James Stewart King of Scotland IV

• Preferred Name: James Stewart King of Scotland IV^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Note: with note: Description: Royal House - Stewart
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Earl of Carrick
  
• LifeSketch: with note: Description: Name: King James IV of ScotlandFather: James III, King of ScotlandMother: Margaret of DenmarkHouse of: StewartBorn: March 17, 1473Ascended to the throne: June 11, 1488 aged 15 yearsCrowned: June 26, 1488 at Scone Abbey, PerthshireMarried: Margaret
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Prince of Scotland
  
• Cause+of+Death: 1513 in Northumberland, England, United Kingdom at LATI: N5.3341 LONG: E1.9835 with note: Description: Killed at Battle of Flodden, Braxton
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1502.1502
  
• Find+A+Grave: with note: Description: James IV King of Scots Famous memorial BIRTH 17 Mar 1473 Stirling, Stirling, Scotland DEATH 9 Sep 1513 (aged 40) Branxton, Northumberland Unitary Authority, Northumberland, England BURIAL Sheen Priory (Defunct) Richmond, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, England Show Map MEMORIAL ID 9473665 · View Source
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 6th Duke of Ross1481 with note: The Peerage..
  
• Coronation: 3 JUL 1488 in Old Scone, Perthshire, Scotland at LATI: N6.4256 LONG: E3.4291
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Marquess of Ormond1476
  
• Event: with note: Description: Fell at the Battle of Flodden
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Baron of Renfrew
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Knight of the Order of the Thistle
  
• Engagement (custom): 1474 with note: Description: James III of Scotland and Edward IV of England contracted a marriage alliance in 1474 between James' son the future James IV (age 1 year) and Edward's daughter Cecily (age 5). The alliance fell apart and the marriage agreement was negated.
  
• Religion: Catholic: Excommunicated BY the Pope in 1499
  
• Betrothed+at+Age+1: 1474 with note: Description: James III of Scotland and Edward IV of England contracted a marriage alliance in 1474 between James' son the future James IV (age 1 year) and Edward's daughter Cecily (age 5). The alliance fell apart and the marriage agreement was negated.
  
• Religion: Roman Catholic
  
• Birth: 17 MAR 1473 in Stirling Castle, Shirlingshire, Scotland at LATI: N6.1181 LONG: E3.9378
  
• Marriage+to+Margaret+Tudor,+Princess+of+England+: 8 AUG 1503 in Holyrood Palace, Scotland at LATI: N5.9532 LONG: E3.1596 with note: Description: Marriage According to many Historical records, although the date can varies between 1503 and 1492.
  
• Note: with note: Description: James established a Scottish navy.
  
• Burial: in Sheen Priory, Richmond, London, England, United Kingdom at LATI: N1.4681 LONG: E0.3148 with note: FAG # 9473665
  
• Death: 9 SEP 1513 in Battle of Flodden Field, Branxton, Northumberland, England at LATI: N5.6293 LONG: E2.1709
  
• Christening: 17 MAR 1473 in Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland at LATI: N6.1181 LONG: E3.9378 with note: Stirling Castle
  
• MilitaryService: 9 September 1513 - Battle Of Flodden Field - he died here1513 in Branxton, Northumberland, England at LATI: N5.6294 LONG: E2.1706
  
• MilitaryService: James established a navy and felt great pride for the Great Michael, the largest warship ever to have been built in Scotland.
  
• MilitaryService: Signed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII of England. By this treaty James married Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor.1502
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Lord Chancellor of Scotland1507
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Baron of Brechin and Nevar29 JAN 1488 with note: Peerage
  
• Occupation: Roi d'Ecosse
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: 6th Duke of Rothesay
  
• Religion: Archbishop of St. Andrews, but never consecrated24 AUG 1497
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King Of ScotlandBET 11 JUN 1488 AND 9 SEP 1513 in Scotland with note: Preceded his father on 11 June 1488 and coronation was held on 24 June 1488.
  
• FSID: L1HN-PRR
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  James IV (March 17, 1473 September 9, 1513) was king of Scotland from 1488 to 1513.
  
  Scottish Monarch.
  The son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, he acceded in 1488 and was crowned at Scone on June 26. As penance for his unwilling part in the death of his father at the Battle of Sauchieburn, James wore an iron chain around his waist for the rest of his life, adding a link for every anniversary year. To promote good relations with England,
  
  he married Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, on August 8, 1503. James was a vigorous, effective ruler, and was described as having "wonderful powers of mind, an astonishing knowledge of everything, an unconquerable magnanimity, and the most abundant generosity". He spoke 7 languages, studied literature, science and law, and even tried his hand at dentistry and surgery. Under his patronage the printing press came to Scotland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, and King's College were founded, and he made it mandatory for the sons of the noble households to attend college. When Henry VIII joined the Holy Alliance against France in 1513 and invaded, James felt it was his duty under the Auld Alliance to come to France's aid, and led one of the largest armies ever to cross the border south into England. There they faced the English forces at Flodden. It was a bitter defeat for the Scots, and James and his son Alexander were killed. The king was 40 years old.
  
  He was survived only by his queen and one son, James.
  
  The son of King James III and Margaret of Denmark, he was born in Stirling Castle. When his father was killed at the Battle of Sauchieburn on June 11, 1488 (or possibly assassinated a few hours later) the fifteen-year-old James took the throne and was crowned at Scone, Perthshire on June 24. The rebels who had gathered at Sauchieburn had done so with James supposedly as their figurehead. When James realised the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father, he decided to do penance for his sin. From that date on he wore a heavy iron chain round his waist next to the skin as a constant reminder.
  
  James IV quickly proved to be an effective ruler. He defeated another rebellion in 1489, took a direct interest in the administration of justice and finally brought the Lord of the Isles under control in 1493. James was well educated and it was claimed that he was fluent in Lowland Scots, English, Scottish Gaelic, Latin, French, German, Italian, Flemish, Spanish and Danish.
  
  On Saturday, 10 December 1502, James confirmed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII of England at the altar of Glasgow Cathedral whereby James married Henry's eldest daughter Margaret Tudor. After a wedding by proxy in London, the marriage was confirmed in person on 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. Their wedding was commemorated by the gift of the Hours of James IV of Scotland.
  
  James exhibited an interest in practical and scientific matters. For example, he granted the Edinburgh College of Surgeons a royal charter in 1506, turned Edinburgh Castle into one of Britain's foremost gun foundries and welcomed the establishment of Scotland's first printing press in 1507.
  
  James also loved ships and saw the importance in Scotland having a large navy. He acquired thirty-eight ships for the Royal Scottish Navy and founded two new dockyards. His finest creation was the carrack Great Michael. Launched in 1511 she weighed 1,000 tons, was 240 feet in length and was then the largest ship in Europe.
  
  For a time he supported the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck and carried out a brief invasion of England on his behalf. Having fought off the aggression of King Henry VII of England, James recognized that peace between Scotland and England was in the interest of both countries, and so attempted to maintain peace with his neighbour by agreeing a treaty of "perpetual peace" in 1502 and marrying Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor, on August 8, 1503, at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. The couple's first three children all died in infancy. Their son James V survived, and he also had a posthumous son, Alexander, who died in infancy.
  
  When war broke out between England and France as a result of the Italian Wars, James found himself in a difficult position. The new king of England, Henry VIII, attempted to invade France in 1513, and James reacted by declaring war on England. Hoping to take advantage of Henry's absence, he led an invading army southward, only to be killed, with many of his nobles and common soldiers, at the disastrous Battle of Flodden Field on September 9, ending Scotland's involvement in the War of the League of Cambrai. A body thought to be his was recovered from the battlefield and taken to London for burial. As he was excommunicated, the embalmed body lay unburied for many years in the monastery of Sheen in Surrey, and was lost after the Reformation.
  
  Rumors persisted that he had survived and had gone into exile, but there is no evidence to support them.
  
  James also had seven illegitimate children by four different mistresses [RUMOR] : three by Janet Kennedy, two by Marion Boyd, and one each by Margaret Drummond and Isabel Buchan. Two by Janet Kennedy died in infancy, three daughters and two sons reached adulthood. Alexander Stewart, his son by Marion Boyd, whom James had made Archbishop of St. Andrews, died at the Battle of Flodden. His other illegitimate son was James Stewart, Earl of Moray.
  
  James IV is also significant in Scottish history as the last King of Scots to have been fluent in Scottish Gaelic, and the last reigning monarch of the British Isles to have been killed in battle.
  
  Preceded by:
  James III King of Scots Succeeded by:
  James V
  
  The above is actual Life Sketch stuff, but if it's copied word for word, PLEASE secure permission. We can't commit copyright infringement, it's illegal and immoral, folks.
  
  Genealogy at: https://gw.geneanet.org/yvesbeneyton?lang=en&n=stuart+king+of+scotland&oc=0&p=james+iv
  
  The Battle of Flodden Field: THE `AULD ALLIANCE'
  
  The Battle of Flodden Field, was undoubtedly the most famous battle ever fought on Northumbrian soil. It took place eight miles north west of Wooler near the village of Branxton on the 9th September
  
  The sad tale of James IV’s body
  
  By Dr Tony Pollard of BBC
  University of Glasgow 9 sept 2013
  
  Scotland's King James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden 500 years ago. But what became of his body after the massacre?
  Earlier this y
  
  Lady Margaret Drummond and King James IV
  
  James IV of Scotland, born in 1473, ascended the throne in 1488 at the age of 15 when his father died at the Battle of Sauchieburn. At least nominally the head of the rebel force, James, a Catholic,
  
  === James IV, b. Mar. 17, 1473, d. Sept. 9, ===
  James IV, b. Mar. 17, 1473, d. Sept. 9, 1513, one of the most energeticof Scotland's Stuart monarchs, personified the ideal of the Renaissanceking. A patron of the arts and education, he encouraged such diverseendeavors as alchemy, architecture, and printing. James, who succeededhis father, James III, in 1488, extended royal administration and justiceand raised Scotland's status in European politics. Continuing Scotland's pro-French diplomacy, James, beginning in 1495,supported Perkin Warbeck's claims to the English throne. Border clasheswith England followed, but in 1497 the two countries signed a 7-yeartruce. The truce was strengthened in 1503 when James married MargaretTudor, the daughter of Henry VII of England. This union prepared the wayfor the ultimate succession of a Stuart to the English throne (see JamesI, King of England). In 1512, however, Scotland renewed its Frenchalliance, and when Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, James marched intonorthern England. He was defeated and killed in the Battle of Flodden.James was succeeded by his son, James V. Sensitive:0 Sensitive:0 Data Assembled by Jim Cowan nt4_pro@supportinfo.com
  
  === James IV (1473-1513), king of Scotland ( ===
  James IV (1473-1513), king of Scotland (1488-1513), who unified the country under his rule and, in spirit of the Renaissance, patronized arts and learning. He was the son of King James III. Within a few months after his accession he ended the revolt by Scottish nobles that had cost his father his life. James expanded the Scottish navy, encouraged commerce, and reformed the administration of criminal justice. His romantic disposition induced him to support Perkin Warbeck, a claimant to the English throne, and to invade England in behalf of Warbeck in 1495. Two years later, however, a 7-year truce was concluded between Scotland and England. In 1503 James married Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of King Henry VII of England. This marriage eventually led to the union of the crowns of England and Scotland. After 1509, when Henry VIII became king of England, relations between the two countries became strained. Scotland was a traditional ally of France, and during Anglo-French hostilities in 1513 James invaded England in aid of his ally. Despite initial successes, he was plagued by desertions from his army, which was defeated at the Battle of Flodden on September 9, 1513. James himself was killed. He was succeeded by his son, James V. He also had a daughter that died in 1508, and one that died in 1512.
  
  === 1. "Bloodline of the Holy Grail" by Lau ===
  1. "Bloodline of the Holy Grail" by Laurence Gardner. page 316 2. "Stuart, British Royal Family" (Internet) - Stuart or Stewart, royal family that ruled Scotland and england. the Stuart lineage began in a family of hereditary stewards of Scotland, the earliest of whom was Walter (rin 18604), died 1177, grandson of a Norman adventurer. Several early Stuarts were regents of Scotland, and after Robert,(rin 18892) seventh in the hereditary line of stewarads, became king as Robert II, the crown remained in the family succession. The marriage of James IV (rin 20778) of Scotland to Margaret Tudor (rin 25336), daughter of Henry VII (rin 27382) of England, made his granddaughter Mary Queen of Scots (rin 27997) a claimant to the english throne. mary's claim was recognized when her son, James VI (rin 8998) of Scotland, became James I of England in 1603. Charles I (rin 27986), son of James I, was beheaded (1649) at the end of the English civil war, but after the interregnum of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, his son Charles II (rin 28042) was restored to the throne in 1660. With the deposition (1688) of Charles II's brother and successor, James II (rin 28031), the crown passed to James's daughter Mary II (rin 28543) and her husband, William III (rin 28544), and after them to Anne (rin 28545), also daughter of James II. In the reign of Anne, the last of the Stuarts to rule England, the crowns of Scotland and England, united personally by the Stuarts, were permanently joined by the Act of Union (1707). After the death of Anne the crown passed (by the Act of Settlement, 1701) to George I (rin 24324) of the house of Hanover, son of the Electress Sophia (rin 29098), who was the granddaughter of James I of England; thus the Hanoverians also had a Stuart claim. The parliamentary rule of succession was adopted because the claim to the throne of the roman Catholic James II (rin 28031) and his descendants, James Francis Edward Stuart (rin 10295) (the Old Pretender), Chal res Edward Stuart (rin 7329) (the Young Pretender), and Henry Stuart (rin 25499) (Cardinal York), was upheld by the Jacobites. After 1807 this claim passed to the descendants of Henrietta (rin 28018), daughter of Charles I (rin 27986), Stuart, the French form of the name, was popularized by Mary Queen of Scots (rin 27997). 3. "The Forgotten Monarchy of Scotland" by Prince Michael of Albany, page 86 James III was aged 36 when slain, and he was buried at the Abbey of Cambuskenneth alongside his wife, Queen Margaret (20755) who had died two years earlier. As a result, young James IV inherited the crown as the saddest of all kings, and inflicted a penance upon himself by placing an iron-chain belt around his waist. He wore this for the rest of his life, adding a new link to the chain each year. 3. "The James Stewarti Family" 929.273 ST49d, page 11,12 - Crowned July 1, 1488, he was 25 years of age, feared God, and observed all the precepts of the church. His knowledge of languages was wonderful, he was well read in the Bible and a good historian. He married a daughter of Henry VIII of England, and was killed battle in 1513.
  
  === Marriage ===
  His early betrothal to Cecily of England came to nothing, but interest in an English marriage remained.
  
  In a ceremony at the altar of Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502, James confirmed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII of England.[31] By this treaty James married Henry's daughter Margaret Tudor. After a wedding by proxy in London, the marriage was confirmed in person on 8 August 1503 at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh. Their wedding was commemorated by the gift of a Book of Hours.
  
  The union produced four children plus two stillbirths:[32]
  
  James, Duke of Rothesay (21 February 1507, Holyrood Palace – 27 February 1508, Stirling Castle)
  A stillborn daughter at Holyrood Palace on 15 July 1508.
  Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (20 October 1509, Holyrood Palace – Edinburgh Castle, 14 July 1510).
  James V (Linlithgow Palace, 10 April 1512 – Falkland Palace, Fife, 14 December 1542), the only one to reach adulthood, and the successor of his father.
  A second stillborn daughter at Holyrood Palace in November 1512.
  Alexander, Duke of Ross (Stirling Castle, 30 April 1514 – Stirling Castle, 18 December 1515), born after James's death.
  
  === The Burngrange Estate was just outside ===
  The Burngrange Estate was just outside [south] of the Royal Burgh of Lauder. James is recorded as being a Justice-Clerk.
  
  === In 1503, James IV tried to make peace w ===
  In 1503, James IV tried to make peace with England by marry ing Mary Tudor but soon returned to a policy of close coope ration with France. The Queen of France, Anne of Brittany , urged James to declare war against Henry VIII of England . James invaded England in 1513 and was killed in the Batt le of Flodden Field. Scottish troops were again defeated b y the English in 1542. Ruled 1488-1513 Known from the belt he wore in expiation of his having foug ht against his father at Sauchieburn, as "James of the Iro n Belt." Killed at the battle of Flodden
  
  === Clan Kerr
  From Wikipedia, the free encyc ===
  Clan Kerr
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
  Clan Kerr is a Scottish clan that played an important role in thehistory of the Border country of Scotland.
  
  The great Clan Kerr is well remembered in Scotland as one of the mostloyal Clans of the turbulent Border territories. The name is ofancient origin, stemming back to the Norse settlement of Normandywhere the Kerrs were an important family. The name itself derives fromthe old Norse "kjrr" meaning "men from the marshes", and the name hasbeen spelled in many forms since, including Kerr, Ker, Carr and Carre.The Kerrs arrived in Britian after William I's conquest of England in1066, and the Clan Kerr descend from two brothers, Ralph and John Ker,who settled in Jedburgh around 1330. The Clan soon grew and prospered,building themselves a position of influence through their sheerstrength and tenacity. The Clan Kerr controlled two castles on theborder with England, and were quick to fend off any intrusion by theSoutherners, but were not indisposed to a quick venture across thedivide whenever they fancied some prime English beef for their tables.
  
  By the 15th Century the Clan Kerr were considered highly importantCrown vassals, and with loyalty came rich rewards. In 1451 Andrew Kerrwas granted the barony of Old Roxburgh, and by 1457 had been createdthe Warden of the Marches. By the close of the 15th Century, the ClanKerr held the honours of possessing the Castle and Barony of Cessford,and the Barony of Oxnam, a considerable achievement for any BorderClan.
  
  The Clan Kerr's faithfulness to the Crown of Scotland continuedthroughout the centuries, and the Clan were always willing to take uparms for the sake of their proud nation. The Kerrs fought under theirchief, Sir Andrew Kerr, at the Battle of Flodden in 1513, standingbeside James IV in his conflict with the English armies. Thirteenyears later, Sir Andrew laid down his life in defence of the infantJames V when the royal procession was attacked on the way to EdinburghCastle. With such sacrifice came great rewards for the Clan Kerr.Honours continued to be heaped upon the Clan down through the years,with the titles bestowed on the Kerrs including the Barony ofNewbattle, the Earldom of Lothian, the Lordship of Jedburgh, theEarldom of Ancram, and the Dukedom of Roxburghe. The Earls of Lothianwere advanced to the rank of Marquess at the beginning of the 18thCentury. The 12th Marquess of Lothian resides at Ferniehurst Castle,although the principal seat of Clan Kerr is considered to be thefabulous mansion of Monteviot. Other great monuments to the Kerr'ssuccess are the splendid Floors Castle, and Newbattle Abbey, nearEdinburgh.
  
  Left-Handed Kerrs
  There is a legend that the Kerrs were frequently left-handed and evenconstructed the spiral staircases in their castles so that they couldtake advantage over right-handed swordsmen. The term "Corrie-fisted"or left-handed is said to derive from this. But there is little inhistory to support the legend - the story is likely to have derivedfrom the Gaelic "caerr" meaning "left".
  
  === Flodden Field, plain in Northumberland, ===
  Flodden Field, plain in Northumberland, England, on the border with Scotland, at the base of Flodden Hill, a north-eastern extension of the Cheviot Hills Flodden Field, plain in Northumberland, England, on the border with Scotland, at the base of Flodden Hill, a north-eastern extension of the Cheviot Hills. It is the site of a celebrated battle, fought on September 9, 1513, in which a Scottish army commanded by James IV, king of Scotland, was defeated by the English under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (later 2nd duke of Norfolk), chief lieutenant of King Henry VIII of England. Upon Henry's refusal to accede to his demand to cease making war on France, an ally of Scotland, James raised an army of 100,000 and invaded England. By the time the Scottish army reached Flodden Field, it had dwindled to about 30,000 as a result of desertions. The opposing English army was of equal strength. By nightfall a decisive English victory was obvious. The total Scottish wounded and dead amounted to some 10,000; English losses were about 4,000. Among the Scottish dead were King James himself, 12 earls, and men from every important family in Scotland. The King's Stone, an unhewn granite pillar, is believed to mark the spot where James was killed. The battle is re-created in the sixth canto of the metrical romance, “Marmion, A Tale of Flodden Field”, by Sir Walter Scott. Fact 2: 1488..... James IV overthrowns his father at Sauchieburn when only 15 years old. He was judged old enough to assume the throne without a regent. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994) [Marilyn.FBK] [Lindsay.FTW] Flodden Field, plain in Northumberland, England, on the border with Scotland, at the base of Flodden Hill, a north-eastern extension of the Cheviot Hills Flodden Field, plain in Northumberland, England, on the border with Scotland, at the base of Flodden Hill, a north-eastern extension of the Cheviot Hills. It is the site of a celebrated battle, fought on September 9, 1513, in which a Scottish army commanded by James IV, king of Scotland, was defeated by the English under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (later 2nd duke of Norfolk), chief lieutenant of King Henry VIII of England. Upon Henry's refusal to accede to his demand to cease making war on France, an ally of Scotland, James raised an army of 100,000 and invaded England. By the time the Scottish army reached Flodden Field, it had dwindled to about 30,000 as a result of desertions. The opposing English army was of equal strength. By nightfall a decisive English victory was obvious. The total Scottish wounded and dead amounted to some 10,000; English losses were about 4,000. Among the Scottish dead were King James himself, 12 earls, and men from every important family in Scotland. The King's Stone, an unhewn granite pillar, is believed to mark the spot where James was killed. The battle is re-created in the sixth canto of the metrical romance, “Marmion, A Tale of Flodden Field”, by Sir Walter Scott. Fact 2: 1488..... James IV overthrowns his father at Sauchieburn when only 15 years old. He was judged old enough to assume the throne without a regent. (source: Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland, Edited by John Keay & Julia Keay, published 1994)
  
  === Weis, Sheppard, Beal, The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215, ===
  Weis, Sheppard, Beal, The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215, 5th Ed., Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, [1999], 91-12, p. 117.
  
  === Because James IV felt guilty for being ===
  Because James IV felt guilty for being involved, although unwillingly,in the death of his father, James III, he wore an iron chain aroundhis waist as penance. Every year on the anniversary of his father'sdeath, he added another weight to the belt. Under James IV, Scotland was very progressive. Major changes weretaking place in Europe, including the end of the feudal system. Jameswanted his realm to take its proper place in the new world. James gaveto the Scottish realm the effective power which made it a "newmonarchy: His reign was an expression of his own personality and itsachievements were largely due to his own vigor and ability. Anotheruniversity ,the third, was founded at Aberdeen, the printing presscame to Scotland, architecture flourished with the remodeling ofpalaces at Falkirk and Stirling Castle. A navy was established andJames felt great pride for the Great Michael, the largest warship everto have been built in Scotland. He was a true prince of theRenaissance in developing the military power of his country. Thepeople were instructed to practice archery instead of golf andfootball. James was a learned man with many interests, which includedsports, clothes, music, hunting, the arts, and architecture. Jamesgranted the barbers and physicians the right to form a guild and thesole right to sell whiskey which was a medicine. Each year the guildwas also given the corpse of a hanged criminal in order to learn moreabout human anatomy. James was interested in surgery and himselfextracted a tooth, set a broken leg, bled a patient. He was eveninterested in alchemy and financed an adventurer who thought he couldfind out how to produce gold. It was reported to the King of Spain that James "is exceptionallyclever, and can speak Latin, French, German, Flemish, Italian and thebarbarian Gaelic, the native tongue of nearly all his subjects. Heknows the Bible well and is conversant with most subjects. He is agood historian and reads Latin and French history, committing muc h tomemory. He does not cut his hair or his beard. He is devout and saysall his prayers. He maintains that the oath of a king should be hisroyal word, as was the case in bygone times. He is active and workshard, when he is not at war he hunts in the mountains. He iscourageous. I have seen him undertake most dangerous things in thelast wars. On such occasions he does not take the least care ofhimself." This portrait of the King by the Spaniard may have been exaggeratedand he may not have spoken the number of languages that Ayala says. At the beginning of his reign the Highlands were in turmoil, mainlydue to the feud between the MacDonalds and MacKenzies. He visited theIsles six times and finally he took the Lordship of the Isles awayfrom the MacDonalds of Islay and annexed MacDonald lands. He tried totreat the Highland chiefs like Lowland barons but this didn't work.Later he used the strongest clans, the Campbells and the Gordons tokeep order. This was successful on a short term but in the long run itdid not prove out as this further divided the clans because otherchiefs resented the interference. James was interested in education and made it mandatory for all men ofmeans to send their eldest son to schools to study the arts, law andLatin. His intention was to keep the elite and wealthy in positions ofpower. It was also mandatory for all young men to train in warfare. What comes through is the King's love of good government and of hispeople. His domestic policy was the suppression of disorder and theimprovement of governmental machinery. James wanted to marry Margaret Drummond. However, shortly after thepolitical marriage between himself and Margaret Tudor, Henry VII'sdaughter, had been proposed to him, Margaret Drummond and her twosisters were found murdered. They had been poisoned. James neverforgot her and prayed for her soul for the rest of his life. Hemarried Henry VII's daughter, Margaret Tudor, with whom he had sixchildren, only one of whom survived. This was more of a politicalmarriage, as most were, than a romantic one. He signed the Treaty ofPerpetual Peace in Glasgow Cathedral. James was 28 and Margaret 12.The ceremony to receive the young Queen was filled with pageantry andsomething that Scotland had not seen before. "The queen was dressed inwhite satin damask bordered with crimson velvet, with a collar of goldand pearls, a present from the King. Her long hair nearly reached thefloor. The King was also dressed in white damask with gold trimmings,over a jacket slashed in crimson satin and edged with black velvet."The queen was very unhappy away from her home. Of course, she was justa child. Ten years after the marriage feast and the declaration of lastingpeace between England and Scotland, James once more found himself atwar with the English. By the auld alliance James IV was bound tosupport France so when Henry VIII invaded France, the Scottish kinginvaded England. He also had some grievances with Henry VIII becausehe would not send the jewelry that had been promised by Henry VII toScotland as part of the dowry of Margaret. Another reason was that twoScottish ships had been seized by the English. Henry VIII refused toreturn them even though James had returned captured English vesselsduring Henry VII's reign. His reign ended tragically. He and his army were wiped out at Floddenin 1513. He had gathered an army of 20,000, the most powerful thatScotland had ever put on the field and took it to Norhumbria. TheScots chose an ideal position on Flodden Hill for the battle. The Earlof Surrey who was a skillful general was in command of the Englisharmy. He realized that he had to make the Scots change position and sohe marched his army to the north, cutting of their retreat. The Scotswere arranged in five groups, like Bruce's formation at Bannockburn.The English were divided into two groups. The Scots had cannons butthey were very unwieldy, not like the much lighter artillery of theEnglish. Also, the English had expert Germa n gunners at the cannons.The English shot great gaps in the ranks of the Scots. Instead ofletting the English come up the hill to him, he chose to advance downthe hill. The ground was slippery and the Scots could not remain awall of spears coming toward the English. The Scots spears were 19feet long and the English used shorter axe-like weapons which wereeasier to use. The central part of his army had almost reached theEarl of Surrey when James was killed. At the end of the battle atnightfall, more than 10,000 brave Scots lay dead on Flodden Hill,including the King, the Archbishop of St. Andrews, two bishops, threeabbots, nine earls, fourteen lords and three Highland chiefs. Theirbodies were buried in deep pits and a monument stands now tocommemorate the battle and their loss. St. Pauls Church near the battlefield has printed a booklet about thebattle. It says, in part: "Thus ended the last medieval battle to be found on English soil.Never again were knights to fight in armor, their personal standardsflying. Never again were arrows, swords and spears to be the decisiveweapons. Small arms, still unknown at Flodden, would gradually taketheir place." When James died, the people of Edinburgh felt they would never be safefrom the English unless they protected themselves. They startedbuilding fortifications but the English did not attack again. The wallthat was completed around the city was named Flodden Wall. Some partsof it can still be seen. Scotland never fully recovered from the defeat. James was a popularking, the greatest by far of all the house of Stewart. He does notdeserve the blame which tradition has accorded to him. It was Henry,not James, who was responsible for the war and one reason that he wasill prepared was that he strove to keep the peace to the very last.His campaign was not at fault. His defeat in battle was primarily dueto the fact that his ill organized force, numerically not much morethan that of the enemy, was not adequate for its task.. So many diedwith him, including his brilliant bastard son, the Archbishop of St.Andrews. Again, the country was to suffer the uncertainties of a longminority for James V was only 17 months old. James's body was disembowelled, embalmed and sent to London. Hisbody, grotesquely preserved, was kept in the Monastery of Sheen, thenthrown in a lumber room. Years later itt was discovered by workmenwho cut off the head and used it for a macabre plaything. It waspassed from one English noble to another for years, until it wasfinally buried in an anonymous grave.
  
  === NOTES moved from Life Sketch ===
  Spouses and children
  With Agnes Stewart ca 1480-1557 (Parents : James "Hearty James" Stewart 1442-1499 & Margaret Murray ca 1446-) with
  F Princess Janet Stewart Of Scotland 1505-1563 Married, Scotland, to Malcolm Fleming 3rd Lord Of Fleming ca 1494-1547
  With Marion Boyd ca 1477-/1559 (Parents : Archibald Boyd ca 1454- & Christian Mure 1454-1523) with
  F Princess Catherine Stewart Of Scotland ca 1491-1554/ Married, Scotland, to James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton /1495-
  M Prince Alexander Stewart Of Scotland ca 1493-1513
  With Isabel Buchan † with
  F Princess Jean Stewart Of Scotland
  Married 8 August 1503, Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, to Princess Margaret Tudor Of England 1489-1542 (Parents : King Henry VII Of England 1457-1509 & Princess Elizabeth Of England 1466-1503) with
  M Prince James Of Scotland 1507-1508
  F Nn Daught. Of Scotland 1508-1508
  M Prince Arthur Of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay 1509-1510
  M King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Lady Elizabeth Stewart 1496-
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Marie Of Guise 1515-1560
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 Married, Scotland, to Margaret Erskine †(what do the crosses mean?)
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Elizabeth Carmichael †ca 1530
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Elizabeth Bethune ca 1521-
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Euphemia Elphinstone 1509-1542..1547
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 Married 1 January 1537, Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France, to Madeleine de Valois 1520-1537
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Elizabeth Shaw /1513-
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Christine Barclay /1512-
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Princess Madeleine Of France 1520-1537
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With Helen Stewart ca 1520-1567
  King James V Of Scotland 1512-1542 With ? ?
  F Nn Daught. Of Scotland 1512-1512
  M Prince Alexander Of Scotland, Duke of Ross 1514-1517
  With Janet Kennedy 1480- (Parents : John Kennedy 2nd Lord Kennedy /1454-1508..1509 & Lady Elizabeth Gordon, of Seton 1451-1500) with
  M James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray 1499-1544 Married in August 1529 to Elizabeth Campbell †
  With Margaret Drummond 1475-1502 (Parents : John Drummond 1st Lord Drummond ca 1448-1519 & Lady Elizabeth Lindsay ca 1445-1519/) with
  F Princess Margaret Jane Stewart Of Scotland ca 1493- Married 20 January 1531, Scotland, to Sir John Drummond 1489..1500-
  Princess Margaret Jane Stewart Of Scotland ca 1493- With John Gordon Lord Gordon /1500-1517
  Princess Margaret Jane Stewart Of Scotland ca 1493- With Archibald Kelso, 18th Lord of Kelsoland ca 1500-1601
  
  Siblings
  M James Stewart, Duke of Ross 1476-1504
  M John Stewart, Earl of Mar 1479-1503
  
  Notes
  Individual Note
  James IV of Scotland
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

1. Title: www.scotlandroyalty.org
   Publication: Name: http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/;
   
2. Title: Uk royal
   Publication: Name: https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513;
   
3. Title: Edition: 1904
   Author: Sir James Balfour Paul, Lord Lyon King of Arms, Edinburgh, Edition: 1904, Edition: 1904.
   
4. Title: United Kingdom, Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Fifth Report
   Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=ReportRoyalCommHistMan5&h=640&ti=0&indiv=try&gss=pt;
   
5. Title: Vital Statistics: London, England: Oxford University Press; Volume: Vol 10; Page: 582
   Note: Name: James IV Birth Date: 17 Mar 1473 Death Date: 9 Sep 1513 Death Place: Flodden Field Father: James Mother: Margaret
   Page: The stats match
   
6. Title: UK, Extracted Probate Records, 1269-1975
   Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/1610/records/1381503;
   
7. Title: Fife, Scotland, Extracted Parish Records
   Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/5874/records/24452;
   
8. Title: James IV (r.1488-1513)
   Publication: Name: https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513;
   
9. Title: James in the Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-22 (son: James V)
   Author: https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?viewrecord=1&r=an&db=DictNatBiogV1&indiv=try&h=31726 Source Citation London, England: Oxford University Press; Volume: Vol 10; Page: 590 Source Information Ancestry.com. Dictionary of National Biography,
   Publication: Name: https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/1981/31205_Vol10-00609?pid=31726&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?viewrecord%3D1%26r%3Dan%26db%3DDictNatBiogV1%26indiv%3Dtry%26h%3D31726&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.203069969.1839887356.1576619350-1516931914.1557261066;
   
10. Title: James IV King of Scots, "Find A Grave Index"
    Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1WL9 : 22 November 2022), James IV King of Scots, ; Burial, Richmond, London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, Greater London, England, Sheen Priory Defunct; citing record ID 9473665, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
    Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1WL9;
    
11. Title: Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-20, 22
    Author: London, England: Oxford University Press; Volume: Vol 10; Page: 582
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/1981/records/31717;
    
12. Title: Burke’s Family Records (Indexed)
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/1860/records/14359;
    
13. Title: Geneanet Community Trees Index
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/62476/records/4351471312;
    
14. Title: Web: Moray, Scotland, Local Heritage Index, 1632-2014
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/70769/records/600193606;
    
15. Title: Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-20, 22
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/1981/records/31717;
    
16. Title: WIKIPEDIA: KING JAMES V STEWART OF SCOTLAND
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland;
    
17. Title: James IV King of Scotland in the Web: Moray, Scotland, Local Heritage Index, 1632-2014 (son: James V Stewart)
    Author: https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?viewrecord=1&r=an&db=WebASM-MorayScotlandBirth&indiv=try&h=193606 Source Information Ancestry.com. Web: Moray, Scotland, Local Heritage Index, 1632-2014 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operati
    Publication: Name: http://libindx.moray.gov.uk/people/people_report_view.asp?REF_ID=NM239207;
    
18. Title: History of the Stewart or Stuart family
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/24591/records/25;
    
19. Title: James IV of Scotland, Wikipedia
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland;
    
20. Title: King James of Scotland Wikipedia
    Author: Wikipedia
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland;
    
21. Title: England, Extracted Parish and Court Records, 1399-1795
    Author: Obituaries prior to 1800; Author: Musgrave, William, Sir, 1735-1800; Armytage, George J., Sir, 1842-1918
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/61519/records/9654;
    
22. Title: England, Extracted Parish and Court Records
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/5877/records/68930;
    
23. Title: James Stewart IV in the North America, Family Histories, 1500-2000 (daughter: Margaret Stewart)
    Author: https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?viewrecord=1&r=an&db=ContentPegFamilyHistories&indiv=try&h=1419913 Source Citation Book Title: Genealogy of the Vanderpoel family : with items of personal, political and social interest Source Information
    Publication: Name: https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/61157/46155_b289940-00134?pid=1419913&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?viewrecord%3D1%26r%3Dan%26db%3DContentPegFamilyHistories%26indiv%3Dtry%26h%3D1419913&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.1749297.1839887356.1576619350-1516931914.1557261066;
    
24. Title: Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Volume II
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=FLHG-CharlemagneDescII&h=309564&ti=0&indiv=try&gss=pt;
    
25. Title: James IV Stewart of Scotland
    Author: "Person Page - 10148." Person Page - 10148. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2019. .
    Publication: Name: http://thepeerage.com/p10148.htm#i101479;
    
26. Title: Book Title: The blood royal of Britain : being a roll of the living descendants of Edward IV and Henry VIII , k
    
27. Title: Fife, Scotland, Cupar Library Newspaper Index Cards, 1833-1987
    Publication: Name: http://search.ancestry.com/collections/1206/records/33400;
    
28. Title: North America, Family Histories, 1500-2000
    Author: Book Title: The blood royal of Britain : being a roll of the living descendants of Edward IV and Henry VIII , k
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/61157/records/1281743;
    
29. Title: The Scots Peerage Volume 1
    Author: Online at Archive.org & many libraries around the world.
    Publication: Name: https://archive.org/details/DouglasRScotsPeerageVol11904/mode/2up;
    
30. Title: Wikipedia article about King James IV of Scotland
    Author: Wikipedia Contributors. "James IV of Scotland." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 July 2017. Web. 8 August 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland
    Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland;
    
31. Title: Dictionary of National Biography, Volumes 1-22
    Publication: Name: https://search.ancestry.com/collections/1981/records/10031726;