Olav Kyrre Haraldsson of Norway III

• Preferred Name: Olav Kyrre Haraldsson of Norway III^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}
  
• Alternate Name: Olaf Kyre
  
• Alternate Name: Olav Kyrre Haraldssen III
  
• Alternate Name: Olafur Haraldsson
  
• Gender: M
  
• Burial: AFT 22 SEP 1093 in Nidaros Cathedral, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag, Norway at LATI: N3.4269 LONG: E0.3969
  
• Death: 22 SEP 1093 in Tanum, Västra Götaland, Sweden at LATI: N8.716 LONG: E1.3327 with note: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Kyrre
  
• Title (Nobility): BET 1067 AND 22 SEP 1093 with note: Description: King of Norway
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King
  
• FSID: L83J-7F5
  
• Birth: 1050 in Folkinsberg, Eidsberg, Ostfold, Norway at LATI: N9.5517 LONG: E1.3358 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Norwegian Monarch. He reigned as king from 1067 to 1093, with the first two years jointly with his brother, Magnus II. He was born in Norway, the youngest son of King Harald III "Hardrada" Sigurdsson and his queen, Tora Torbergsdatter. At the age of 16, he joined his father for his ill-fated invasion of England in 1066. He did not participate in the Battle of Stamford Bridge on September 25, 1066, where his father was defeated and killed by the Saxon King Harald Godwinson, but remained on a ship with his father's reserve forces. He returned to the Orkney Islands with his father's remains and stayed there during the winter of 1066-1067, returning to Norway in the summer of 1067. His father had declared his older brother, Magnus, regent king prior to leaving for England. When Olaf arrived in Norway, he asked Magnus (now Magnus II) for his share of the kingdom under Norwegian property laws. Magnus agreed, giving him the northern half of Norway while retaining the southern half. When Magnus II died on April 28, 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway as Olaf III or Olaf Kyrre. Under his rule, Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace in where he sought to avoid conflict by way of agreements and establishing marriage connections. He focused efforts on rebuilding the Church's organizational structure and modernizing the country. When Danish King Svend Estridsen considered attacking Norway because he felt no longer bound by the ceasefire agreement between him and Harald III that was signed in 1064, Olaf made peace by marrying his daughter, Ingerid Svendsdatter. Additionally, he made peace between Norway and the new English king William the Conqueror. Unlike his father, Olaf accepted the authority of the Church in Norway and allowed the bishops to establish residences in Oslo, Bergen, and Nidaros, rather than being a permanent part of the king's court and travelling with the king to conduct ecclesiastical affairs. He directed the construction of churches, including Christ Church in Bergen and the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim. He also strengthened the power of the king and instituted the system of guilds, as well as writing secure provincial laws, including the Norwegian law Gulatingsloven. In the autumn of 1093 he became ill and died in Hakeby, located in the present-day Vastra Gotaland County in western Sweden. He had no children with his wife; however, he had a son with his mistress, Tora Arnesdatter, who later became King Magnus III Olafsson. In 1992 a memorial to King Olaf III Kyrre was erected in Bergen, Norway, to commemorate the city's 900th year anniversary."Olaf Haraldsson (or Óláfr Haraldsson, or Olav Haraldsson), known as Olaf Kyrre ("Peaceful"), ruled Norway as King Olaf III from 1067 until his death in 1093."
  "He was present at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in England in 1066 where his father, King Harald Hardrada, saw defeat and was killed in action, an event that directly preceded his kingship. During his rule, Olaf made peace with regards to earlier royal conflicts with the church, strengthened the power of the monarchy, and is traditionally credited with founding the city of Bergen circa 1070."
  
  "Olaf was a son of King Harald Hardrada and Tora Torbergsdatter."
  
  === The Peaceful King ===
  A son of King Harald III Hardraade, Olaf fought in the unsuccessful Norwegian invasion of England (1066) in which his father was killed. He subsequently sued for peace with the English king Harold II and returned to Norway to rule jointly with his brother, Magnus II; he became sole monarch on Magnus’ death in 1069. In 1068 he concluded a peace treaty with the Danish king Sweyn (Svein) II, by which the Danish king gave up his plan to conquer Norway, and initiated a 25-year period of peace.
  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olaf-III-Haraldsson

1. Magnus III Olafsson, b. 1073 in Folkinsberg, Eidsberg, Østfold, Norway     d. 24 AUG 1103 in River Ouoile, Connaugt, Irland

1. Title: Royal Collections Queen Alexander and Prince Olaf
   Author: Photograph of Queen Alexandra (1844-1925) facing three-quarters left with Prince Olav, later King Olav V of Norway (1903-1991) who also faces three-quarters left. Half length portrait. Prince Olav was the son of Queen Alexandra's daughter, Maud, Queen Consort of Norway and King Haakon VII of Norway.
   Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/sources/GJ13-STQ;
   Note: https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/sources/GJ13-STQ
   Page: Photograph
   
2. Title: Wikipedia "Olaf III of Norway"
   Author: Wikipedia (https://wikipedia.org), "Olaf III of Norway," rev. 06:19, accessed 11 April 2020
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway;
   
3. Title: Olav Kyrre of Norway III, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-16JB : 13 April 2023), Olav Kyrre of Norway III, ; Burial, Trondheim, Trondheim kommune, Sør-Trøndelag fylke, Norway, Domkirkegården; citing record ID 9503957, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-16JB;
   
4. Title: Wikipedia - Harald Hardrade
   Author: Wikipedia
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada;
   Note: Harald Hardrada From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Harold III" redirects here. For other people with similar names, see Harald III. Harald Hardrada Harold-III-Coin.png Coin of Harald as the sole Norwegian king, "ARALD[us] REX NAR[vegiae]". Imitation of a type of Edward the Confessor.[1] King of Norway Reign 1046 – 25 September 1066 Predecessor Magnus I Successor Magnus II Co-ruler Magnus I (until 1047) Born c. 1015 Ringerike, Norway Died 25 September 1066 (aged 50–51) Stamford Bridge, Yorkshire, England Burial Trondheim; Mary Church until 12th century, Helgeseter Priory until 17th century (demolished) Spouse Elisiv of Kiev Tora Torbergsdatter Issue Ingegerd, Queen of Denmark and Sweden Maria Haraldsdatter Magnus II, King of Norway Olaf III, King of Norway Names Haraldr Sigurðarson House Hardrada Father Sigurd Syr Mother Åsta Gudbrandsdatter Religion Catholicism Harald Sigurdsson, also known as Harald of Norway (Old Norse: Haraldr Sigurðarson; c. 1015 – 25 September 1066) and given the epithet Hardrada (Old Norse: harðráði, modern Norwegian: Hardråde, roughly translated as "stern counsel" or "hard ruler") in the sagas,[2] was King of Norway (as Harald III) from 1046 to 1066. In addition, he unsuccessfully claimed both the Danish throne until 1064 and the English throne in 1066. Before becoming king, Harald had spent around fifteen years in exile as a mercenary and military commander in Kievan Rus' and of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire. When he was fifteen years old, in 1030, Harald fought in the Battle of Stiklestad together with his half-brother Olaf Haraldsson (later Saint Olaf). Olaf sought to reclaim the Norwegian throne, which he had lost to the Danish king Cnut the Great two years prior. In the battle, Olaf and Harald were defeated by forces loyal to Cnut, and Harald was forced into exile to Kievan Rus' (the sagas' Garðaríki). He thereafter spent some time in the army of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise, eventually obtaining rank as a captain, until he moved on to Constantinople with his companions around 1034. In Constantinople, he soon rose to become the commander of the Byzantine Varangian Guard, and saw action on the Mediterranean Sea, in Asia Minor, Sicily, possibly in the Holy Land, Bulgaria and in Constantinople itself, where he became involved in the imperial dynastic disputes. Harald amassed considerable wealth during his time in the Byzantine Empire, which he shipped to Yaroslav in Kievan Rus' for safekeeping. He finally left the Byzantines in 1042, and arrived back in Kievan Rus' in order to prepare his campaign of reclaiming the Norwegian throne. Possibly to Harald's knowledge, in his absence the Norwegian throne had been restored from the Danes to Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good. In 1046, Harald joined forces with Magnus's rival in Denmark (Magnus had also become king of Denmark), the pretender Sweyn II of Denmark, and started raiding the Danish coast. Magnus, unwilling to fight his uncle, agreed to share the kingship with Harald, since Harald in turn would share his wealth with him. The co-rule ended abruptly the next year as Magnus died, and Harald thus became the sole ruler of Norway. Domestically, Harald crushed all local and regional opposition, and outlined the territorial unification of Norway under a national governance. Harald's reign was probably one of relative peace and stability, and he instituted a viable coin economy and foreign trade. Probably seeking to restore Cnut's "North Sea Empire", Harald also claimed the Danish throne, and spent nearly every year until 1064 raiding the Danish coast and fighting his former ally, Sweyn. Although the campaigns were successful, he was never able to conquer Denmark. Not long after Harald had renounced his claim to Denmark, the former Earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, brother of the newly chosen (but reigning not for long) English king Harold Godwinson (also known as Harold of Wessex), pledged his allegiance to Harald and invited him to claim the English throne. Harald went along and invaded Northern England with 10,000 troops and 300 longships in September 1066, raided the coast and defeated English regional forces of Northumbria and Mercia in the Battle of Fulford near York on 20 September 1066. Although initially successful, Harald was defeated and killed in a surprise attack by Harold Godwinson's forces in the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066, which wiped out almost his entire army. Modern historians have often considered Harald's death, which brought an end to his invasion, as the end of the Viking Age. Contents 1 Epithets 2 Early life 3 Exile in the East 3.1 To Kievan Rus' 3.2 In Byzantine service 3.3 Back to Kievan Rus' 4 King of Norway 4.1 Return to Scandinavia 4.2 Invasions of Denmark 4.3 Domestic opposition 4.4 Policies 4.5 Northern explorations 5 Invasion of England 5.1 Background and preparations 5.2 Early raids, invasion, and Battle of Fulford 5.3 Battle of Stamford Bridge 6 Personal life 7 Issue 8 Legacy 8.1 Burial 8.2 Modern memorials 8.3 In popular culture 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Sources 12 External links Epithets Harald's most famous epithet is Old Norse harðráði, which has been translated variously as 'hard in counsel', 'tyrannical',[3] ‘tyrant’, ‘hard-ruler’, ‘ruthless’, ‘savage in counsel’, ‘tough’, and ‘severe’.[4] While Judith Jesch has argued for 'severe' as the best translation,[5] Alison Finlay and Anthony Faulkes prefer 'resolute'.[4] Harðráði has traditionally been Anglicised as 'Hardrada', though Judith Jesch characterises this form as 'a bastard Anglicisation of the original epithet in an oblique case'.[5] This epithet predominates in the later Icelandic saga-tradition.[6] However, in a number of independent sources associated with the British Isles, mostly earlier than the Icelandic sagas, Harald is given epithets deriving from Old Norse hárfagri (literally 'hair-beautiful'). These sources include: Manuscript D of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ('Harold Harfagera', under the year 1066) and the related histories by Orderic Vitalis ('Harafagh', re events in 1066), John of Worcester ('Harvagra', s.aa. 1066 and 1098), and William of Malmesbury (Gesta regum Anglorum, 'Harvagre', regarding 1066). Marianus Scotus of Mainz ('Arbach', d. 1082/1083). The Life of Gruffydd ap Cynan ('Haralld Harfagyr', later twelfth century). In Icelandic sagas the name Harald Fairhair is more famously associated with an earlier Norwegian king, and twentieth-century historians assumed that the name was attached to Harald Hardrada in error by Insular historians. However, recognising the independence of some of the Insular sources, historians have since favoured the idea that Harald Hardrada was widely known as Harald Fairhair, and indeed now doubt that the earlier Harald Fairhair existed in any form resembling the later saga-accounts.[7][8][6] Sverrir Jakobsson has suggested that 'fairhair' 'might be the name by which King Harald wished himself to be known. It must have been his opponents who gave him the epithet "severe" (ON. harðráði), by which he is generally known in thirteenth-century Old Norse kings’ sagas'.[9] Early life Harald's ancestry according to the younger sagas. Individuals whose existence is disputed by modern historians are in italics.[10] Harald was born in Ringerike, Norway[11] in 1015 (or possibly 1016)[a][12] to Åsta Gudbrandsdatter and her second husband Sigurd Syr. Sigurd was a petty king of Ringerike, and among the strongest and wealthiest chieftains in the Uplands.[13] Through his mother Åsta, Harald was the youngest of King Olaf II of Norway / Olaf Haraldsson's (later Saint Olaf) three half-brothers.[14] In his youth, Harald displayed traits of a typical rebel with big ambitions, and admired Olaf as his role model. He thus differed from his two older brothers, who were more similar to their father, down-to-earth and mostly concerned with maintaining the farm.[15] The Icelandic sagas, in particular Snorri Sturluson in Heimskringla, claim that Sigurd, like Olaf's father, was a great-grandson of King Harald Fairhair in the male line. Most modern scholars believe that the ancestors attributed to Harald Hardrada's father, along with other parts of the Fairhair genealogy, are inventions reflecting the political and social expectations of the time of the authors (around two centuries after Harald Hardrada's lifetime) rather than historical reality.[14][16] Harald Hardrada's alleged descent from Harald Fairhair is not mentioned and played no part during Harald Hardrada's own time, which seems odd considering that it would have provided significant legitimacy in connection with his claim to the Norwegian throne.[14] Following a revolt in 1028, Harald's brother Olaf was forced into exile until he returned to Norway in early 1030. On hearing news of Olaf's planned return, Harald gathered 600 men from the Uplands to meet Olaf and his men upon their arrival in the east of Norway. After a friendly welcome, Olaf went on to gather an army and eventually fight in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030, in which Harald took part on his brother's side.[17] The battle was part of an attempt to restore Olaf to the Norwegian throne, which had been captured by the Danish king Cnut the Great (Canute). The battle resulted in defeat for the brothers at the hands of those Norwegians who were loyal to Cnut, and Olaf was killed while Harald was badly wounded.[18] Harald was nonetheless remarked to have shown considerable military talent during the battle.[19] Exile in the East To Kievan Rus' After the defeat at the Battle of Stiklestad, Harald managed to escape with the aid of Rögnvald Brusason (later Earl of Orkney) to a remote farm in Eastern Norway. He stayed there for some time to heal his wounds, and thereafter (possibly up to a month later) journeyed north over the mountains to Sweden. A year after the Battle of Stiklestad, Harald arrived in Kievan
   Page: Son of Harald Hardrada
   
5. Title: Copy of Cleveland family in Scythia pg. 2222 Ancient History Cleveland son of Odin & Freja answered to Jove
   Author: Top pg 2224 son Thor son of Freya and Odin went by Jove of the Romans.
   Publication: Name: https://books.google.com/books?id=l5bHprx9nekC&pg=PA2223&lpg=PA2223&dq=cleveland+family+in+scythia&source=bl&ots=n8TQQDhwwx&sig=ACfU3U1FaN1VjwJ-vlzpU8YJ01caIEKQXQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3kKeClof1AhWWK80KHWwhBwQ;
   Note: Perhaps Roman name Jove family name.
   Page: reattaching
   
6. Title: Copy of 20221007FamilyGQ1H-1HR.pdf Thorfkin, Tor, Thorkjell, Modthrth, Thorkil. parents Odin and Freya
   Author: file:///C:/Users/jjpar/Downloads/20221007FamilyGQ1H-1HR%20(2)%20Thorkil%20Jove%20AndThorfkin%20brother%20of%20Thorkil,%20Tor,%20Modthryth,%20%20Thorkjell.pdf
   Publication: Name: https://www.familysearch.org/photos/artifacts/160774492;
   Page: reattaching Source