Roger Borsa Duke of Apulia Calabria and Sicily

• Preferred Name: Roger Borsa Duke of Apulia Calabria and Sicily^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
  
• Gender: M
  
• Death: 22 FEB 1111 in Salerno, Campania, Italy at LATI: N0.44 LONG: E5.2
  
• Birth: 1060 in Salerno, Campania, Italy at LATI: N0.44 LONG: E5.2 with note: As written in the Sources tagged
  
• Burial: 1111 in Cathedral di Salerno, Campania, Italy at LATI: N0.44 LONG: E5.2 with note: As written in the Sources tagged
  
• FSID: GJW5-87V
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Roger Borsa (1060/61 – 2/22/1111) was the Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria and effective ruler of southern Italy from 1085 until his death.
  
  Roger was the son of Robert Guiscard and Sikelgaita, a Lombard noblewoman. His ambitious mother arranged for Roger to succeed his father in place of Robert Guiscard's eldest son by another wife, Bohemund of Taranto. His nickname, Borsa, which means "purse", came from "his early-ingrained habit of counting and recounting his money."
  
  In 1073, Sikelgaita had Roger proclaimed heir after Guiscard fell ill at Trani. Roger's cousin Abelard was the only baron to dissent from the election of Roger, claiming that he was the rightful heir to the duchy. Roger accompanied his father on a campaign to Greece in 1084. He was still in Greece when his father died on 17 July 1085 in Kefalonia. While Bohemond was supposed to inherit the Greek possessions and Roger the Italian ones, it was Bohemund who was in Italy (Salerno) and Roger in Greece (Bundicia) at the time of the Guiscard's passing.
  
  Roger rejoined his mother on Cephalonia, his absence causing panic and confusion with his army, according to Goffredo Malaterra. The two quickly returned to the peninsula and with the support of Roger I of Sicily, his uncle, was recognised as duke in September. His Lombard heritage also made him a more attractive candidate than his Norman half-brother, who had fled to Capua. With the support of Jordan I of Capua, Bohemund rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. Roger, however, made peace in March 1086 and the brothers acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto and retook Taranto. Though described as a powerful warrior (he took the cities of Benevento, Canosa, Capua, and Lucera by siege), Roger Borsa was never able to check Bohemund's power or bring him under his control. The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemund. Roger also granted him Cosenza and other holdings he desired allodially. In 1089 Roger Borsa was officially invested with the duchy of Apulia by Pope Urban II.
  
  Roger permitted the minting of baronial coinage in at least two instances (Fulco of Basacers and Manso vicedux). He planned to urbanise the Mezzogiorno by granting charters to various towns and encouraging urban planning. In 1090, he and Urban encouraged Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order to accept election to the archbishopric of Reggio di Calabria.
  
  In May 1098, at the request of his first cousin once removed, Prince Richard II of Capua, Borsa and his uncle Count Roger I of Sicily began the siege of Capua, from which the prince had long ago been exiled as a minor. In exchange for his assistance, the duke received the homage of Richard, though he seems to have made no use of it, for Richard's successors paid no heed to Roger Borsa's overlordship. Capua fell after forty days of notable besieging, for Pope Urban II had come to meet Roger of Sicily and Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury had come to meet the pope.
  
  In October 1104, Roger besieged William, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, who was at that time independent and pledged to the Byzantines, and expelled him from the Gargano, abolishing the county.
  
  Marriage and children:
  In 1092, Roger Borsa married Adela, the daughter of Robert I, Count of Flanders, and widow of Canute IV of Denmark. They had:
  
  Louis, who died young in August 1094
  William
  Guiscard, who died young in August 1108.
  By a mistress, Roger had at least one other son, William of Gesualdo.

1. Title: -
   Page: ROGER, Duke of Apulia, Calabria and Sicily in the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy ~http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm#Rogerdied1111B [See document in the Memories section]
   
2. Title: en.Wikipedia Roger Borsa
   Publication: Name: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Borsa;
   Note: Roger Borsa (1060/61 – 2/22/1111) was the Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria and effective ruler of southern Italy from 1085 until his death. Life: Roger was the son of Robert Guiscard and Sikelgaita, a Lombard noblewoman.[1] His ambitious mother arranged for Roger to succeed his father in place of Robert Guiscard's eldest son by another wife, Bohemund of Taranto. His nickname, Borsa, which means "purse", came from "his early-ingrained habit of counting and recounting his money."[2] In 1073, Sikelgaita had Roger proclaimed heir after Guiscard fell ill at Trani. Roger's cousin Abelard was the only baron to dissent from the election of Roger, claiming that he was the rightful heir to the duchy. Roger accompanied his father on a campaign to Greece in 1084. He was still in Greece when his father died on 17 July 1085 in Kefalonia. While Bohemond was supposed to inherit the Greek possessions and Roger the Italian ones, it was Bohemund who was in Italy (Salerno) and Roger in Greece (Bundicia) at the time of the Guiscard's passing. Roger rejoined his mother on Cephalonia, his absence causing panic and confusion with his army, according to Goffredo Malaterra. The two quickly returned to the peninsula and with the support of Roger I of Sicily, his uncle, was recognised as duke in September. His Lombard heritage also made him a more attractive candidate than his Norman half-brother, who had fled to Capua. With the support of Jordan I of Capua, Bohemund rebelled against his brother and took Oria, Otranto, and Taranto. Roger, however, made peace in March 1086 and the brothers acted as effective co-rulers. In late Summer 1087, Bohemond renewed the war with the support of some of his brother's vassals. He surprised and defeated Roger at Fragneto and retook Taranto. Though described as a powerful warrior (he took the cities of Benevento, Canosa, Capua, and Lucera by siege), Roger Borsa was never able to check Bohemund's power or bring him under his control. The war was finally resolved by the mediation of Pope Urban II and the award of Taranto and other possessions to Bohemund. Roger also granted him Cosenza and other holdings he desired allodially. In 1089 Roger Borsa was officially invested with the duchy of Apulia by Pope Urban II.[3] Roger permitted the minting of baronial coinage in at least two instances (Fulco of Basacers and Manso vicedux). He planned to urbanise the Mezzogiorno by granting charters to various towns and encouraging urban planning. In 1090, he and Urban encouraged Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order to accept election to the archbishopric of Reggio di Calabria. In May 1098, at the request of his first cousin once removed, Prince Richard II of Capua, Borsa and his uncle Count Roger I of Sicily began the siege of Capua, from which the prince had long ago been exiled as a minor. In exchange for his assistance, the duke received the homage of Richard, though he seems to have made no use of it, for Richard's successors paid no heed to Roger Borsa's overlordship. Capua fell after forty days of notable besieging, for Pope Urban II had come to meet Roger of Sicily and Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury had come to meet the pope. In October 1104, Roger besieged William, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo, who was at that time independent and pledged to the Byzantines, and expelled him from the Gargano, abolishing the county. Marriage and children: In 1092, Roger Borsa married Adela, the daughter of Robert I, Count of Flanders, and widow of Canute IV of Denmark. They had: Louis, who died young in August 1094 William Guiscard, who died young in August 1108. By a mistress, Roger had at least one other son, William of Gesualdo. References 1. Mosher 1969, p. 113. 2. Albu 2001, p. 110. 3. Chibnall 2000, p. 87. Sources: Albu, Emily (2001). The Normans in Their Histories: Propaganda, Myth and Subversion. The Boydell Press. Chibnall, Marjorie (2000). Piety, Power and History in Medieval England and Normandy. Ashgate. Mosher, Paul Hostetler (1969). The Abbey of Cava in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: Cava, the Normans and the Greeks in Southern Italy. University of California Press. Further reading: Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967. Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970. Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992. This page was last edited on 12 December 2021, at 02:02 (UTC).
   
3. Title: da.Wikipedia Roger Borsa
   Author: Roger Borsa Født 1060 Campania, Italien Død 22. februar 1111 Salerno, Italien Gravsted Katedralen i Salerno Far Robert Guiscard Mor Sikelgaita Søskende Sybille de Hauteville, Emma de Hauteville, Guy av Hauteville, Robert Scalio, Bohemund 1. af Antiokia, Matilde d'Altavilla Ægtefælle Edel af Flandern (fra 1090) Børn Guillaume de Gesualdo, Vilhelm 2. af Apulien, Markus af Hauteville Uddannelse og virke Beskæftigelse Militærperson
   Publication: Name: https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Borsa;
   Note: Roger Borsa (født 1060/1, død 22. februar 1111) var søn af Robert Guiscard, den normanniske kriger, der havde erobret store dele af Syditalien og Sicilien, og efterfulgte ham som hertug af Apulien, Calabrien og Sicilien. Hans mor var Sichelgaita, en imponerende kvindelig kriger af lombardisk fyrsteslægt. Roger havde ikke de samme evner som sin far, og i store dele af hans regeringstid herskede der anarki i hans besiddelser på grund af stridigheder med hans normanniske lensmænd. Hans ambitiøse mor sørgede for, at han allerede i 1073, da faderen var syg, blev udpeget som tronfølger i stedet for Robert Guiscards søn af første ægteskab, Bohemund. John Julius Norwich skriver om ham: Citat ...Roger—med tilnavnet Borsa, pungen, på grund af sin tidligt erhvervede uvane med at tælle og gentælle sin penge. Han var en svag og tøvende trettenårig, der virkede som om en barndom tilbragt med Robert og Sichelgaita havde været for meget for ham. Citat Rogers fætter Abelard af Hauteville var den eneste normanniske baron, der protesterede mod udpegelsen af Roger i 1073, idet han anså sig selv som den rette arving til hertugdømmet. Robert Guiscard kom imidlertid over sygdommen og regerede i yderligere 12 år. Roger deltog i faderens felttog i Grækenland i 1084-85, og han var til stede, da Robert Guiscard døde 17. juli 1085 i Kefallonia. Det var planen, at Bohemund skulle arve de græske besiddelser, og Roger de italienske, men da deres far døde, var Bohemund i Italien (Salerno), og Roger var i Grækenland. Hertug af Apulien, Calabrien og Sicilien: Selv om Roger i adskillige år havde været udpeget som tronfølger, var hans magtovertagelse ikke en given sag. Sammen med sin mor vendte han hurtigt tilbage til Syditalien, og det græske felttog blev opgivet. En del af de normanniske baroner samlede sig omkring Bohemund, der var anerkendt som en dygtig kriger og general. Valget af Roger blev imidlertid sikret af hans magtfulde onkel, grev Roger af Sicilien. Både for ham og for de andre normanniske adelsmænd har det sikkert spillet en rolle, at der var mere albuerum med en svag hertug, end med en mere viljefast mand som Bohemund[1]. I september 1085 blev Roger Borsa kåret som hertug, og takket være sin mors lombardiske baggrund havde han også en del goodwill hos områdets lombardiske befolkning. Bohemund deltog ikke i kåringen, men opsøgte den eneste fyrste i Syditalien, der var uafhængig af Apulien, Jordan 1. af Capua. Med støtte fra Jordan gjorde han oprør og erobrede byerne Oria, Otranto og Taranto. Roger Borsa forsøgte en offensiv mod ham, men blev slået, og for at få fred blev fyrstedømmet Taranto oprettet til Bohemund. I princippet var han vasal af Roger, men i praksis gjorde han, hvad der passede ham[2]. Grev Roger af Sicilien havde sendt tropper til støtte for Roger Borsa, og som betaling fik han ophævet den aftale, der betød, at greven og hertugen skulle dele indtægterne fra deres erobringer i Calabrien. Fra den tid gik det hele til greven af Sicilien. Roger Borsa gik meget op i Syditaliens økonomiske udvikling, og han tildelte rettigheder til flere byer og støttede udviklingen af bysamfundene. På den kirkelige front fik han i 1090 med hjælp fra pave Urban 2. overtalt stifteren af karteuserordenen, Bruno af Køln, til at komme til Calabrien for at blive ærkebiskop i Reggio di Calabria. Riget stabiliseres: De første ti år af Rogers regeringstid var præget af anarki, med jævnlige oprør og fejder med familiemedlemmer. Roger havde svært ved at klare sig militært, og måtte i flere tilfælde betale sig ud af problemerne ved at afgive landområder og rettigheder. Fra omkring 1096 lysnede det lidt. I 1095 havde pave Urban 2. opfordret hele kristendommen til at sende en hær til det hellige land på korstog, så de kristne pilgrimme igen kunne få adgang til Jerusalem. Bohemund var en af de riddere, der fulgte opfordringen, og det gav straks mere ro, da han forlod Syditalien i 1096. Ved hertugdømmets grænse mod nordvest lå fyrstedømmet Capua. Officielt blev det regeret af Richard af Capua, søn af den fyrst Jordan, der have støttet Bohemund i 1085. Da Jordan døde i 1090 var Richard kun en dreng, og borgerne i Capua havde nægtet at anerkende ham, og havde i stedet valgt en fyrste fra det byens gamle lombardiske dynasti. Richard hørte til Drengot-slægten og Roger til Hauteville-slægten, men ægteskab slægterne imellem betød, at de to var grandfætre. Da Richard blev myndig i 1098, bad han Roger (og grev Roger af Sicilien) om hjælp, og i fællesskab belejrede de Capua samme år, og indtog den efter 40 dages belejring. Hjælpen var ikke gratis. Roger af Sicilien overtog Richards krav på hertugdømmet Napoli (selv om der gik mange år, før det blev erobret), og Roger Borsa blev anerkendt som Richards lensherre. Overhøjheden fik ingen praktisk betydning under en så svag regent som Borsa, men senere kom der stærkere mænd til ... I den nordøstlige del af riget lå Gargano-halvøen med grevskabet Monte Sant'Angelo. Her regerede grev Henry i mange år, og udvidede grevskabet flere gange. Da han døde barnløs i 1102 gik magten videre til broderen William, som ikke anerkendte Roger Borsa som sin lensherre, men derimod den byzantinske kejser. Den fornærmelse kunne Roger trods alt ikke sidde overhørig, og efter et felttog mod William erobrede han grevskabet i 1104, nedlagde det og sendte William i landflygtighed. Familieliv: In 1092 blev Roger Borsa gift med Adele af Flandern. Som 16-årig var hun i 1080 blevet gift med den danske konge Knud den Hellige, men da han blev myrdet i 1086, flygtede hun hjem til Flandern sammen med deres lille søn. Adela, kendt i Danmark som Edel eller Edele, var således en 28-årig enke, da hun blev gift med Roger, og sammen fik de sønnen William. William var stadig kun en dreng, da han arvede riget ved Roger Borsas død i 1111, og Adela virkede som regent, til hun selv døde i 1115. Rogers yngre brødre Guy og Robert døde i henholdsvis 1108 og 1110, og Bohemund døde også i 1111, så der var ingen direkte trusler mod Williams magtovertagelse. Adela nåede ikke selv at opleve det, men begge hendes sønner blev faktisk regerende fyrster. Den ældste søn, Karl, blev i Flandern, hvor han var kendt som Karl den danske. Da hans fætter, greven af Flandern, Balduin 7., døde barnløs i 1119, blev Karl greve, og fik hurtigt tilnavnet den gode. Karl blev myrdet som sin far i 1127 og han blev senere saligkåret. Litteratur: Brown, Gordon S. The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily. McFarland, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7864-1472-7 Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967. Norwich, John Julius. The Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194. Longman: London, 1970. Matthew, Donald. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily. Cambridge University Press: 1992. Noter: 1. Brown, s. 184-85 2. Brown, s. 185 Denne side blev senest ændret den 4. december 2019 kl. 01:14.
   
4. Title: DenStoreDanske Roger Bursa
   Publication: Name: https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Roger_Bursa;
   Note: Roger Bursa Den Store Danske Geografi og historie Italien og Malta Italien 600-1530 SKREVET AF Per Ullidtz Roger Bursa, Roger Borsa, Ruggero Borsa, ca. 1060-1111, hertug af Apulien fra 1085; søn af Robert Guiscard og den longobardiske prinsesse Sikelgaita af Salerno. Tilnavnet havde han efter sigende fået af sin far på grund af hans hang til at tælle, og tælle igen, de mønter, han havde i sin pung. Rogers energiske mor, som ofte deltog i sin mands slag i fuld udrustning, udvirkede, at han arvede hertugdømmet efter sin far, i stedet for den ældre søn, Bohemond, fra Roberts første ægteskab. I 1084 deltog Roger Bursa i faderens togt mod den tyske kejser Henrik 4., som belejrede pave Gregor 7. i Rom; han reddede sin far, da han var omringet af en rasende romersk hob. Roger deltog ligeledes i faderens sidste felttog mod Byzans i 1085 og afløste ham samme år som hertug. I 1092 blev han gift med Edel, enke efter Knud 4. den Hellige, med hvem han fik sønnen Vilhelm (1095-1127), som efterfulgte ham. Roger Bursa støttede sig flittigt til sin farbror Roger 1. af Sicilien, som tog sig godt betalt for hjælpen. Hans forhold bedredes, da halvbroderen Bohemond midt under en belejring af Amalfi i 1096 sluttede sig til det 1. korstog. I 1098 var Roger sammen med pave Urban 2. vært for Erik 1. Ejegod på et koncil i Bari. Roger Bursa døde i 1111, 9 dage før Bohemond, og blev begravet i Robert Guiscards katedral i Salerno. Han skænkede store gaver til kirker og klostre, specielt til La Cava-klostret nordvest for Salerno (grdl. i 1011). Artikelinfo SKREVET AF: Per UllidtzSENEST ÆNDRET: 10. juli 2013, se alle ændringer BEGRÆNSET ANVENDELSE. Citere eller anvende