_bavaria/;
   Page: I am trying to find out who his parents were.
   
2. Title: Kaiser Ludwig von Wittelsbach, IV, des Römischen Reiches
   Publication: Name: https://www.geni.com/people/Kaiser-Ludwig-von-Wittelsbach-IV-des-Heiligen-R%C3%B6mischen-Reiches/4202780705000039134?through=6000000030601315479;
   
3. Title: Ludwig IV the Bavarian, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1CBW : 26 July 2019), Ludwig IV the Bavarian, 1347; Burial, Munich (München), Münchener Stadtkreis, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany, Frauenkirche Cathedral; citing record ID 7052945, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1CBW;
   
4. Title: Ludwig Ludwig Iv King Of Germany, King Of Italy, H. Roman Emperor Von Bayern; Wittelsbach House
   Publication: Name: https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-1-263491091-5-512093/ludwig-ludwig-iv-king-of-germany-king-of-italy-holy-in-myheritage-family-trees?fspid=GCZ5-WKK;
   
5. Title: Louis Holy Roman Empero, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7JMR-N4PZ : 5 August 2020), Louis Holy Roman Empero, ; Burial, Altstadt, Stadtkreis München, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany, Frauenkirche Cathedral; citing record ID 195106345, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7JMR-N4PZ;
   
6. Title: Legacy NFS Source: Ludwig VonWittelsbach -
   Author: Ancestry Family Trees, Online publication - Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com. Original data: Family Tree files submitted by Ancestry members., Ancestry.com, http://www.Ancestry.com, Page number: Ancestry Family Trees
   Note: This information comes from 1 or more individual Ancestry Family Tree files. This source citation points you to a current version of those files. Note: The owners of these tree files may have removed or changed information since this source citation was created.
   Page: Migrated from user-supplied source citation: urn:familysearch:source:3247126682