Robert I 'Guiscard' de Hauteville

• Preferred Name: Robert I 'Guiscard' de Hauteville^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• FSID: MSZC-Z12
  
• Death: 17 JUL 1085 in Athéras, Cephalonia, Greece at LATI: N8.3181 LONG: E0.4168 with note: died of fever
  
• Burial: 1085 in Hauteville Mausoleum, Abbey of Santissima Trinità, Venosa, Province of Potenza, Basilicata, Italy at LATI: N6.67 LONG: E0.1094 with note: southern Italy
  
• Birth: ABT 1016
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Robert "Guiscard" d'Hautville (about 1015 – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become count and then duke of Apulia and Calabria (1057–1059), duke of Sicily (1059–1085), and briefly prince of Benevento (1078–1081) before returning the title to the papacy.
  
  From 999 to 1042 the Normans in Italy, coming first as pilgrims, were mainly mercenaries serving at various times the Byzantines and a number of Lombard nobles. The first of the independent Norman lords was Rainulf Drengot who established himself in the fortress of Aversa becoming count of Aversa and duke of Gaeta.
  
  In 1038 there arrived William Iron Arm and Drogo, the eldest sons of Tancred of Hauteville, a petty noble of the Cotentin in Normandy. The two joined in the revolt of the Lombards against Byzantine control of Apulia. By 1040 the Byzantines had lost most of that province. In 1042 Melfi was chosen as the Norman capital, and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm, who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, comes Normannorum totius Apuliæ e Calabriæ ("the count of all Normans in Apulia and Calabria"), and Humphrey, who arrived about 1044.
  
  Robert Guiscard was the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville and eldest by his second wife Fressenda. According to the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, he left Normandy with only five mounted riders and thirty followers on foot. Upon arriving in Langobardia in 1047, he became the chief of a roving robber-band. Anna Comnena also leaves a physical description of Guiscard:
  
  This Robert was Norman by birth, of obscure origins, with an overbearing character and a thoroughly villainous mind; he was a brave fighter, very cunning in his assaults on the wealth and power of great men; in achieving his aims absolutely inexorable, diverting criticism by incontrovertible argument. He was a man of immense stature, surpassing even the biggest men; he had a ruddy complexion, fair hair, broad shoulders, eyes that all but shot out sparks of fire. In a well-built man one looks for breadth here and slimness there; in him all was admirably well-proportioned and elegant... Homer remarked of Achilles that when he shouted his hearers had the impression of a multitude in uproar, but Robert’s bellow, so they say, put tens of thousands to flight.
  
  Lands were scarce in Apulia at the time and the roving Guiscard could not expect any grant from Drogo, then reigning, for Humphrey had just received his own county of Lavello. Guiscard soon joined Prince Pandulf IV of Capua in his ceaseless wars with Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno (1048). The next year, however, Guiscard left Pandulf, according to Amatus of Montecassino because Pandulf reneged on a promise of a castle and his daughter's hand. Guiscard returned to his brother Drogo and asked to be granted a fief. Drogo, who had just finished campaigning in Calabria, gave Guiscard command of the fortress of Scribla. Dissatisfied with this position, Guiscard moved to the castle of San Marco Argentano (after which he later named the first Norman castle in Sicily, at the site of ancient Aluntium).
  
  During his time in Calabria, Guiscard married his first wife, Alberada of Buonalbergo. She was the paternal aunt of Girard of Buonalbergo, who agreed to join Robert with 200 knights in exchange for Robert marrying her.
  
  Guiscard soon rose to distinction. The Lombards turned against their erstwhile allies, and Pope Leo IX determined to expel the Norman freebooters. His army was defeated, however, at the Battle of Civitate sul Fortore in 1053 by the Normans, united under Humphrey. Humphrey commanded the centre against the pope's Swabian troops. Early in the battle Count Richard of Aversa, commanding the right van, put the Lombards to flight and chased them down, then returned to help rout the Swabians. Guiscard had come all the way from Calabria to command the left. His troops were held in reserve until, seeing Humphrey's forces ineffectually charging the pope's centre, he called up his father-in-law's reinforcements and joined the fray, distinguishing himself personally, even being dismounted and remounting again three separate times, according to William of Apulia. Honored for his actions at Civitate, Guiscard succeeded Humphrey as count of Apulia in 1057, over his elder half-brother Geoffrey. In company with Roger, his youngest brother, Guiscard carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua.
  
  Soon after his succession, probably in 1058, Guiscard separated from his wife Alberada because they were related within the prohibited degrees. Shortly after, he married Sichelgaita, the sister of Gisulf II of Salerno, Guaimar's successor. In return for giving him his sister's hand, Gisulf demanded that Guiscard destroy two castles of his brother William, count of the Principate, which had encroached on Gisulf's territory.
  
  The reformist Papacy, at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor (due to the Investiture Controversy) and the Roman nobility itself, resolved to recognize the Normans and secure them as allies. Therefore, in the Treaty of Melfi, on 23 August 1059, Pope Nicholas II invested Guiscard as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily. Guiscard, now "by the Grace of God and St Peter duke of Apulia and Calabria and, if either aid me, future lord of Sicily", agreed to hold his titles and lands by annual rent of the Holy See and to maintain its cause. In the next twenty years he undertook a series of conquests, winning his Sicilian dukedom.
  
  At the time of the opening of the Melfitan council in June, Guiscard had been leading an army in Calabria, the first strong attempt to subjugate that Byzantine province since the campaigns of Iron-Arm with Guaimar. After attending the synod for his investiture, Guiscard returned to Calabria, where his army was besieging Cariati. After his arrival, Cariati submitted and, before winter was out, Rossano and Gerace followed. Only Reggio was left in Byzantine hands when Guiscard returned to Apulia. In Apulia, he worked to remove the Byzantine garrisons from Taranto and Brindisi, before, largely in preparation for his planned Sicilian expedition, he returned again to Calabria, where Roger was waiting with siege engines.
  
  The fall of Reggio, after a long and arduous siege, and the subsequent capitulation of Scilla, an island citadel to which the Reggian garrison had fled, opened up the way to Sicily. Roger first led a tiny force to attack Messina but was repulsed easily by the Saracen garrison. The large invading force that could have been expected did not materialise, for Guiscard was recalled by a new Byzantine army, sent by Constantine X Doukas, ravaging Apulia. In January 1061, Melfi itself was under siege, and Roger too was recalled. But the full weight of Guiscard's forces forced the Byzantines to retreat and by May Apulia was calm.
  
  Guiscard invaded Sicily with his brother Roger, capturing Messina in 1061 with comparable ease: they landed unsighted during the night and surprised the Saracen army. This success gave them control over the Strait of Messina. Guiscard immediately fortified Messina and allied himself with Ibn at-Timnah, one of the rival emirs of Sicily, against Ibn al-Hawas, another emir. The armies of Guiscard, his brother, and his Muslim friend marched into central Sicily by way of Rometta, which had remained loyal to al-Timnah. They passed through Frazzanò and the pianura di Maniace, where George Maniakes and the first Hautevilles had distinguished themselves 21 years prior. Guiscard assaulted the town of Centuripe, but resistance was strong, and he moved on. Paternò fell, and Guiscard brought his army to Enna (then Castrogiovanni), a formidable fortress. The Saracens sallied forth and were defeated, but Enna itself did not fall. Guiscard turned back, leaving a fortress at San Marco d'Alunzio, named after his first stronghold in Calabria. He returned to Apulia with Sichelgaita for Christmas.
  
  He returned in 1064, but bypassed Enna making straight for Palermo. His campsite was infested with tarantulas, however, and had to be abandoned. The campaign was unsuccessful, though a later campaign, in 1072, saw Palermo fall, and for the rest of Sicily it was only then a matter of time. As a result of his Sicilian campaign, Guiscard was referred to as "Black Shirt Robert" because throughout the campaign he wore elegant clothing with imported dyes that ran together resulting in black clothing.
  
  Bari was reduced in April 1071, and Byzantine forces were finally ousted from southern Italy. The territory around Salerno was already held by Guiscard, and in December 1076 he took the city, expelling its Lombard prince Gisulf, whose sister Sichelgaita he had married. The Norman attacks on Benevento, a papal fief, alarmed and angered Pope Gregory VII. Pressured by the emperor, Henry IV, Gregory VII turned again to the Normans, and at Ceprano in June 1080, he reinvested Guiscard, securing him also in the southern Abruzzi, while reserving Salerno.
  
  Plese read further in Memories: en.Wikipedia (where his two wifes and there children are shown, among them Roger Borsa and Prince Bohemond I of Antioch of Taranto)
  
  BIO
  BIO: Duke of Apulia and Calabria; and of Sicily, 1058. Norman conqueror of southern Italy; a Crusader; a leader of the 1st Crusade; captured at Antioch.
  
  ** from http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICI
  
  Robert Guiscard (c.?1015-17 July 1085)
  Robert Guiscard (c.?1015-17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become Count
  
  en.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
  Robert Guiscard (/ɡiːˈskɑːr/;[1] Modern French: [ɡiskaʁ]; c. 1015 – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily.[2] Robert was born into the Hautevil
  
  da.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
  Robert Guiscard, fra Latin Viscardus og gammelt fransk Viscart, ofte omtalt som den snarrådige, den snedige eller ræven, (c. 1025, død 17. juli 1085) var en normannisk ridder og eventyrer, der spilled
  
  fr.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
  Robert de Hauteville dit Robert Guiscard1 « le Rusé » (italien : Roberto d'Altavilla, Roberto il Guiscardo ; latin : Robertus de Altavilla, Robertus cognomento Guiscardus, Robertus Wiscardus), né vers
  
  === !Royal Ancestors of Magna Charta Barons ===
  !Royal Ancestors of Magna Charta Barons p32,136; Magna Charta p210; Ancestral Roots p103;

• m. ABT 1058

1. Mathilda D'Apulia, b. 1059     d. 1083

• m. ABT 1058 in Puglia, Italien

1. Sybille de Hauteville, b. 1058 in Puglia, Italy     d. 1090 in France
2. Matilda of Apulia , b. environ 1060 in Apatia, San Giovanni in Fiore, Cosenza, Calabria, Italie     d. 1112 in Girona, Catalunya, Espagne

• m. ABT 1052
• m. ABT 1051 in Venosa, Potenza, Basilicata, Italy

1. Bohemond I of Antioch Prince of Taranto, b. 1058 in San Marco Argentano, Cosenza, Calabria, Italie     d. 3 MAR 1111 in Canossa, Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy

1. Title: da.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
   Author: Robert Guiscard Født 1016 Hauteville-la-Guichard, Frankrig Død 17. juli 1085 Kefallonia, Grækenland Dødsårsag Infektionssygdom Gravsted Venosa Far Tancred af Hauteville Mor Fressenda af Hauteville Søskende Mauger av Hauteville, William af Principatet, Geoffrey af Hauteville, Roger 1. af Sicilien, Serlo I af Hauteville, Drogo af Hauteville, Vilhelm Jernarm, Humfred af Hauteville Ægtefæller Alberada av Buonalbergo (fra 1051), Sikelgaita (fra 1058) Børn Sybille de Hauteville, Emma de Hauteville, Guy av Hauteville, Robert Scalio, Bohemund 1. af Antiokia, Constance af Hauteville, Roger Borsa, Helene af Hauteville, Heria af Hauteville, Mabille af Hauteville, Matilde d'Altavilla Uddannelse og virke Beskæftigelse Feltherre
   Publication: Name: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard;
   Note: Robert Guiscard, fra Latin Viscardus og gammelt fransk Viscart, ofte omtalt som den snarrådige, den snedige eller ræven, (c. 1025, død 17. juli 1085) var en normannisk ridder og eventyrer, der spillede en afgørende rolle i den normanniske erobring af Syditalien. Han efterfulgte sin bror Humfred som greve af Apulien og Calabrien i 1057 og fik i 1059 den endnu finere titel som hertug af Apulien, Calabrien og Sicilien. Baggrund: I årene mellem 1017 og 1030 kom en lang række normanner til Syditalien, lokket af løfter om gode penge til gengæld for tjeneste som lejetropper for både de lombardiske og byzantinske fyrster, og for de lombarder, der gjorde oprør mod byzantinernes styre. I 1030 fik Rainulf Drengot som den første sit eget grevskab i området, og det satte yderligere gang i tilstrømningen. I 1035 ankom ridderne Vilhelm Jernarm og Drogo, sønner af Tancred af Hauteville, som de første medlemmer af Hauteville-slægten til Italien. Efter en periode som lejesoldater for byzantinerne, skiftede de side i 1042 og gik med i et lombardisk oprør mod dem. Lombarderne gav op i 1042, men normannerne kæmpede videre på egen hånd for at skaffe sig land i Apulien, og i 1042 valgte de Vilhelm Jernarm som greve af Apulien og Calabrien, skønt de kun kontrollerede en lille del af området. Vilhelm døde i 1046 og blev afløst af Drogo. Valget af Drogo var på ingen måde énstemmigt, og det satte nogle skel blandt de normanniske stormænd, der kom til at påvirke deres interne relationer de næste 40 år. Da Drogo blev myrdet i 1051 – formentlig på bestilling af den byzantinske guvernør[1] – gik grevetitlen til Humfred af Hauteville, der var kommet til Syditalien i 1044. De unge år: Robert Guiscard var Tancred af Hautevilles sjette søn, og han var den ældste søn i Tancreds ægteskab med Fredesenda. Den byzantinske kejserdatter og historiker Anna Komnena, var kun to år, da Robert døde, men har alligevel beskrevet ham indgående. Annas skildring handler mest om faderens regeringstid, og blandt andet om hans kampe mod normannerne. Om Robert Guiscard skriver hun, at han forlod Normandiet, kun fulgt af fem riddere til hest og 30 følgesvende til fods. Da han kom til de lombardiske områder i 1047, blev han leder af en omstrejfende røverbande. Anna Komnena har også videregivet en fysisk beskrivelse af Guiscard: Citat Denne Robert var normanner af afstamning, af lavadelig slægt, tyrannisk af temperament, snedig i tanken, modig i kamp, klog i sine angreb på stormænds rigdom og udkomme, stædig i sine bestræbelser, for han tillod ikke nogen forhindring i fuldbyrdelsen af sine ønsker. Af statur så høj, at han overgik selv de højeste. Han havde rødmosset ansigtsfarve, lyst hår, brede skuldre, hans øjne så næsten ud til at slå gnister, og hans krop var velbygget ... denne mands råb siges at have skræmt tusindvis på flugt. Således lykkeligt udstyret med fysik og karakter var han ukuelig af natur og lå ikke under for nogen i verden. Citat Jordbesiddelserne hang ikke på træerne i Apulien på den tid, og den omstrejfende Guiscard skulle ikke regne med noget fra Drogo, den regerende greve, for han havde lige forsynet sin bror Humfred med grevskabet Lavello, og var ikke til sinds at uddele mere. Guiscard gik derfor i 1048 i tjeneste hos den lombardiske fyrste Pandulf 4. af Capua, der var i gang med en af sine endeløse krige mod fyrst Guaimar 4. af Salerno. Det følgende år forlod Robert dog Pandulf, i følge Amatus of Montecassino fordi Pandulf brød et løfte om en borg og ægteskab med sin datter. Guiscard opsøgte sin halvbror Drogo og bad om at få et område som len. Drogo, som lige havde afsluttet en kampagne i Calabrien, gav Guiscard kommandoen over borgen i Scribla. Calabrien var på den tid et fattigt område, hvor store strækninger enten var plaget af erosion eller fyldt med tætte skove. De tidligere rige kystområder var plaget af malaria og angreb fra arabiske pirater, så de var næsten affolkede. Robert havde svært ved at holde sig selv og sine mænd ved kost, så han måtte i stor stil ty til almindelig røvervirksomhed i området[2]. Efter at have slået en byzantinsk styrke blev han i stand til at flytte til San Marco Argentano, hvor han byggede områdets første normanniske borg, på kanten af Crati-dalen, der var et af de få frugtbare områder i Calabrien[3]. Mens han var i Calabrien, fik Robert besøg af normanneren Girard af Buonalbergo, der var blevet rig på at erobre land fra fyrsten af Benevento. Det endte med, at Robert fik Girards datter Alberada til hustru, og i stedet for en egentlig medgift lånte Girard ham 200 gode normanniske riddere, der hurtigt kom til at gøre nytte i plyndringen af Calabrien[4]. Det varede ikke længe før Guiscard blev en virkelig berømthed. Pave Leo 9. var rasende over normannernes hærgen i de pavestatens område, og han allierede sig med byzantinerne, mens normannernes normale allierede, den lombardiske fyrste af Salerno, holdt sig neutral, og andre lombardere sluttede sig til paven. Men pavens hær blev slået i 1053 i slaget ved Civitate af en forenet normannisk hær under grev Humfred. Slaget begyndte med, at Richard af Aversa jog lombarderne på pavehærens venstre fløj på flugt, hvorimod Humfred, der kommanderede i centrum, havde store problemer med pavens svabiske lejetropper. Guiscard var hastet hele vejen fra Calabrien og ledede venstre fløj. Da han så sin halvbrors problemer, mønstrede han sin svigerfars riddere og kastede sig sammen med dem ind i slaget. Han høstede stor ære af sin indsats, og historikeren Vilhelm af Apulien fortæller, at han tre gange måtte kæmpe til fods, fordi hans hest blev slået ned under ham. Da grev Humfred blev syg og lå for døden i 1057, tilkaldte han Robert og bad ham være formynder for sine mindreårige sønner, der var udset til at arve riget. Men Robert nøjedes ikke med at være formynder, han overtog selv titlen som greve af Apulien, og tilsidesatte dermed også sin ældre halvbror Geoffrey af Hauteville. Sejren ved Civitate betød, at der blev mulighed for at erobre nyt land, dels i Apulien og Calabrien, og dels i de lombardiske områder, hvor Richard af Aversa erobrede fyrstedømmet Capua i 1058. Regeringstid: Snart efter sin magtovertagelse lod Guiscard sig skille fra hustruen Alberada med henvisning til, at de efter kirkens regler var for nært beslægtede. I 1060 giftede han sig med Sichelgaita, søster til Gisulf 2. af Salerno, der havde efterfulgt normannernes gamle allierede Guaimar. Til gengæld for søsterens hånd forlangte Gisulf, at Guiscard skulle ødelægge to borge, som broderen Vilhelm, greve af Principatet, havde opført tæt på Gisulf's territorie. Pavedømmet var på kollisionskurs mod det tysk-romerske kejserdømme på grund af investiturstriden (om retten til at udnævne bisper m.fl.), og valgte at anerkende normannernes titler og erobringer, for at få dem som allierede. Derfor blev der afhold en synode i Melfi i 1059, og den 23. august 1059 indsatte pave Nikolaus 2. officielt Guiscard som hertug Apulia, Calabrien og Sicilien, mens Richard of Aversa blev anerkendt som fyrste af Capua. Guiscard, der nu kunne omtale sig selv som "ved Guds og St. Peters nåde hertug af Apulien og Calabrien og, hvis én af dem står mig bi, den fremtidige hersker over Sicilien", lovede at give en årlig afgift til pavedømmet og at støtte dets sag. I løbet af de næste 20 år gennemførte han en række erobringer, der blandt andet gjorde Sicilien til en del af hertugdømmet. Please read the full text in Memories da.Wikipedia
   
2. Title: Robert “Guiscard” de Hauteville, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#RobertGuiscarddied1085A [See document in the Memories section]
   Publication: Name: http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#RobertGuiscarddied1085A;
   Note: Robert “Guiscard” de Hauteville, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#RobertGuiscarddied1085A [See document in the Memories section]
   Page: Robert “Guiscard” de Hauteville, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#RobertGuiscarddied1085A [See document in the Memories section]
   
3. Title: Ebles de Ramerupt, Comte de Roucy, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfralaoncou.htm#EblesIIRoucydied1103 [See document in the Memories section]
   Publication: Name: http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfralaoncou.htm#EblesIIRoucydied1103;
   Note: Ebles de Ramerupt, Comte de Roucy, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfralaoncou.htm#EblesIIRoucydied1103 [See document in the Memories section]
   Page: Ebles de Ramerupt, Comte de Roucy, in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://shop.fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/nfralaoncou.htm#EblesIIRoucydied1103 [See document in the Memories section]
   
4. Title: Wikipedia - Robert Guiscard (part II)
   Author: Sources[edit] von Kleist, Heinrich Robert Guiskard, Herzog der Normänner, student edition (Stuttgart, 2011). Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. (Paris, 1907). von Heinemann, L. Geschichte der Normannen in Unteritalien (Leipzig, 1894). Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016–1130. Longmans: London, 1967. Chaplin, Danny. "Strenuitas: The Life and Times of Robert Guiscard and Bohemond of Taranto. Norman Power from the Mezzogiorno to Antioch, 1016–1111 AD" (Singapore, 2015). Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology: Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195334036. Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. Loud, Graham A. (2000). The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Routledge.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard;
   Note: Sicilian campaigns[edit] Multicoloured map of Italian peninsula, showing smaller states Norman progress in Sicily during Robert's expeditions to the Balkans: Capua, Apulia and Calabria, and the County of Sicily are Norman. The Emirate of Sicily, the Duchy of Naples and lands in the Abruzzo (in the southern Duchy of Spoleto) are not yet conquered. Main article: Norman conquest of Sicily Guiscard invaded Sicily with his brother Roger, capturing Messina in 1061 with comparable ease: they landed unsighted during the night and surprised the Saracen army.[21] This success gave them control over the Strait of Messina.[21] Guiscard immediately fortified Messina and allied himself with Ibn al-Timnah, one of the rival emirs of Sicily, against Ibn al-Hawas, another emir. The armies of Guiscard, his brother, and his Muslim friend marched into central Sicily by way of Rometta, which had remained loyal to al-Timnah. They passed through Frazzanò and the pianura di Maniace, where George Maniakes and the first Hautevilles had distinguished themselves 21 years prior. Guiscard assaulted the town of Centuripe, but resistance was strong, and he moved on. Paternò fell, and Guiscard brought his army to Enna (then Castrogiovanni), a formidable fortress. The Saracens sallied forth and were defeated, but Enna itself did not fall. Guiscard turned back, leaving a fortress at San Marco d'Alunzio, named after his first stronghold in Calabria. He returned to Apulia with Sichelgaita for Christmas. He returned in 1064, but bypassed Enna making straight for Palermo. His campsite was infested with tarantulas, however, and had to be abandoned. The campaign was unsuccessful, though a later campaign, in 1072, saw Palermo fall, and for the rest of Sicily it was only then a matter of time. As a result of his Sicilian campaign, Guiscard was referred to as "Black Shirt Robert" because throughout the campaign he wore elegant clothing with imported dyes that ran together resulting in black clothing.[22] Against the Byzantines[edit] Bari was reduced in April 1071, and Byzantine forces were finally ousted from southern Italy. The territory around Salerno was already held by Guiscard, and in December 1076 he took the city, expelling its Lombard prince Gisulf, whose sister Sichelgaita he had married. The Norman attacks on Benevento, a papal fief, alarmed and angered Pope Gregory VII. Pressured by the emperor, Henry IV, Gregory VII turned again to the Normans, and at Ceprano in June 1080, he reinvested Guiscard, securing him also in the southern Abruzzi, while reserving Salerno.[clarification needed] In his last enterprise, Guiscard mounted an attack on the Byzantine Empire, taking up the cause of Raiktor, a monk pretending to be Michael VII,[23] who had been deposed in 1078 and to whose son Guiscard's daughter had been betrothed. He sailed with 16,000 men, including 1,300 Norman knights, against the empire in May 1081. He defeated Emperor Alexius I Comnenus at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in October 1081, and by February 1082 he had occupied Corfu and Durazzo. He was recalled to the aid of Gregory VII, however, who was besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo by Henry IV, in June 1083. Also in 1083, Guiscard destroyed the town of Cannae, leaving only the cathedral and bishop's residence.[24] Guiscard was ally to kingdom of Duklja and Constantine Bodin. In 1081 he married his vassal's daughter Jaquinta of Bari to Bodin. Hauteville family mausoleum, where Robert Guiscard was buried. Trinity Abbey in Venosa, Italy. In May 1084, Guiscard marched north with 36,000 men, entered Rome, and forced Henry to retreat. A rebellion, or seditious tumult (émeute), of the citizens led to a three-day sack of the city, after which Guiscard escorted the pope to Rome. Guiscard's son Bohemund, for a time master of Thessaly, had now lost the Byzantine conquests. Guiscard returned with 150 ships to restore them, and he occupied Corfu and Kefalonia with the help of Ragusa and the Dalmatian cities (which were under the rule of Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia).[25] On 17 July 1085, Guiscard died of fever in Kefalonia, at Atheras, north of Lixouri, along with 500 Norman knights.[26][27] He was buried in the Hauteville family mausoleum of the Abbey of the Santissima Trinità at Venosa. The town of Fiscardo on Kefalonia is named after him. Guiscard was succeeded by Roger Borsa, his son by Sichelgaita, as Bohemund, his son by an earlier wife Alberada de Macon (aka Alberada of Buonalbergo), was set aside. Guiscard left two younger sons: Guy of Hauteville and Robert Scalio, neither of whom made any trouble for their elder brothers. At his death Guiscard was duke of Apulia and Calabria, prince of Salerno, and suzerain of Sicily. His successes had been due not only to his great qualities but to the "entente" with the Papal See. He created and enforced a strong ducal power, which was nevertheless met by many baronial revolts, including one in 1078, when he demanded from the Apulian vassals an "aid" on the betrothal of his daughter. In conquering such wide territories he had little time to organize them internally. In the history of the Norman kingdom of Italy, Guiscard remains essentially the hero and founder, though his career ended in "something of a dead end,"[28] while his nephew Roger II was the statesman and organizer. Religion[edit] Due to his conquest of Calabria and Sicily, Guiscard was instrumental in bringing Latin Christianity to an area that had historically followed the Byzantine rite. Guiscard laid the foundation of the Salerno Cathedral and of a Norman monastery at Sant'Eufemia Lamezia in Calabria. This latter monastery, famous for its choir, began as a community of eleven monks from Saint-Evroul in Normandy under the abbot Robert de Grantmesnil. Although his relationship with the pope was rocky, Guiscard preferred to be on good terms with the papacy, and he made a gesture of abandoning his first wife in response to church law. While the popes were often fearful of his growing power, they preferred the strong and independent hand of a Catholic Norman to the rule of a Byzantine Greek. Guiscard received his investment with Sicily at the hands of Pope Nicholas II, who feared the opposition of the Holy Roman Emperor to the Papal reforms more. Guiscard supported the reforms, coming to the rescue of a besieged Pope Gregory VII, who had once excommunicated him for encroaching on the territory of the Papal States. After the Great Schism of 1054, the polarized religious atmosphere served to strengthen Guiscard's alliance with papal forces, resulting in a formidable papal-Norman opposition to the Eastern Empire.[29] Marriage and issue[edit] Married in 1051 to Alberada of Buonalbergo (1032 – aft. July 1122)[11] and had: Bohemond.[11] Emma (b. 1052 or after),[a][11] married to Odo the Good Marquis Married in 1058 or 1059 to Sichelgaita[11] and had: Matilda (also Mahalta, Maud, or Maude); 1059 – aft. 1085), married Count Ramon Berenguer II of Barcelona.[32] Roger Borsa,[33] duke of Apulia and Calabria Mabile, married to William de Grandmesnil.[33] Gersent, married to Count Hugh V of Maine,[b] repudiated. Robert Scalio[33] Guy, Byzantine sebastos[33] Sibylla, married to Count Ebles II of Roucy and had 8 children.[11] Olympias (renamed Helena), betrothed to Constantine Doukas,[33] son of Michael VII in August 1074, contract broken off in 1078.
   
5. Title: Robert de Guiscard, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV2B-M4Z8 : 11 June 2020), Robert de Guiscard, 1085; Burial, , ; citing record ID , Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV2B-M4Z8;
   
6. Title: fr.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
   Author: Robert Guiscard Titre Duc d'Apulie, de Calabre et de Sicile (1062-17 juillet 1085) Successeur Roger Ier de Sicile et Bohémond de Tarente Biographie Dynastie Hauteville Nom de naissance Robert de Hauteville Surnom l’Avisé Décès 17 juillet 1085 Île de Céphalonie Père Tancrède de Hauteville Mère Frédésende Conjoint Aubrée de Buonalbergo Sykelgaite de Salerne Enfants Bohémond de Tarente Roger Borsa Gui d'Amalfi Emma Robert Scalio Guillaume Héria Sybille Mahaut de Pouille
   Publication: Name: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard;
   Note: Robert de Hauteville dit Robert Guiscard1 « le Rusé » (italien : Roberto d'Altavilla, Roberto il Guiscardo ; latin : Robertus de Altavilla, Robertus cognomento Guiscardus, Robertus Wiscardus), né vers l'an 1020, mort le 17 juillet 1085, duc d'Apulie et de Calabre, est l'un des plus célèbres aventuriers normands issus du duché de Normandie qui s'illustrèrent en Méditerranée. À partir de 1057, il continua la conquête de l'Italie méridionale sur les Byzantins avant d'entamer celle de la Sicile musulmane à partir de 1061 en compagnie de son frère cadet Roger. Ensemble, ils jetèrent les fondations du futur royaume de Sicile. Biographie: Origines: Robert Guiscard est le fils de Tancrède de Hauteville (Robertus Tancredi de Altavilla filius), petit seigneur normand sans fortune de la région de Coutances, dans l'Ouest du duché de Normandie et de sa seconde épouse Frédésende, qui passe parfois pour être une fille du duc Richard II de Normandie. Selon le chroniqueur d'origine normande Geoffroi Malaterra, Tancrède de Hauteville fait partie de la noblesse du duché sans être cependant l'un des principaux seigneurs. Selon la princesse byzantine Anne Comnène, Robert Guiscard est d'obscure origine, c'est un vavasseur, selon Othon de Freising : « ce Robert était issu d'une famille modeste en Normandie, de la classe sociale qu'ils nomment couramment vavasseurs » déclare Othon de Freising dans sa Gesta Frederici imperatoris2. Cependant du Moyen Âge au xixe siècle, on a voulu donner à la famille Hauteville d'illustres origines. Selon l'historien italien Ptolémée de Lucques3[réf. incomplète], Tancrède de Hauteville est un descendant du chef viking Rollon, 1er duc de Normandie, tandis que pour l'érudit sicilien Rocco Pirri4, il est l'un des fils du duc Richard II de Normandie ou de son frère Guillaume de Brionne, comte d'Hiémois. Le théologien danois Erik Pontoppidan5[réf. incomplète] fait de Tancrède de Hauteville un fils du duc Richard III de Normandie. Pour l'historien allemand Johann Christoph Gatterer, Tancrède est issu d'un proche parent de Rollon. Ces affirmations sans fondement, qui se contredisent entre elles, sont démenties par les textes les plus sûrs et n'ont pour origine que la fantaisie de leurs auteurs. Arrivée en Italie et premières conquêtes: À partir de l'an 999 selon la légende, les premiers mercenaires normands, réputés bons guerriers, commencent à servir les ducs et princes lombards et Grecs d'Italie méridionale : quand le duc Serge IV de Naples installe l'un de leurs principaux chefs (Rainulf Drengot) dans la forteresse d'Aversa en 1029 (premier établissement permanent des Normands en Italie), ils commencent à organiser la conquête d'un pays divisé et en proie à l'anarchie. Vers l'an 1035 arrivent en Italie les premiers Hauteville, les frères Guillaume (bientôt surnommé « Bras-de-Fer ») et Drogon, les deux fils aînés de Tancrède de Hauteville ; en à peine quelques années, après avoir servi de mercenaires jusqu'en 1040, ils décident de combattre pour leur compte et entament la conquête de l'Apulie sur l'Empire byzantin. En 1042, Melfi est choisie comme capitale de leur fief d'Apulie (cf. comté d'Apulie) et Guillaume Bras-de-Fer y est élu chef des Normands d'Italie en septembre de la même année. Ce dernier s'auto-proclame bientôt, « roi en Apulie ». En 1044 arrive un autre de leurs nombreux frères, Onfroi qui, avec sa bande, sert ses aînés, puis, environ trois ans plus tard, c'est Robert, le sixième des fils de Tancrède, qui arrive à la tête de cinq chevaliers et trente-cinq fantassins (1046/47). Accueilli froidement par son frère Drogon devenu comte d'Apulie depuis peu (après une violente dispute, Drogon mettra brièvement son jeune frère au cachot), Robert est alors dirigé avec sa petite bande armée en Calabre. Il y mène dès lors, à partir de son principal repère de San Marco Argentano, sur les hauteurs du Crati (près de Cosenza), une vie de brigand, connaissant aussi bien la faim, la soif, et la misère, que la fortune, pillant les riches monastères et les églises, volant le bétail, rançonnant la population et détroussant les voyageurs, harcelant les troupes byzantines et semant la terreur dans la région. C'est durant cette période qu'il reçoit son surnom normand de « Guiscard », l'« Avisé », l'« Astucieux ». En même temps que cette vie de bandit, il sert occasionnellement le prince lombard Pandolf IV de Capoue, ainsi que ses frères Drogon puis Onfroi, devenu comte d'Apulie en 1051. Il poursuit sa vie de voleur jusqu'à son mariage vers 1051/52 avec Aubrée de Bourgogne, fille du comte Renaud Ier de Bourgogne[réf. nécessaire], et parente d'un puissant baron d'Apulie servant le duché lombard de Bénévent ; par ce mariage avantageux qui améliore sa condition, il reçoit en dot, l'autorité d'une troupe de quelque deux cents chevaliers normands. En 1053, aux côtés de ses frères et du comte normand Richard d'Aversa, il participe vaillamment à la bataille de Civitate sur le Fortore (près de San Severo), opposant Normands d'Italie et leurs opposants soutenus par le pape Léon IX, tous inquiets des entreprises normandes, des Normands détestés et qualifiés de « nouveaux Sarrasins », se montrant de plus en plus pressants, entreprenants, agressifs, et incontrôlables. L’armée papale est sévèrement battue. En 1057, Robert Guiscard succède à Onfroi comme comte d'Apulie, évinçant ses deux jeunes neveux, Abagelard et Herman. Il entreprend alors, en compagnie de son jeune frère Roger, surnommé « Bosso », récemment arrivé en Italie, la conquête totale de l'Apulie, conquête qu'il achève hormis le Sud, resté aux mains des Byzantins, notamment avec Bari, qui résiste. Il commence également à s'attaquer à la Calabre pendant que Richard d'Aversa fait main-basse sur la principauté de Capoue qu'il place sous son autorité. Constitution du futur royaume normand: La Papauté, en grande difficulté et de plus en plus isolée du fait de sa rupture d'un côté avec le Saint-Empire romain germanique dans l'affaire des Investitures, et de l'autre côté en rupture avec l'Empire byzantin causé par le schisme religieux de 1054, décide alors de reconnaître l'autorité des Normands et d'en faire ses alliés officiels. Aussi à Melfi, haut-lieu normand, le 23 août 1059, le pape Nicolas II officialise leurs possessions en échange du versement d’une rente annuelle et de porter la bannière papale dans leurs guerres6. Robert Guiscard devient alors duc d'Apulie, de Calabre et de Sicile7. À partir de cette date clef, les Normands ont les mains libres et peuvent maintenant servir l'Église et la Papauté : ils peuvent surtout mieux les servir pour se servir d'elles, et légitimer leurs actions et leurs prises de pouvoir en Italie du Sud et en Sicile. Pendant la quinzaine d'années qui suit, Robert Guiscard fait une série de conquêtes. Il envahit la Sicile avec Roger à partir de février 1061, et ensemble, malgré le peu d'hommes dont ils disposent (rarement plus d'un millier), font la conquête de Messine. La conquête de l'île est lente et difficile, tant par le manque de guerriers normands expérimentés dont Robert et Roger disposent pour pouvoir se battre efficacement sur plusieurs fronts, que par le nombre important de forteresses musulmanes qui quadrillent la Sicile. Notons dans cette conquête de la Sicile (une véritable « croisade » avant l'heure), l'éclatante victoire des Normands en 1063 à Cerami, malgré leur faiblesse numérique face aux « innombrables » troupes musulmanes. Quelques années plus tard, Guiscard, qui a chassé définitivement les Byzantins d'Italie avec la prise de Bari en avril 10717, commence le siège de Palerme par mer, tandis que son frère prend la ville à revers, par voie terrestre (1071) ; la ville, musulmane depuis plus de deux siècles, tombe enfin aux mains des Normands l'année d'après (1072)8. En Italie, le duché d'Amalfi est supprimé en 1073 et les Grecs sont expulsés en grand nombre du sud du pays. La principauté de Salerne appartient déjà à Robert mais en 1076, il assiège et prend la ville, chassant le dernier prince lombard Gisolf, dont il avait épousé la sœur Sykelgaite en 1058. En 1077, Robert Guiscard fait de cette ville riche sa capitale principale. L’attaque normande sur Bénévent, fief papal depuis 1053, alarme et irrite le pape Grégoire VII qui excommunie un temps Guiscard. Mais, pressé durement par l’empereur germanique Henri IV, le pape concède au Normand à Ceprano en 1080 tout le Sud des Abruzzes sauf Salerne. Guerre byzantine: La dernière grande expédition de Guiscard est d’attaquer l’Empire romain d'Orient avec ses vassaux. Son objectif est peut-être, même, de s'emparer de Byzance. En effet, les Normands détestent les Byzantins, qu'ils trouvent trop « efféminés »[réf. nécessaire], et l'ambitieux Normand songe à prendre la capitale de l'Empire espérant se saisir du trône du basileus, prenant dès lors la cause de Michel VII qui a été déposé en 1078. De plus, l'une de ses filles, Hélène, était fiancée au fils de Michel VII, Constantin Doukas9, avant le renversement de sa famille. Il s'embarque donc avec 16 000 hommes (des troupes en majorité non-normandes) en mai 1081 et en février 1082, il occupe Corfou et Durazzo, après avoir infligé une lourde défaite à l’empereur Alexis Comnène (octobre 1081). Cependant il est rappelé à l’aide par le pape Grégoire VII, assiégé par l’empereur germanique Henri IV en juin 1083, et doit retourner en Italie, laissant le commandement à son fils aîné Bohémond. Please read the full text in Memories fr.Wikipedia
   
7. Title: Wikipedia - Robert Guiscard
   Author: Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. Loud, Graham A. (2000). The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. Routledge. Heygate, Catherine (2016). "Marriage strategies among the Normans of Southern Italy in the Eleventh Century". In Stringer, Keith J.; Jotischky, Andrew (eds.). Norman Expansion: Connections, Continuities and Contrasts. Routledge. pp. 165–186. Barton, Richard Ewing (2004). Lordship in the County of Maine, C. 890–1160. The Boydell Press. Johns, Jeremy (2015). "Arabic Inscriptions in the Capella Palatina: Performativity, Audience, Legibility and Illegibility". In Eastmond, Antony (ed.). Viewing Inscriptions in the Late Antique and Medieval World. Cambridge University Press.
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard;
   Note: Robert Guiscard (/ɡiːˈskɑːr/;[1] Modern French: [ɡiskaʁ]; c. 1015 – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily.[2] Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become count and then duke of Apulia and Calabria (1057–1059),[3] Duke of Sicily (1059–1085),[4] and briefly prince of Benevento (1078–1081) before returning the title to the papacy. His sobriquet, in contemporary Latin Viscardus and Old French Viscart, is often rendered "the Resourceful", "the Cunning", "the Wily", "the Fox", or "the Weasel". In Italian sources he is often Roberto II Guiscardo or Roberto d'Altavilla (from Robert de Hauteville), while medieval Arabic sources call him simply Abārt al-dūqa (Duke Robert).[5] Background From 999 to 1042 the Normans in Italy, coming first as pilgrims, were mainly mercenaries serving at various times the Byzantines and a number of Lombard nobles.[6] The first of the independent Norman lords was Rainulf Drengot who established himself in the fortress of Aversa becoming Count of Aversa and Duke of Gaeta.[7] In 1038 there arrived William Iron Arm and Drogo, the eldest sons of Tancred of Hauteville, a petty noble of the Cotentin in Normandy.[8] The two joined in the revolt of the Lombards against Byzantine control of Apulia. By 1040 the Byzantines had lost most of that province. In 1042 Melfi was chosen as the Norman capital,[9] and in September of that year the Normans elected as their count William Iron-Arm, who was succeeded in turn by his brothers Drogo, comes Normannorum totius Apuliæ e Calabriæ ("the count of all Normans in Apulia and Calabria"), and Humphrey, who arrived about 1044.[10] Early years Robert Guiscard was the sixth son of Tancred of Hauteville and eldest by his second wife Fressenda.[11] According to the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, he left Normandy with only five mounted riders and thirty followers on foot.[12] Upon arriving in Langobardia in 1047, he became the chief of a roving robber-band. Anna Comnena also leaves a physical description of Guiscard: This Robert was Norman by birth,[13] of obscure origins, with an overbearing character and a thoroughly villainous mind;[14] he was a brave fighter, very cunning in his assaults on the wealth and power of great men;[15] in achieving his aims absolutely inexorable, diverting criticism by incontrovertible argument. He was a man of immense stature, surpassing even the biggest men; he had a ruddy complexion, fair hair, broad shoulders, eyes that all but shot out sparks of fire. In a well-built man one looks for breadth here and slimness there; in him all was admirably well-proportioned and elegant... Homer remarked of Achilles that when he shouted his hearers had the impression of a multitude in uproar, but Robert's bellow, so they say, put tens of thousands to flight.[12] Lands were scarce in Apulia at the time and the roving Guiscard could not expect any grant from Drogo, then reigning, for Humphrey had just received his own county of Lavello.[16] Guiscard soon joined Prince Pandulf IV of Capua in his ceaseless wars with Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno (1048).[17] The next year, however, Guiscard left Pandulf, according to Amatus of Montecassino because Pandulf reneged on a promise of a castle and his daughter's hand. Guiscard returned to his brother Drogo and asked to be granted a fief. Drogo, who had just finished campaigning in Calabria, gave Guiscard command of the fortress of Scribla. Dissatisfied with this position, Guiscard moved to the castle of San Marco Argentano (after which he later named the first Norman castle in Sicily, at the site of ancient Aluntium). During his time in Calabria, Guiscard married his first wife, Alberada of Buonalbergo.[18] She was the paternal aunt of Girard of Buonalbergo,[19] who agreed to join Robert with 200 knights in exchange for Robert marrying her. Guiscard soon rose to distinction. The Lombards turned against their erstwhile allies, and Pope Leo IX determined to expel the Norman freebooters. His army was defeated, however, at the Battle of Civitate sul Fortore in 1053 by the Normans, united under Humphrey. Humphrey commanded the centre against the pope's Swabian troops. Early in the battle Count Richard of Aversa, commanding the right van, put the Lombards to flight and chased them down, then returned to help rout the Swabians. Guiscard had come all the way from Calabria to command the left. His troops were held in reserve until, seeing Humphrey's forces ineffectually charging the pope's centre, he called up his father-in-law's reinforcements and joined the fray, distinguishing himself personally, even being dismounted and remounting again three separate times, according to William of Apulia. Honored for his actions at Civitate, Guiscard succeeded Humphrey as count of Apulia in 1057, over his elder half-brother Geoffrey. In company with Roger, his youngest brother, Guiscard carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua. Rule Soon after his succession, probably in 1058, Guiscard separated from his wife Alberada because they were related within the prohibited degrees. Shortly after, he married Sichelgaita, the sister of Gisulf II of Salerno, Guaimar's successor. In return for giving him his sister's hand, Gisulf demanded that Guiscard destroy two castles of his brother William, count of the Principate, which had encroached on Gisulf's territory. The reformist Papacy, at odds with the Holy Roman Emperor (due to the Investiture Controversy) and the Roman nobility itself, resolved to recognize the Normans and secure them as allies. Therefore, in the Treaty of Melfi, on 23 August 1059, Pope Nicholas II invested Guiscard as duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily.[20] Guiscard, now "by the Grace of God and St Peter duke of Apulia and Calabria and, if either aid me, future lord of Sicily", agreed to hold his titles and lands by annual rent of the Holy See and to maintain its cause. In the next twenty years he undertook a series of conquests, winning his Sicilian dukedom. Subjugation of Calabria At the time of the opening of the Melfitan council in June, Guiscard had been leading an army in Calabria, the first strong attempt to subjugate that Byzantine province since the campaigns of Iron-Arm with Guaimar. After attending the synod for his investiture, Guiscard returned to Calabria, where his army was besieging Cariati. After his arrival, Cariati submitted and, before winter was out, Rossano and Gerace followed. Only Reggio was left in Byzantine hands when Guiscard returned to Apulia. In Apulia, he worked to remove the Byzantine garrisons from Taranto and Brindisi, before, largely in preparation for his planned Sicilian expedition, he returned again to Calabria, where Roger was waiting with siege engines. The fall of Reggio, after a long and arduous siege, and the subsequent capitulation of Scilla, an island citadel to which the Reggian garrison had fled, opened up the way to Sicily. Roger first led a tiny force to attack Messina but was repulsed easily by the Saracen garrison. The large invading force that could have been expected did not materialize, for Guiscard was recalled by a new Byzantine army, sent by Constantine X Doukas, ravaging Apulia. In January 1061, Melfi itself was under siege, and Roger too was recalled. But the full weight of Guiscard's forces forced the Byzantines to retreat and by May Apulia was calm.
   
8. Title: en.Wikipedia Robert Guiscard
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Guiscard;
   Note: See full text in Memories. Here just the beginning: Robert Guiscard (c. 1015 – 17 July 1085) was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily. Robert was born into the Hauteville family in Normandy, went on to become Count of Apulia and Calabria (1057–1059), and then Duke of Apulia and Calabria and Duke of Sicily (1059–1085), and briefly Prince of Benevento (1078–1081) before returning the title to the Pope.