Henry King of England II

• Preferred Name: Henry King of England II^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}
  
• Alternate Name: Henri Comte d'Anjou
  
• Alternate Name: Henry II Curtmantle
  
• Alternate Name: Henry de Anjou
  
• Gender: M
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Lord of IrelandBET 1171 AND 1177 with note:
  
• Royal House: with note: Description: Plantagenet
  
• Coronation: 19 DEC 1154 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England at LATI: N1.4994 LONG: E0.1275
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Count of MaineBET 1151 AND 1189
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of EnglandBET 25 OCT 1154 AND 5 JUL 1189 with note:
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Count of AnjouBET 1151 AND 1189
  
• Residence: in Abadía de Fontevrault, Fontevraud-l'Abbaye,, France at LATI: N7.182 LONG: E0.0502 with note: GEDCOM data
  
• Death: 6 JUL 1189 in Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre-Val de Loire, France at LATI: N7.1676 LONG: E0.2435 with note: Castle of Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France Easily found if searched for his place of death
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: King of the Scotsfrom 22 May 1149
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Duke of NormandyBET 1150 AND 1189
  
• FSID: LYD7-TB9
  
• Birth: 5 MAR 1133 in Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays de la Loire, France at LATI: N7.9953 LONG: E0.203
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Count of NantesBET 1158 AND 1185 with note:
  
• http://familysearch.org/v1/TitleOfNobility: Duke of AquitaineBET 1152 AND 1189 with note:
  
• Burial: 7 JUL 1189 in Fontrevault Abbey, Maine et Loire, France at LATI: N7.5 LONG: E0.3333
  
• Notes:

  === Life Sketch ===
  Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
  Father Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Mother Empress Matilda
  Born 5 March 1133 Le Mans, Maine, Kingdom of France
  Died 6 July 1189 (aged 56) Chinon Castle, Chinon, Touraine, Kingdom of France
  Burial Fontevraud Abbey, Anjou, France
  Spouse Eleanor of Aquitaine ​(m. 1152)​
  
  Issue
  - William IX, Count of Poitiers
  - Henry the Young King
  - Matilda, Duchess of Saxony
  - Richard I, King of England
  - Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
  - Eleanor, Queen of Castile
  - Joan, Queen of Sicily
  - John, King of England
  Illegitimate:
  - Geoffrey, Archbishop of York
  - William, Earl of Salisbury
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185. Before he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France; an area that was later called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland and the Duchy of Brittany.
  
  Henry became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Henry was an energetic and ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII, and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached.
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children—three daughters and five sons. Three of his sons would be king, though Henry the Young King was named his father's co-ruler rather than a stand-alone king. As the sons grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard (later king) and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John (later king), but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. By 1189, Young Henry and Geoffrey were dead, and Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry II would make John king, leading to a final rebellion. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by Richard.
  
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
  
  Alfonso VIII of Castile - the Good
  Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Alfonso VIII
  King of Castile and Toledo
  Reign 31 August 1158 – 5 October 1214
  Predecessor Sancho III
  Successor Henry I
  Consort Eleanor of England
  among others..
  
  William Longespee
  Sir William Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February 1250) was an English knight and crusader, the son of William Longespée and Ela, Countess of Salisbury. His death became of significant importance to the Eng
  
  History of Eleanor of England (1161-1214)
  Eleanor of England (Spanish: Leonor; c.1161 – 31 October 1214), was Queen of Castile and Toledo[3] as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile. She was the sixth child and second daughter of Henry II, King of
  
  BIO
  BIO: from http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL1.htm#WilliamLongespeedied12491250 as of 5/28/2016
  
  WILLIAM Longespee (before 1209-killed in battle Mansurah 7 Feb 1250). The B
  
  BIO
  BIO: from http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLAND,%20Kings%201066-1603.htm#HenriIIdied1189B as of 1/23/2016
  
  HENRI d’Anjou, son of GEOFFROY "le Bel/Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou et de Maine & his wife [
  
  en.Wikipedia Henry II of England
  King of England:
  Reign
  19 December 1154 – 6 July 1189
  Coronation
  19 December 1154
  Predecessor
  Stephen
  Successor
  Richard I
  Junior king
  Henry the Young King
  
  Born
  5 March 1133
  Le Mans, Maine, Kingd
  
  Henry II, King of England - Notes from Different Sources
  Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson, Vol 1 pgs 18, 24/5, 542; Vol. 3 pg 21; Vol. 5 pg 170
  Knt, King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine. He was
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189)
  Henry II (5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke o
  
  Vida
  também conhecido como Henrique Curtmantle, Henrique FitzEmpress ou Henrique Plantageneta, foi o Rei da Inglaterra de 1154 até sua morte, também governando como Conde de Anjou, Conde de Maine, Duque da
  
  === [close] ===
  [close]
  Henry II of England
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  "Henry Plantagenet" redirects here. For others, see :Category:House of Plantagenet.
  Henry II
  King of England (more...)
  Reign 25 October 1154 – 6 July 1189
  Coronation 19 December 1154
  Predecessor Stephen
  Successor Richard I
  Junior king Henry the Young King
  Spouse Eleanor of Aquitaine
  Issue
  William IX, Count of Poitiers
  Henry the Young King
  Richard I of England
  Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
  Matilda, Duchess of Saxony
  Eleanor, Queen of Castile
  Joan, Queen of Sicily and Countess of Toulouse
  John of England
  House House of Plantagenet
  Father Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Mother Matilda of England
  Born 5 March 1133(1133-03-05)
  Le Mans, France
  Died 6 July 1189 (aged 56)
  Chinon, France
  Burial Fontevraud Abbey, France
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. Henry was the first to use the title "King of England" (as opposed to "King of the English").
  
  He is also known as Henry Curtmantle or Curtmantel (French: Henri Court-manteau) and Henry Fitz-Empress.
  Contents
  [hide]
  
  * 1 Early life and descent
  * 2 Marriage and legitimate children
  * 3 Appearance
  * 4 Character
  * 5 Construction of an empire
  o 5.1 Henry's claims by blood and marriage
  o 5.2 Taking the English Throne
  o 5.3 Lordship over Ireland
  o 5.4 Consolidation in Scotland
  * 6 Domestic policy
  o 6.1 Dominating nobles
  o 6.2 Legal reform
  * 7 Religious policy
  o 7.1 Strengthening royal control over the church
  o 7.2 Murder of Thomas Becket
  * 8 The Angevin Curse
  o 8.1 Civil war and rebellion
  o 8.2 Death and succession
  * 9 Ancestry
  * 10 Descendants
  * 11 Fictional portrayals
  * 12 See also
  * 13 Notes
  * 14 References and further reading
  * 15 External links
  
  [edit] Early life and descent
  
  Henry II was born in Le Mans, France, on 5 March 1133.[1] His father, Geoffrey V of Anjou (Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Jerusalem), was Count of Anjou and Count of Maine. His mother, Empress Matilda, was a claimant to the English throne as the daughter of Henry I (1100–1135), son of William The Conqueror, Duke of Normandy. His own claim to the throne was strengthened by his descent from both the English Saxon kings and the kings of Scotland through his maternal grandmother Matilda of Scotland, whose father was Malcolm III of Scotland and whose mother was Margaret of Wessex (St. Margaret of Scotland), granddaughter of Edmund Ironside.
  
  He spent his childhood in his father's land of Anjou. At the age of nine, Robert of Gloucester took him to England, where he received education from Master Matthew at Bristol, with the assistance of Adelard of Bath and possibly Geoffrey of Monmouth. In 1144, he was returned to Normandy where his education was continued by William of Conches.[2]
  [edit] Marriage and legitimate children
  See also: List of members of the House of Plantagenet
  
  On 18 May 1152, at Poitiers,[3] at the age of 19, Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine. The wedding was "without the pomp or ceremony that befitted their rank,"[4] partly because only two months previously Eleanor's marriage to Louis VII of France had been annulled. Their relationship, always stormy, eventually disintegrated: after Eleanor encouraged her children to rebel against their father in 1173, Henry had her placed under house arrest, where she remained for fifteen years.[5]
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children, William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. William died in infancy. As a result Henry was crowned as joint king when he came of age. However, because he was never king in his own right, he is known as "Henry the Young King", not Henry III. In theory, Henry would have inherited the throne from his father, Richard his mother's possessions, Geoffrey would have Brittany, and John would be Lord of Ireland. However, fate would ultimately decide much differently.
  
  It has been suggested by John Speed's 1611 book, History of Great Britain, that another son, Philip, was born to the couple. Speed's sources no longer exist, but Philip would presumably have died in early infancy.[6]
  [edit] Appearance
  
  Several sources record Henry's appearance. They all agree that he was very strong, energetic and surpassed his peers athletically.
  
  ...he was strongly built, with a large, leonine head, freckle fiery face and red hair cut short. His eyes were grey and we are told that his voice was harsh and cracked, possibly because of the amount of open-air exercise he took. He would walk or ride until his attendants and courtiers were worn out and his feet and legs were covered with blisters and sores... He would perform all athletic feats.
  
  John Harvey (Modern)
  
  ...the lord king has been red-haired so far, except that the coming of old age and grey hair has altered that colour somewhat. His height is medium, so that neither does he appear great among the small, nor yet does he seem small among the great... curved legs, a horseman's shins, broad chest, and a boxer's arms all announce him as a man strong, agile and bold... he never sits, unless riding a horse or eating... In a single day, if necessary, he can run through four or five day-marches and, thus foiling the plots of his enemies, frequently mocks their plots with surprise sudden arrivals... Always are in his hands bow, sword, spear and arrow, unless he be in council or in books.
  
  Peter of Blois (Contemporary)
  
  A man of reddish, freckled complexion, with a large, round head, grey eyes that glowed fiercely and grew bloodshot in anger, a fiery countenance and a harsh, cracked voice. His neck was poked forward slightly from his shoulders, his chest was broad and square, his arms strong and powerful. His body was stocky, with a pronounced tendency toward fatness, due to nature rather than self-indulgence – which he tempered with exercise.
  
  Gerald of Wales (Contemporary)
  
  [edit] Character
  
  Like his grandfather, Henry I of England, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker, he would sit on councils in person whenever possible. He dressed casually except when tradition dictated otherwise and ate a sparing diet.[7]
  
  He was modest and mixed with all classes easily. "He does not take upon himself to think high thoughts, his tongue never swells with elated language; he does not magnify himself as more than man".[8] His generosity was well-known and he employed a Templar to distribute one tenth of all the food brought to the royal court amongst his poorest subjects.
  
  Henry also had a good sense of humour and was never upset at being the butt of the joke. Once while he sat sulking and occupying himself with needlework, a courtier suggested that such behaviour was to be expected from a descendant of the bastard son of a tanner's daughter (referring to his great-grandfather William the Conqueror being the son of Herleva, daughter of Fulbert a tanner from the Norman town of Falaise). The king rocked with laughter and even explained the joke to those who did not immediately grasp it.[9]
  
  "His memory was exceptional: he never failed to recognise a man he had once seen, nor to remember anything which might be of use. More deeply learned than any king of his time in the western world".[7]
  
  In contrast, the king's temper has been written about. His actions against Thomas Becket are evidence of his blinding temper, along with his conflict with William I of Scotland.[10]
  [edit] Construction of an empire
  Main article: Angevin Empire
  [edit] Henry's claims by blood and marriage
  Henry II depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902).
  
  Henry's father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, held rich lands as a vassal from Louis VII of France. Maine and Anjou were therefore Henry's by birthright, amongst other lands in Western France.[4] By maternal claim, Normandy was also to be his. From a contemporary perspective, however, the most notable inheritance Henry received from his mother was a claim to the English throne. Granddaughter of William the Conqueror, Empress Matilda was to be queen regnant of England, but her throne was usurped by her cousin, Stephen of England. Henry's efforts to restore the royal line to his own family would create a dynasty spanning three centuries and thirteen kings.
  
  Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine placed him firmly in the ascendancy.[4] His plentiful lands were added to his new wife's possessions, giving him control of Aquitaine and Gascony. The riches of the markets and vineyards in these regions, combined with Henry's already plentiful holdings, made Henry the most powerful vassal in France.
  [edit] Taking the English Throne
  
  Realising Henry's royal ambition was far from easily fulfilled, his mother had been pushing her claim for the crown for several years to no avail, finally retiring in 1147. It was 1147 when Henry had accompanied Matilda on an invasion of England. It soon failed due to lack of preparation,[4] but it made him determined that England was his mother's right, and so his own. He returned to England again between 1149 and 1150. On 22 May 1149 he was knighted by King David I of Scotland, his great uncle, at Carlisle.[11]
  
  Early in January 1153, just months after his wedding, he crossed the Channel one more time. His fleet was 36 ships strong, transporting a force of 3,000 footmen and 140 horses.[12] Sources dispute whether he landed at Dorset or
  
  === *Henry II "Plantagenet" King of England ===
  *Henry II "Plantagenet" King of England
  born 5 March 1133 Le Mans, Sarthe, France
  died 6 July 1189 Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France
  buried 8 July 1189 Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France
  
  father:
  *Geoffrey V "le Bon" Plantagenet
  born 24 August 1113 Anjou, France
  died 7 September 1151 Chateau, France
  
  mother:
  *Matilda (Maud) Empress of Germany
  born before 5 August 1102 London, Middlesex, England
  died 10 Sepptember 1169 Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  buried Bec Abbey, Le Bec-Hellouin, Eure, France
  married 22 May 1127 Le Mans, Sarthe, France
  
  siblings:
  Agnes Plantagenet born about 1130 < Le Mans, Sarthe, France> died 1192 Anyore, England
  Geoffrey VI "Mantell" Plantagenet Count of Nantes born 3 June 1134 Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  died 27 July 1157 Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France buried Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France
  Guillaume Plantagenet Count of Poitou born 22 July 1136 Argentan, Orne, France
  died 30 January 1163/1164 Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France buried Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  Emma Plantagenet Princess of Wales born about 1138 Normandy, France
  
  spouse:
  *Elâeonore Princess of Aquitane
  born 1121/22 Chateau de Belin, Bordeaux, Aquitaine
  died 31 March 1204 Poitiers, Poitou, Aquitaine
  buried Abbaye de Fontevrault, Fontevrault, France
  married 11 May 1152 Bordeaux, Gironde, France
  
  children:
  *John "Lackland" King of England
  born 24 December 1166 Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
  died 19 October 1216 Newark, Nottinghamshire, England
  buried Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, England
  William Prince of England born 17 August 1152 Le Mans, France
  died April 1156 Wallingford Castle, Wallingford, Berkshire, England
  buried Reading, Berkshire, England
  Henry Prince of England born 28 March 1155 Bermandsey Palace, London, England
  died 11 June 1183 Chãateau de Mortel, Turenne, Aquitaine buried Rouen, Normandie
  *Richard I "Coeur De Lion" King of England
  born 13 September 1157 Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
  died 6 April 1199 Chalus, France buried Fontevrault L'Ab, France
  Philip Prince of England born about 1160 England died about 1160/62 Infant
  *Eleanor Princess of England born 13 October 1162 Domfront, Normandie
  christened Domfront, Normandie
  died 25 October 1214 Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain
  buried Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain
  Joanna Princess of England born October 1164/65 Angers, France
  died 4 September 1199 Rouen, Normandie buried Fontevrault L'Ab, France
  Matilda Princess of England born 1156 London, Middlesex, England
  christened Aldgate, London, Middlesex, England died 28 June 1189 Brunswick, Germany
  buried St. Blasius, Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
  Geoffrey Prince of England born 23 September 1158 England
  died 19 August 1186 Paris, France buried Notre Dame, Paris, France
  
  concubine:
  *Rosamond de Clifford
  born about 1136 Clifford Castle, Clifford, Herefordshire, England
  died about 1176 Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England
  buried about 1176 Godstow Nunnery, Wolvercote, Oxfordshire, England
  (not married)
  
  children (from concubine):
  *William "Longêpee" Prince of England
  born about 1173 England
  died 7 March 1225/26 England
  buried Cathedral, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
  
  biographical and/or anecdotal:
  
  notes or source:
  LDS
  
  === The strong ruler was found in Henry Plan ===
  The strong ruler was found in Henry Plantagenet, count of Anjou. His mother was Matilda (or Maud), daughter of Henry I of England; his father was Geoffrey of Anjou. He came to the throne of England as Henry II, first of the Plantagenet line of kings, who were to rule England for 245 years. By marriage and inheritance, he came into possession of all western France. He spent most of his long reign, 1154-89, in his French possessions; yet he became one of England's great rulers.
  
  Henry II sent out trained justices (judges) on circuit to different towns in England to sit in the county courts. The judges kept records of their cases. When one judge had decided a case, other judges trying the same kind of case were likely to adopt the decision that had been recorded. In the course of years, legal principles came to be based on these decisions. Because this case law applied to all Englishmen equally, it came to be called the common law. The circuit justices also made more extensive use of juries and started the grand jury system in criminal law.
  
  Henry carried on a long and bitter struggle with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who asserted the independence of the church courts against the king's authority. The church triumphed when Becket was murdered. After making peace with the pope, Henry did penance at Becket's tomb. Becket became a sainted martyr, and for centuries people made pilgrimages to his shrine at Canterbury, Kent, England.
  
  Richard the Lion-Hearted, the brave and reckless son of Henry II, succeeded his father in 1189. After a few months he left England and went off on his long crusade. The country suffered little in his absence because Hubert Walter governed it better than Richard himself would have.
  
  His wife was his third cousin, once removed and their common ancestors were Robert I, Duke of Normandy and Arlette Fulbert.
  
  === SOURCE ===
  SOURCE
  1 > wikipedia
  Sir William II Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February, 1250) was the son of William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, an English noble. His death became of significant importance to the English psyche, having died as a martyr due to the purported mistakes, and arrogance, of the French at the Battle of Mansurah, near Al-Mansurah in Egypt.
  Longespee made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1240, and again in 1247. The second time, he proceeded to Rome and made a plea to Pope Innocent IV for support:
  "Sir, you see that I am signed with the cross and am on my journey with the King of France to fight in this pilgrimage. My name is great and of note, viz., William Longespee, but my estate is slender, for the King of England, my kinsman and liege lord, hath bereft me of the title of earl and of that estate, but this he did judiciously, and not in displeasure, and by the impulse of his will; therefore I do not blame him for it. Howbeit, I am necessitated to have recourse to your holiness for favour, desiring your assistance in this distress. We see here (quoth he) that Earl Richard (of Cornwall) who, though he is not signed with the cross, yet, through the especial grace of your holiness, he hath got very much money from those who are signed, and therefore, I, who am signed and in want, do intreat the like favour."[1]
  Having succeeded in gaining the favour of the Pope, Longespee raised a company of 200 English horse to join with Louis IX on his crusade. To raise funds for his expedition, he sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of the town of Poole in 1248 for 70 marks.[2] During the Seventh Crusade, Longespee commanded the English forces. He became widely known for his feats of chivalry and his subsequent martyrdom. The circumstances of his death served to fuel growing English animosity toward the French; it is reported that the French Count d'Artois lured Longespee into attacking the Mameluks before the forces of King Louis IX arrived in support. Robert d'Artois, William II Longespee and his men, along with 280 Knights Templar, were killed at this time.
  It is said that his mother, Abbess Ela Longespee, had a vision of the martyr being received into heaven by angels just one day prior to his death. In 1252, the Sultan delivered Longespee's remains to a messenger who conveyed them to Acre (Akko) for burial at the church of St. Cross. However, his effigy is found amongst family members at Salisbury Cathedral, in England.
  
  === Royal Ancestry Biography ===
  “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “HENRY II OF ENGLAND (otherwise HENRY FITZ GEOFFREY, or HENRY FITZ EMPRESS), Knt., King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine, born at Le Mans in Maine 5 March 1133...
  Children of Henry II of England, by Eleanor of Aquitaine:
  iii. MAUD OF ENGLAND, born at London 1156. She married at Minden 1 Feb. 1168 (as his 2nd wife) HEINRICH XII der Löwe (or HENRY the Lion), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, son and heir of Heinrich X, Duke of Bavaria, by Gertrude, daughter of Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor. They had four sons, Heinrich [Count Palatine of the Rhine], Lothar, Otto (IV) [Count of Poitou, King of the Romans, Holy Roman Emperor], and Wilhelm [Count of Luneburg], and two daughters, Maud and Richza (wife of Waldemar II, King of Denmark). He was deprived of both Bavaria and Saxony in 1180, and spent his remaining years in exile at the court of his father-in-law, King Henry II, or at Danwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (or Brunswick). In 1194 he was guaranteed possession of his Saxon allodial lands. His wife, Maud, died at Braunschweig 28 June 1189. HEINRICH OF BRAUNSCHWEIG, former Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, died 6 August 1195. He and his wife, Maud, were buried in the collegiate church of St. Blaise, now Braunschweig Cathedral in Braunschweig, Germany. They are direct ancestors of House of Hanover, the royal house of England from 1714 to 1901. Sandford Gen. Hist. of the Kings of England (1677): 69-70. Banks Genealogical Hist. of Divers Fams of the Ancient Peerage of England (1826): 308-313. Hawley Royal Fam. of England (1851): 18-19. Green Lives of the Princesses of England 1 (1857): 214-262 (biog. of Matilda of England). Pertz Historici Germania sac. XII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 21) (1869): 115-116 (Arnoldi Chronica Salvorum: list of children). Wright Feudal Manuals of English Hist. (1872). Procs. Soc. of Antiqs. of London 2nd Ser. 6 (1876): 283-287. Pauli & Libermann Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus sæc. XII. et XIII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 27) (1885): 110 (Ex Gestis Henrici II. et Ricardi I.: Heinrich, Duke of Saxony, styled "kinsman" [nepos] of Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa). Ströhl Deutsch Wappenrolle (1897): 72. Hohnstein Geschichte des Heroztums Braunschweig (1908): 91-140 (biog. of Heinrich der Löwe). Delisle Recueil des Actes de Henri II, Roi d'Angleterre et Duc de Normandie Introduction (1909): 384. Waltz Ottonis et Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris (Monumenta Germaniæ Histories, Scriptures rerum Germanicarum 46) (1912): 350 (Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris Appendix sub A.D. 1168: "... nam inter imperatorem et regem Angliæ fedus et amicicia fuit, data filia sua in uxorem Heinrico duci Bawariæ et Saxoniæ."). Rübel-Blass Ahnentafel Rübel-Blass 1 (1939): 284 (ancestry of Maud of England). Jordan Die Urkunden Heinrichs des Löwen Herzogs von Sachsen and Bayern (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Laienfürsten- und Dynastenurkunden der Kaiserzeit) (1941): 51-53 (Gebhard I, Count of Burghausen styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by Duke Heinrich), 107-108 (Otto VI, Count Palatine of Wittelsbach, afterwards Duke of Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [nepos] by Duke Heinrich), 181-182 (Friedrich II, Count Palatine of Saxony, Count of Sommerschenburg styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by Duke Heinrich). Foreville L'Eglise et le Royaute en Angleterre sous Henri II Plantagenet (1154-1189) (1943): 410, footnote 4. Appelt Die Urkunden Friedrichs I. (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica: Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser 10(1)) (1975): 18-19, 231-233, 347-349 (instances of Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [cognate/cognate] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa), 259-260, 332-335 (instances of Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [nepotem/nepos] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa), 364-365 (Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [consanguine] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa). Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 1 (1980): 58 (sub Welfen); 2 (1984): 83 (sub England). Gens Nostra 46 (1991): 540-541. Kegel Die Jüngere Hildesheimer Briefsammlung (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Die Briefe Der Deutschen Kaiserzeit 7) (1995): 101-102 (letter of Heinrich of Braunschweig to Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa dated 1185-1188), 102-103 (Heinrich of Braunschweig styled "kinsman" [consanguineo] in letter from Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa dated 1185-1188). Fryde & Greenway Handbook of British Chronology (1996): 36. Jour. Medieval Hist. 22 (1996): 379-393. Leese Blood Royal (1996): 41-45. Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord & Lady (2003). Online resource: www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/bayern/heinrich_12_derloewe_herzog_von_bayern_1195_welfen/heinrich_12_der loewe_herzog_von_bayern_und_sachsen_+_1195.html.
  Children of Maud of England, by Duke Heinrich XII der Löwe:
  a. OTTO OF BRUNSWICK, 3rd son. He was educated at the court of his uncle, King Richard I of England, under whose experience he gained valuable experience in war. He was appointed Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou, and Earl of Yorkshire. When Emperor Henry VI died in Sept. 1197, some of the German princes under the leadership of Adolph, Archbishop of Cologne, were anxious to find a rival to Philip, Duke of Swabia, who had been elected German king. Otto married (1st) 22 July 1212 BEATRIX OF HOHENSTAUFEN, daughter of Philip, Duke of Swabia. They had no issue. His wife, Beatrix, died 11 August 1212. He married (2nd) at Aachen 19 May 1214 MARIA OF BRABANT, daughter of Henri I, Duke of Lorraine and Brabant, Margrave of Antwerp, by his 1st wife, Machtild (or Mahaud), daughter and co-heiress of Mathieu of Flanders, Count of Boulogne [see BRABANT 5 for her ancestry]. They had no issue. OTTO IV, late Emperor, died at the Harzburg 19 May 1218, and was buried in the collegiate church of St. Blaise, now Braunschweig Cathedral in Braunschweig, Germany. His widow, Maria, married (2nd) in July 1220 WILHELM (or WILLEM) I, Count of Holland [see HOLLAND 5]. She died between 9 March and 14 June 1260. Gallia Christiana 2 (1720): 477-478 (Richard I, King of England, styled "uncle" [avunculus] in charter of Otto, Duke of Aquitaine). Rymer Fædera 1(1) (1816): 28-29, 87-88, 93, 104, 108, 114 (instances of Otto, King of the Romans, styled "nephew" [nepos] by King John of England). Huillard-Bréholles Hist. Diplomatica Friderica Secundi 3 (1852): 37-48 (Otto of Saxony [former Emperor Otto IV] styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] by Emperor Friedrich II in 1227), 57-60 (Otto [IV], late Emperor, styled "kinsman" [consanguineum] by Emperor Friedrich II in 1228). Luard Annales Monastici 2 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1865): 290 (Annals of Waverley sub A.D. 1218: "Otho imperator Alemanniæ, nepos Ricardi et Johannis regum obiit."). Piot Cartulaire de l'Abbeye de Saint-Trond 1 (1870): 199-200 (charter of Henri [II], Duke of Lorraine and Brabant dated 1240, names his "dear sister" [charissima soror], Maria, former Empress of the Romans). Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 3 (Rolls Ser. 51) (1870): 298-299 ("Eodem anno [1195] Willelmus rex Scottorum ægrotavit, in villa sua quæ dicitur Clacmanan et statuit Othonem filium Henrici ducis Saxoniæ, nepotem Ricardi regis sibi successurum in regnum Scottorum, ita quod ipse Otho filiam suam primogenitam in uxorem cum regno duceret. Et quamvis rex plures haberet qui voluntati suæ in hoc consentirent, tamen comes Patricius et alii multi contradixerunt ..."). Pauli & Libermann Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus sac. XII et XIII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 27) (1885): 385 (F Gervasii Tilleberiensis Otiis Imperialibus: William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury, styled "uncle" [avunculum] of Emperor Otto IV). Doyle Official Baronage of England 3 (1886): 740 (sub York). Thatcher & McNeal Source Book for Mediæval Hist. (1905): 228 (Otto, King of the Romans, styled "nephew" by King John of England in 1202). Hohnstein Geschichte des Herzogtams Braunschweig (1908): 141-149 (biog. of Kaiser Otto IV). Encyclopædia Britannica 20 (1911): 375 (biog. of Otto IV, Roman emperor). Nicholson Love, War & the Grail (2001). Online resource: www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/deutschland_koenige_2/otto_4_deutscher_koenig_1218_welfen/otto_4_von_ braunschweig_deutscher_koeni8-+_1218.html.
  b. MAUD (or MATHILDE) OF BRUNSWICK, born in 1172. She married (1st) in July 1189 GEOFFREY III, Count of Perche, lord of Toddington, Bedfordshire and Aldbourne and Wanborough, Wiltshire, son of Rotrou III, Count of Perche, by Mathilde, daughter of Thibaut IV, Count of Blois. They had two sons, Geoffrey and Thomas [Count of the Perche]. GEOFFREY III, Count of the Perche, died 5 April 1202. His widow, Maud, married (2nd) before 1203 (as his 1st wife) ENGUERRAND DE COUCY, seigneur of Coucy, and, in right of his wife, Count of the Perche, son and heir of Raoul de Coucy, seigneur of Coucy, by Alix, daughter of Robert I, Count of Dreux. She died in 13 Jan. 1209/10. Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum Abbrevatio (1811): 55. Rotuli litterarum patentium in turri Londinensi asservati 1201- 1216 (1834): 18 (Maud, Countess of the Perche, styled "niece" [nepti] by King John of England in 1202). Lepinois & Merlet Cartulaire de Notre-Dame de Chartres 2 (1863): 21 (charter of Maud, Countess of Perche, dated June 1202, names her late husband, Geoffrey, and her son, Thomas), 22. Herald & Genealogist 6 (1871): 241- 253 ([Maud], Countess of Perche styled "niece" [neptis] by King John, cites Rot. Normann. p. 87.). Procs. Soc. of Antiqs. of London 2nd Ser. 6 (1876): 283-287. Brial Monumens des Règnes de Philippe Auguste et de Louis VIII 3 (Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 19) (1880): 436-438 (J. de Pertico [Enguerrand de Coucy, Count of the Perche] styled "your kinsman" [consobrinum tuum] in letter from Pope Innocent III to King Philippe Augus
  
  === RECEIVED NOT EMPIRE OF LAND FROM HIS FAT ===
  RECEIVED NOT EMPIRE OF LAND FROM HIS FATHER, WILLIAM THE FIRST, BUT A FORTUNE OF SILVER. WHEN HIS BROTHER ROBERT WAS KILLED FROM RETURNING FROM A CRUSADE, HE BECAME KING 5 AUG. 1100
  
  === Royal Ancestry Biography ===
  “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “HENRY II OF ENGLAND (otherwise HENRY FITZ GEOFFREY, or HENRY FITZ EMPRESS), Knt., King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine, born at Le Mans in Maine 5 March 1133. He was knighted at Carlisle by his great uncle, David, King of Scotland, at Whitsuntide 1149. He married at Bordeaux, France 18 May 1152 ELEANOR (or ALIENOR) OF AQUITAINE, former wife of Louis VII le Jeune (or le Pieux), King of France, Duke of Aquitaine [see FRANCE 6] (divorced 21 March 1152), and daughter and co-heiress of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou, by his 1st wife, Aénor, daughter of Amaury (or Aimery) I, Vicomte of Châtellerault [see AQUITAINE 4 for her ancestry]. She was born about 1124 (aged 13 in 1137). They had eight children (see below). By various mistresses, he also had a number of illegitimate children, including three sons, Geoffrey [Archbishop of York], William Longespée, Knt. [Earl of Salisbury], and Morgan [Provost of Beverley], and two daughters, including Maud [Abbess of Barking]. By the Treaty of Winchester in 1153, Henry was recognized as King Stephen's heir. He reached England 8 Dec. 1154, and was crowned King of England at Westminster 19 Dec. 1154, with direct rule over England and southern Wales, and a claim to the overlordship of northern Wales. His domain of England, Wales, and the French lands acquired from inheritance and marriage (ruled as separate components) was termed the "Angevin empire" (as his father was Count of Anjou). He had little difficulty in curbing the disorder of Stephen's reign and restoring the royal authority. He encouraged the development of juries of local men in the investigation of crimes, and trial of those accused by royal justices. His writs to sheriffs improved the disposition of claims over possession of property and benefices, thereby discouraging local self-help of violent ejection and usurpation. He was the first king to attempt to break down the feudal system of government by bringing its countless independent jurisdictions into subjection to one uniform judicial administration. In 1158 he confirmed a treaty with King Louis VII of France involving the marriage of Henry's son to the French king's daughter. In the summer of 1159 he launched an unsuccessful expedition against Toulouse, which he claimed as Duke of Aquitaine. His reassertion of the king's rights over the church, in particular that clerics were subject to his courts and not solely to ecclesiastical courts, led to the quarrel with his former chancellor, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in his cathedral in Dec. 1170. In 1171 Henry invaded Ireland intent on conquest. By Christmas 1171 Waterford, Wexford, Limerick, and Cork were in his hands and all the Irish princes, except the King of Connacht, gave him hostages and promised tribute. In 1178 he reorganized the English curia regis by restricting its highest functions to a small inner tribunal of selected counsellors, which later grew into the court of the king's bench. His final years were marked by quarrels with and between his sons, stirred into rebellion by their mother, from whom he was separated. HENRY II OF ENGLAND, King of England, died testate at Château Chinon, Normandy 6 July 1189 in the midst of a rebellion by his sons. His widow, Eleanor, died at Poitiers (Vienne), France 31 March 1204. They were both buried in the church of the Abbey of Fontevrault (Maine-et-Loire).
  Note: Eleanor of Aquitaine had two daughters by her 1st marriage to Louis VII le Jeune (or le Pieux), King of France [see FRANCE 6], namely Marie of France (died 1198) (wife of Henry [I], Count Palatine of Troyes) [see BLOIS 4] and Alix of France (died c.1197) (wife of Thibaut [V], Count of Blois, Dunois, and Chartres, Seneschal of France [see WYDEVILLE 4]. References: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 20 (1840): 735 (Chronicon Guillelmi de Nangiaco). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules at de la France 12 (1877): 228 (Extrait d'une Chron. de France, etc.); 13 (1869): 308 i (Ex Roberti Abbatis Appendice ad Sigebertum), 565 (Præpositi Hannoniæ Chronico), 703,708-709 (Chron. of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines); 19 (1880): 336-337. Schwennicke Europæische Stammtafeln 2 (1984): 47 (sub Champagne & Brie). Van Kerrebrouck Les Capétians 987-1328 (2000): 91-105. Wheeler Eleanor of Aquataine: Lord & Lady (2003).
  Sandford Gen. Hist. of the Kings of England (1677): 59-72. Gallia Christiana 2 (1720): 1128 (Agnes de Barbezillo styled "aunt" famital of Queen Eleanor [of Aquitaine), wife of King Louis WI of France). Rawlinson Hist. & Antiqs. of the City, and Cathedral-Church of Hereford (1717): Addenda, 17 (Kalendar of Obits: "II Non. Julius [6 July]. Obitus Henrici Regis Anglie, filie Matildis."). Anselme Hist. de la Maison Royale de France 1 (1725): 76-77. Nichols Coll. of All the Wills (1780): 7-10, 10*-12* (will of King Henry II). L'Art de Vérifier les Dates 2 (1784): 348-365 (sub Comtes de Poitiers, Ducs de Aquitaine). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 13 (1786): 190 (Ex Radulfi de Diceto: Ralph de Fay styled "uncle" [avunculus] of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine). Rymer Fædera 1 (1) (1816): 81-82 (Aimery VII, Vicomte of Thouars, styled "kinsman" by Queen Eleanor). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 573 (William [Fitz Roy], 4th Earl of Surrey (or Warenne), styled "kinsman" [cognati] by King Henry II). Banks Genealogical Hist. of Divers Fams. of the Ancient Peerage of England (1826): 308-313. Nicolas Testamenta Vetusta 1 (1826): 1-4 (will of King Henry II of England). Gray Scalacronica (1836): 278 (Ermengarde de Beaumont, wife of William the Lion, King of Scots styled "cousin" [cosyn] of King Henry II of England). Historiæ Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (Surtees Soc. 9) (1839): Appendix, pg. 1, charter no. xixii (Hugh [du Puiset], Bishop of Durham, styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by King Henry II). Strickland Lives of the Queens of England 1 (1840): 304-378 (biog. of Eleanora of Aquitaine). Pertz Chronica et Annales ævi Salui (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores 6) (1844): (Roberti de Monte Cronica [Robert de Torigni]): 505 (sub 1156) & 506 (sub 1157: Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his wife, [Sibyl of Anjou], she styled "aunt" [amita] of King Henry II), 508 (sub 1158: Thibaut, Count of Blois, styled "kinsman" [cognatus]), 512 (sub 1162: William I, King of Sicily, styled "kinsman" [cognatum]), 514 (sub 1165: Philip, Count of Flanders, styled "kinsman" [consobrinum], 515 (sub 1166: [Godred], King of Man, styled "kinsman" on the part of King Henry II's mother, Empress Maud), 519 (sub 1170: Hugh, Earl of Chester, styled "kinsman" [cognate]; Earl Hugh's wife, [Bertrade], daughter of [Simon], Count of Evreux "kinswoman" [cognatam] on the part of King Henry II's father), 527 (sub 1179: Ralph brother of [Richard], Vicomte of Beaumont, styled "kinsman" [cognatus germanus]), 534 (sub 1184: Philip, Count of Flanders, styled "kinsman" [cognate]); 27(1925): 108 (Ex Gestis Henrici II. et Ricardi I.: Ermengarde, daughter of Richard, Vicomte of Beaumont, styled "kinswoman" by King Henry II). Hawley Royal Fam. of England (1851) 18-19. Luard Annales Monastici 2 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1865): 245 (Annals of Waverley sub AD. 1188 - Baldwin [de Revers], Earl of Cornwall, styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] of King Henry II). Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaries de l'Ouest 29 (1865): 372 (Aimery VII, Vicomte of Thouars styled "your cousin and our's" [votre cousin et au notre] by queen Eleanor of Aquitaine in letter to her son, King John dated 1200-1201; also see Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chattes 32 (1871): 412-413). Marchegay & Mabille Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou (1869): 33 (Chronicæ Sancti Albini Andegavensis: birth of King Henry II), 46 (Chronicæ Sancti Albini Andegavensis: death of King Henry II). Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 2 (Rolls Ser. 51) (1869): 105 (Uchtred Fitz Fergus of Galloway styled "kinsman" of King Henry II; see Wyckoff Feudal Relations Between the Kings of England & Scotland Under the Early Plantagenets (1897): 83, footnote 1). Grasilier Cartulaires Inédits de la Saintonge 2: Cartulaire de l'Abbaye Royale de Notre-Dame de Saintes (1871): 13-16, 19-21, 35-36, 36 (charter of Eleanor [of Aquitaine], Queen of France dated 1151 names her "sister” [sororis], Aelith), 37, 51 (charter of Eleanor [of Aquitaine], Queen of France, dated 1140 names her "aunt" [amite], Agnes [de Barbezieux], Abbess of Saintes; charter witnessed by Aelith, "sister" [sorore] of Queen Eleanor), 52, 78. Delisle Chronique de Robert de Torigni 1 (1872): 192 (birth of King Henry II); 2 (1873): 7 (sub A.D. 1168: Mathieu, Count of Boulogne, styled "kinsman" [cognatum] of King Henry II of England). Wright Feudal Manuals of English Hist. (1872). Matthew of Paris Chronica Majora 2 (Rolls Set.) (1874): 285 (Ralph de Pale styled "uncle" [avunculus] of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine). Montzey Hist. de is Fliche 1 (1877): 137-146. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 12 (1877): 426, 439 (Chron. of Geoffrey Vosiensis: Sarah daughter of Reynold, Earl of Cornwall and wife of Ademar, Vicomte of Limoges styled "kinswoman" [consanguineam] of King Henry II of England). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 15 (1878): 767-768 (P[etrus Raimundi], Abbot of Saint Maxent, styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] by Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England in letters dated 1161). Eyton Court, Household & Intinerary of King Henry II (1878): 8 (Henry [de Sully], Abbot of Fécamp, styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by King Henry II). Stubbs Hist. Works of Gervase of Canterbury 1 (Rolls Ser. 73) (1879): 93 (birth of King Henry II), 140-141 (David I, King of Scots, styled "kinsman" [consanguineum] of King Henry II of England). Delisle Cartulaire Normand (1882). Bain Cal. Docs. Rel. Scotland 2 (1884): 15-17 (Robert de Courtenay, Knt., styled "kinsma
  
  === Children: ===
  Children:
  1. Henry, mar Margaret, dau of Louis VII of France
  2. Matilda, mar Henry the Lion, Duke of Sasony
  3. Richard I, Coeur de Lion, King of England
  4. Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany b. September 23, 1158 , d. Augus t 19,1186, mar. Constance (dau of the Duke of Brittany). Kille d in atournament.
  5. Eleanor, who married Alphonso VIII, King of Castile
  6. John, King of England
  7. William
  8. Phillip
  9. Joanna
  
  HENRY II CURTMANTLE (r. 1154-1189)
  Henry II ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish borderto the Pyrenees. One of the strongest, most energetic and imaginativerulers, Henry was the inheritor of three dynasties who had acquiredAquitaine by marriage; his charters listed them: 'King of the English,Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians an d Count of the Angevins'. TheKing spent only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 yearswere spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France.Henry's rapid movements in carrying out his dynastic responsibilitiesastonished the French king, who noted 'now in England, now inNormandy, he must fly rather than travel by horse or ship'.
  
  By 1158, Henry had restored to the Crown some of the lands and r oyalpower lost by Stephen; Malcom IV of Scotland was compelle d to returnthe northern counties. Locally chosen sheriffs were changed intoroyally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collectingtaxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law,Henry made use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices(judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown.His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of EnglishCommon Law.
  
  Henry's disagreements with the Archbishop of Canterbury (the kin g'sformer chief adviser), Thomas Becket, over Church-State re lationsended in Becket's murder in 1170 and a papal interdict o n England.Family disputes over territorial ambitions almost wre cked the king'sachievements. Henry died in France in 1189, at war with his sonRichard, who had joined forces with King Philip of France to attackNormandy.[beaufort.ged]
  
  Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty forCommoner s', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. Heruled an emp ire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. Inspite of frequent ho stitilties with the French King his own familyand rebellious Barons (culm inating in the great revolt of 1173-74)and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained control over hispossessions until shortly before his death. His judicial andadministrative reforms which increased Royal co ntrol and influence atthe expense of the Barons were of great constitutional importance.Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Henry II 'Curt Mantel,'Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England be cameking in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the mostfamous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aquitaine under hiscontrol. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and easternIreland. Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting thepower of the nobles. He also tried to make the Roman Catholic Churchin England submit to his authority. This policy brought him intoconflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of theking's knights murdered Becket while he was at vespers in hiscathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common law, rather than the revisedRoman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by juryand circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelledagainst him. Two of them, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, becamethe next two kings of England.
  
  REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conquerorrequest ed a large number of Jews to move to England after hisconquest. They spo ke Norman & did well under his reign. Theycontinued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.
  
  REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89)ruled o ver an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to thePyrenees. Ma rried to Eleanor, the heiress of Aquitaine, the kingspent only 13 yea rs of his reign
  in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in histerritor ies in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to thecrown so me of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example,locally chos en sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agentscharged with enforc ing the law and collecting taxes in the counties.Personally interest ed in government and law, Henry strengthened royaljustice, making u se of juries and re-introduced the sending ofjustices (judges) on regul ar tours of the country to try cases forthe
  Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder ofEngli sh Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop ofCanterbury,
  Thomas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in117 0. Family disputes almost wrecked the king's achievements and hedied in 1 189 at war with his sons.
  
  Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed tothe Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French Kinghis o wn family and rebellious Barons (culminating in the great revoltof 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintainedcontrol over his possessions until short ly before his death. Hisjudicial and administrative reforms which increas ed Royal control andinfluence at the expense of the Barons were of great constitutionalimportance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy.
  Henry II, first of the Angevin kings, was one of the most effective ofa ll England's monarchs. He came to the throne amid the anarchy ofStephen 's reign and promptly collared his errant barons. He refinedNorman govern ment and created a capable, self-standing bureaucracy.His energy was equaled only by his amb ition and intelligence. Henrysurvived wars, rebellion, and controversy to successfully rule one ofthe Middle Ages' most powerful kingdoms.
  
  Henry was raised in the French province of Anjou and first visitedEngland in 1142 to defend his mother's claim to the disputed throne ofStephen. His continental possessions were already vast before hiscoronatio n: He acquired Normandy and Anjou upon the death of hisfather in September 1151, and his French holdings more than doubledwith his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane (ex-wi fe of King Louis VIIof France). In accordance with the Treaty of Wallingf ord, asuccession agreement signed by Stephen and Matilda in 1153, Henry wascrowned in October 115 4. The continental empire ruled by Henry andhis sons included the Fren ch counties of Brittany, Maine, Poitou,Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitan e, and Normandy. Henry wastechnically a feudal vassal of the king of France but, in reality,owned m ore territory and was more powerful than his French lord.Although King Jo hn (Henry's son) lost most of the English holdings inFrance, English kings laid claim to the French throne until thefifteenth century. Henry also extended his territo ry in the BritishIsles in two significant ways. First, he retrieved Cumbr ia andNorthumbria form Malcom IV of Scotland and settled the Anglo-Scot border in the North.
  Secondly, although his success with Welsh campaigns was limited, Henryinv aded Ireland and secured an English presence on the island.English and Norman barons in Stephen's reign manipulated feudal law tound ermine royal authority; Henry instituted many reforms to weakentradition al feudal ties and strengthen his position. Unauthorizedcastles built dur ing the previous reign were razed. Monetary paymentsreplaced military service as the primary du ty of vassals. TheExchequer was revitalized to enforce accurate record keeping and taxcollection. Incompetent sheriffs were replaced and the autho rity ofroyal courts was expanded. Henry empowered a new social class ofgovernment clerks th at stabilized procedure - the government couldoperate effectively in t he king's absence and would subsequentlyprove sufficiently tenacious to s urvive the reign of incompetentkings. Henry's reforms allowed the emergence of a body of comm on lawto replace the disparate customs of feudal and county courts. Ju rytrials were initiated to end the old Germanic trials by ordeal orbattle. Henry's systematic approach to law provided a common basis fordevelopment of royal instituti ons throughout the entire realm.
  
  The process of strengthening the royal courts, however, yielded anunexpec ted controversy. The church courts instituted by William theConqueror bec ame a safe haven for criminals of varying degree andability, for one in fifty of the English
  population qualified as clerics. Henry wished to transfer sentencingin su ch cases to the royal courts, as church courts merely demotedclerics to laymen. Thomas Beckett, Henry's close friend and chancellorsince 1155, w as named Archbishop of
  Canterbury in June 1162 but distanced himself from Henry andvehemently op posed the weakening
  
  Henry II Plantagenet (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), was Duke ofAnjou and King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times,controlled par ts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and westernFrance. His soubrique ts include "Curt Mantle" (because of thepractical short cloaks he wore ), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "TheLion of Justice," which had been used for his grandfather Henry I. Hewould be known as the first of the Ange vin Kings.
  
  Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign was oneof efficient consolidation. Henry II is regarded as England's greatestmedieval king.
  
  He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her secondhusband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou. He was brought up in Anjouand visit ed England in 1142 to help his mother in her disputed claimto the English throne.
  
  Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; h
  
  === == Biography == ===
  == Biography ==
  : Walter De Burgh, of Burgh, near Aylsham, Norfolk, England, married Alice (Unknown). ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', by Douglas Richardson (2013), Vol II #1, page 12 "They had four sons, William, Hubert, Knt. [Earl of Kent], Thomas, Knt., and Geoffrey [Bishop of Ely], and one daughter, (name unknown), who married the Robert de Blundville. Walter's wife Alice was buried in the church of Walsingham, Norfolk.
  
  === Research Notes ===: Birth and Death Dates: Neither Richardson, nor Medieval Lands, nor Marlyn Lewis at ''Our Royal, Titled, Noble and Commoner Ancestors & Cousins'' attempts to assign birth, marriage, or death dates Walter Burgh. A marriage date of before 1170 might be estimated from the careers of his children, and a birth date might be loosely estimated from the marriage date, but Richardson does not even give a death date, which is unusual in his biographies. We should not attempt to give any hard and fast dates for this ancestor.[[Dellinger-332|Dellinger-332]]
  : Parentage: Neither Medieval Lands nor Richardson assigns parents toWalter de Burgh.
  : [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#_Toc388773395 ''Medieval Lands''], notes the following::: "The Complete Peerage quotes a charter, dated to [1230], under which her son Hubert de Burgh donated the advowson of Oulton church, Norfolk to Walsingham for the soul of "Alice my mother who rests in the church of Walsingham"."
  ''No more info is currently available. Can you add to this biography?''
  
  == Sources ==
  * Richardson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1463561687/sr=8-1/qid=1397864689/ref=olp_product_details?ie=UTF8&me=&qid=1397864689&seller=&sr=8-1 Royal Ancestry]'' (2013) Douglas Richardson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1463561687/sr=8-1/qid=1397864689/ref=olp_product_details?ie=UTF8&me=&qid=1397864689&seller=&sr=8-1 Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families]'', 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham, (Salt Lake City, Utah: the author, 2013), volume II, page 12
  * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#_Toc388773395 ''Medieval Lands''], ["England, earls created 1067-1122, Chapter 4. Kent, B. Earl of Kent 1227-1243 (HUBERT de Burgh)]
  * [http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p166.htm#i4968 ''Walter de Burgh''], at [http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/ ''Our Royal, Titled, Noble and Commoner Ancestors &Cousins''] database online, compiled by Mr. Marlyn Lewis, follows Douglas Richardson's ''Royal Ancestry''. More references to Richardson's work may be found there.
  
  * Created through the import of Sheppard_Duncan_Bickham_Stroud.ged on 01 February 2011. * WikiTree profile De Burgh-186 created through the import of Rhodes 2011_2011-07-09_01_01.ged on Jul 9, 2011 by [[Rhodes[http://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Special:NetworkFeed&who=De Burgh-186 Changes page] for the details of edits by Tom and others.* Thank you to [[Hoey-17 | Bazz Hoey]] for [http://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Special:NetworkFeed&who=De Burgh-253 creating] De Burgh-253 on 2 Sep 13. Click the Changes tab for the details on contributions by Bazz and others.
  
  
  
  === familylore.org/index.php?title=Henry_II,_King_of_England ===
  Henry II, King of England
  Henry II of England cropped.jpg
  Henry II, King of England
  Title/Occupation: King of England, ... "House of Anjou/Angevin/Plantagenet"
  
  Education:
  
  Born: 05 March 1133, Le Mans, France
  Died: 6 July 1189 (aged 56), Chinon Castle, France
  Buried: Fontevraud Abbey, France
  
  Mother: Empress Matilda of England
  Father: Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Siblings:
  Spouse: Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of King John and Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile. Ida de Tosny, mother of William Longespee, mistress and royal ward of Henry II, later became wife of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
  Issue: John, King of England; Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile; William Longespee, ("Gateway Ancestor" Olive Welby is a direct descendant of King John, William Longespee, and Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile.
  
  Also Known As
  Henry Curtmantle
  Henry Plantagenet
  Curt Mantel
  French: Court-manteau
  Background
  From Wikipedia:
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois, and was made Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153: Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later.
  Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his royal grandfather, Henry I. During the early years of the younger Henry's reign he restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire, often at Louis' expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties no lasting agreement was reached. By 1172, he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France, an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire.
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children. As they grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Flanders and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by his vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John, but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry would make John king, and a final rebellion broke out in 1189. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon in Anjou, where he died.
  
  Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his youngest son John. Many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule, however, had long-term consequences. Henry's legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland shaped the development of their societies and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. Late-20th-century historians have combined British and French historical accounts of Henry, challenging earlier Anglo-centric interpretations of his reign.
  For source references and to learn more: Link to Wikipedia page on Henry II of England
  
  Notable
  
  (Henry II would come into serious conflict with Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett concerning the power of church vs. state. Their conflict would end with several of Henry's knights taking the matter into their own hands by brutally murdering Becket after hearing Henry declare his wish that someone could solve the Becket problem for him.)
  
  Martyrdom of Becket: Miniature from an English psalter presenting a spirited account of the murder, c. 1250, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
  
  Categories: House of Anjou/Angevin/PlantagenetNobilityKing
  
  === Henry Plantagenet became the first of th ===
  Henry Plantagenet became the first of the Plantagenet (or Angevin) kings. His ascent to the throne of England in 1154 began the reign of the Plantagenet Dynasty. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age produced three sons. Richard the Lion-hearted, John and Geoffrey . In later years, Eleanor and Henry II lost affection for one another, and she supported a revolt against him which failed in 1173. Henry had her put in prison where she remained until his death in 1189. She spent her last years in a convent in France, where she died at the age of 82.
  
  === SORLEY'S PEDIGREES (GS NUMBER Q929.242 S ===
  SORLEY'S PEDIGREES (GS NUMBER Q929.242 SO68) P.16, 45;
  
  === HENRY II b. 4/5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Main ===
  HENRY II b. 4/5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Maine d. 6 Jul 1189, Chinon Castle, Anjou Title: By the Grace of God, King of the English and Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins (Dei Gracia Rex Anglorum et Dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum et comes Andegavorum) [from 19 Dec 1154]1 Reign: 19 Dec 1154 - 6 Jul 1189 Chronology: 19 Dec 1154, crowned, Westminster Abbey 6 Jul 1189, deceased Other names/titles: Duke of Normandy (from 1149/1150); Count of Anjou and Maine and Touraine (from 7 Sep 1151); Duke of Aquitaine (from 18 May 1152); byname: Henry FitzEmpress Henry was the son of Geoffroi "Plantagenêt", count of Anjou, and Empress Matilda , who was the daughter of King Henry I . Henry was invested with the duchy of Normandy by his father in 1149/1150, and when the latter died (1151) the 18-year-old Henry also became the count of Anjou and Maine and Touraine. In 1152 Henry married Eleanor (Aliénor), duchess of Aquitaine, almost immediately after the annulment of her marriage to Louis VII <../fran/louis7.htm> of France. In 1153 Henry took up the claim of his mother to the throne of England occupied by Stephen of Blois since 1135. An expedition to England undertaken by Henry in 1153 resulted in signing the treaty of Winchester (6 Nov 1153). Stephen retained the kingship for his lifetime and Henry was acknowledged as heir to Stephen by a charter issued at Westminster on 25 Dec 1153. Stephen died on 25 Oct 1154 and Henry reached England, after storm delays, on 7 Dec 1154. He was crowned as King Henry II on 19 Dec 1154. The early years of Henry's reign witnessed the struggle with powerful English barons, who gained lands and castles during the anarchy of Stephen's time. After he settled the claims of his brother, Geoffrey, to Anjou and Maine, Henry recovered the northern counties from Scotland. In 1158-1163 Henry worked on strengthening and expanding the Angevin continental possessions2, but major expedition to Toulouse p roved to be a failure. The consolidation of royal authority in England under Henry II led to legal reforms. The Constitutions of Clarendon, approved by a great council in early 1164, changed the practices of ecclesiastical courts separated from the temporal by the edict of William I . Defending the old tradition, Henry's close friend and chancellor since 1155, Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, opposed the royal justice. The long conflict between the king and the archbishop came to an end when Becket was murdered at Canterbury (29 Dec 1170) by four of Henry's knights. In October 1171 Henry II landed in Ireland to conquer the island and was accepted as overlord by the Irish kings. In 1173 Henry's eldest son, Henry the "Young King", launched a rebellion against his father followed by a series of wars between the old king and his sons. The deaths of the "Young King" (1183) and his brother, Geoffrey (1186), gave no respite to Henry. In 1189 his third son, Richard (later King Richard I ), with the assistance of Philippe II <../fran/philippe2.htm> of France, attacked and defeated Henry, forcing him to accept a humiliating peace at Colombières (4 Jul 1189). Worn out and ill, the king died two days later (6 Jul 1189). Notes: 1 Before his coronation at Westminster, Henry used the style "dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum et comes Andegavorum". The words "dei gracia" ("By the Grace of God") appearing on the Great Seal since the time of William II , were not, as a rule, added to the style of the king in charters and writs until May 1172, when Henry II commenced a practice which has since been consistently followed. 2 Absences: 10 Jan 1156 - Apr 1157; 14 Aug 1158 - 25 Jan 1163; Mar 1166 - 3 Mar 1170; Jun 1170 - Sep 1171; Oct 1171 - Apr 1172; May 1172 - 8 Jul 1174; 8 Aug 1174 - 9 May 1175; 18 Aug 1177 - 15 Jul 1178; Apr 1180 - 26 Jul 1181; 4 Mar 1182 - 10 Jun 1184 (1183?); 16 Apr 1185 - 27 Apr 1186; 17 Feb 1187 - 30 Jan 1188; 10 Jul 1188 - 6 Jul 1189. Source: text: "Handbook of British Chronology", 3rd ed., 1986; "Henry II", by W.L. Warren (University of California Press, Berkeley 1973); "Henry II, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine", by Z.N. Brooke and C.N.L. Brooke, ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW 61 (1946), pp. 81-89; image: tomb effigy of King Henry II, Fontevrault Abbey, Anjou. © 2002 National Politics Web Guide*Last Update: 12.02.2003 The early Plantagenets Henry II (1154–89) Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet, the first and greatest of three Angevin kings of England, succeeded Stephen in 1154. Aged 21, he already possessed a reputation for restless energy and decisive action. He was to inherit vast lands. As heir to his mother and to Stephen he held England and Normandy; as heir to his father he held Anjou (hence Angevin), Maine, and Touraine; as heir to his brother Geoffrey he obtained Brittany; as husband of Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis VII of France, he held Aquitaine, the major part of southwestern France. Altogether his holdings in France were far larger than thoseof the French king. They have become known as the Angevin empire, although Henry never in fact claimed any imperial rights or used the title of emperor. From the beginning Henry showed himself determined to assert andmaintain his rights in all his lands. In England this meant reasserting the centralized power of his grandfather, Henry I. His success in these aims is the measure of his greatness. History The early Plantagenets Henry II (1154–89) Government of England In the first decade of his reign Henry was largely concerned with continental affairs, though he made sure that the adulterine castles in England were destroyed. Many of the earldoms created in the anarchy of Stephen's reign were allowed to lapse. Major change in England began in the mid-1160s. The Assize of Clarendon of 1166, and that of Northampton 10 years later, promoted public order. Juries were used to provide evidence of what cr imes had been committed and to bring accusations. New forms of legal action were introduced, notably the so-called possessory assizes, which determined who had the right to immediate possession of land, not who had the best fundamental right. That could be decided by the grand assize, by means of which a jury of 12 knights would decide the case. The use of standardized forms of writ greatly simplified judicial administration. “Returnable” writs, which had to be sent backby the sheriffs to the central administration, enabled the crown to check that its instructions were obeyed. An increasing number of cases came before royal courts rather than private feudal courts. Henry I's practice of sending out itinerant justices was extended and systematized. In 1170 a major inquiry into local administration, the Inquest of Sheriffs, was held, and many sheriffs were dismissed. There were important changes to the military system. In 1166 the tenants in chief were commanded to disclose the number of knights enfeoffed on their lands so that Henry could take proper financial advantage of changes that had taken place since his grandfather's day. Scutage (money payment in lieu of military service) was an important sourceof funds, and Henry preferred scutage to service because mercenaries were more efficient than feudal contingents. In the Assize of Arms of 1181 Henry determined the arms and equipment appropriate to every free man, based on hisincome from land. This measure, which could be seen as arevival of the principles of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd, was intended to provide for a local militia, which could be used against invasion, rebellion, or for peacekeeping. Struggle with Thomas Becket Henry attempted to restore the close relationship between church and state that had existed under the Norman kings. His first move was the appointment in 1162 of Thomas Becket as archbishop of Canterbury. Henry assumed that Becket, who had served efficiently as chancellor since 1155 and been a cl ose companion to him, would continue to do so as archbishop. Becket, however, disappointed him. Once appointed archbishop, he became a militant defender of the church against royal encroachment and a champion of the papal ideology of ecclesiastical supremacy over the lay world. The struggle between Henry and Becket reached a crisis at the Council of Clarendon in 1164. In the Constitutions of Clarendon Henry tried to set down in writing the ancient customs of the land. The most controversial issue proved to be that of jurisdiction over “criminous clerks” (clerics who had committed crimes); the king demanded that such men should, after trial in church courts, be sent for punishment in royal courts. Becket initially accepted the Constitutions but would not sethis seal to them. Shortly thereafter, however, he suspendedhimself from office for the sin of yielding to the royal will in the matter. Although he failed to obtain full papal support at this stage, Alexander III ultimately came to his aid over the Constitutions. Later in 1164 Becket was charged with peculation of royal funds when chancellor. After Becket had taken flight for France, the king confiscated the revenues of his province, exiled his friends, and confiscated their revenues. In 1170 Henry had his eldest son crowned king by the archbishop of York, not Canterbury, as was traditional. Becket, in exile, appealed to Rome and excommunicated the clergy who had taken part in the ceremony. A reconciliation between Becket and Henry at the end of the same year settled none of the points at issue.When Becket returned to England, he took further measures against the clergy who had taken part in the coronation. In Normandy the enraged king, hearing the news, burst out with the fateful words that incited four of his knights to take ship for England and murder the archbishopin Canterbury Cathedral. Almost overnight the martyred Thomas became a saint in the eyes of the people. Henry repudiated responsibility for the murder and r
  === Life Sketch ===
  Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
  Father Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Mother Empress Matilda
  Born 5 March 1133 Le Mans, Maine, Kingdom of France
  Died 6 July 1189 (aged 56) Chinon Castle, Chinon, Touraine, Kingdom of France
  Burial Fontevraud Abbey, Anjou, France
  Spouse Eleanor of Aquitaine ​(m. 1152)​
  
  Issue
  - William IX, Count of Poitiers
  - Henry the Young King
  - Matilda, Duchess of Saxony
  - Richard I, King of England
  - Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
  - Eleanor, Queen of Castile
  - Joan, Queen of Sicily
  - John, King of England
  Illegitimate:
  - Geoffrey, Archbishop of York
  - William, Earl of Salisbury
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185. Before he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France; an area that was later called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland and the Duchy of Brittany.
  
  Henry became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Henry was an energetic and ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII, and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached.
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children—three daughters and five sons. Three of his sons would be king, though Henry the Young King was named his father's co-ruler rather than a stand-alone king. As the sons grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard (later king) and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John (later king), but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. By 1189, Young Henry and Geoffrey were dead, and Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry II would make John king, leading to a final rebellion. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by Richard.
  
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
  
  Alfonso VIII of Castile - the Good
  Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Alfonso VIII
  King of Castile and Toledo
  Reign 31 August 1158 – 5 October 1214
  Predecessor Sancho III
  Successor Henry I
  Consort Eleanor of England
  among others..
  
  William Longespee
  Sir William Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February 1250) was an English knight and crusader, the son of William Longespée and Ela, Countess of Salisbury. His death became of significant importance to the Eng
  
  History of Eleanor of England (1161-1214)
  Eleanor of England (Spanish: Leonor; c.1161 – 31 October 1214), was Queen of Castile and Toledo[3] as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile. She was the sixth child and second daughter of Henry II, King of
  
  BIO
  BIO: from http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL1.htm#WilliamLongespeedied12491250 as of 5/28/2016
  
  WILLIAM Longespee (before 1209-killed in battle Mansurah 7 Feb 1250). The B
  
  BIO
  BIO: from http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLAND,%20Kings%201066-1603.htm#HenriIIdied1189B as of 1/23/2016
  
  HENRI d’Anjou, son of GEOFFROY "le Bel/Plantagenet" Comte d'Anjou et de Maine & his wife [
  
  en.Wikipedia Henry II of England
  King of England:
  Reign
  19 December 1154 – 6 July 1189
  Coronation
  19 December 1154
  Predecessor
  Stephen
  Successor
  Richard I
  Junior king
  Henry the Young King
  
  Born
  5 March 1133
  Le Mans, Maine, Kingd
  
  Henry II, King of England - Notes from Different Sources
  Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson, Vol 1 pgs 18, 24/5, 542; Vol. 3 pg 21; Vol. 5 pg 170
  Knt, King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine. He was
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189)
  Henry II (5 March 1133 - 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke o
  
  Vida
  também conhecido como Henrique Curtmantle, Henrique FitzEmpress ou Henrique Plantageneta, foi o Rei da Inglaterra de 1154 até sua morte, também governando como Conde de Anjou, Conde de Maine, Duque da
  
  === The strong ruler was found in Henry Plan ===
  The strong ruler was found in Henry Plantagenet, count of Anjou. His mother was Matilda (or Maud), daughter of Henry I of England; his father was Geoffrey of Anjou. He came to the throne of England as Henry II, first of the Plantagenet line of kings, who were to rule England for 245 years. By marriage and inheritance, he came into possession of all western France. He spent most of his long reign, 1154-89, in his French possessions; yet he became one of England's great rulers.
  
  Henry II sent out trained justices (judges) on circuit to different towns in England to sit in the county courts. The judges kept records of their cases. When one judge had decided a case, other judges trying the same kind of case were likely to adopt the decision that had been recorded. In the course of years, legal principles came to be based on these decisions. Because this case law applied to all Englishmen equally, it came to be called the common law. The circuit justices also made more extensive use of juries and started the grand jury system in criminal law.
  
  Henry carried on a long and bitter struggle with Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who asserted the independence of the church courts against the king's authority. The church triumphed when Becket was murdered. After making peace with the pope, Henry did penance at Becket's tomb. Becket became a sainted martyr, and for centuries people made pilgrimages to his shrine at Canterbury, Kent, England.
  
  Richard the Lion-Hearted, the brave and reckless son of Henry II, succeeded his father in 1189. After a few months he left England and went off on his long crusade. The country suffered little in his absence because Hubert Walter governed it better than Richard himself would have.
  
  His wife was his third cousin, once removed and their common ancestors were Robert I, Duke of Normandy and Arlette Fulbert.
  
  === *Henry II "Plantagenet" King of England ===
  *Henry II "Plantagenet" King of England
  born 5 March 1133 Le Mans, Sarthe, France
  died 6 July 1189 Chinon, Indre-et-Loire, France
  buried 8 July 1189 Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-Et-Loire, France
  
  father:
  *Geoffrey V "le Bon" Plantagenet
  born 24 August 1113 Anjou, France
  died 7 September 1151 Chateau, France
  
  mother:
  *Matilda (Maud) Empress of Germany
  born before 5 August 1102 London, Middlesex, England
  died 10 Sepptember 1169 Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  buried Bec Abbey, Le Bec-Hellouin, Eure, France
  married 22 May 1127 Le Mans, Sarthe, France
  
  siblings:
  Agnes Plantagenet born about 1130 < Le Mans, Sarthe, France> died 1192 Anyore, England
  Geoffrey VI "Mantell" Plantagenet Count of Nantes born 3 June 1134 Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  died 27 July 1157 Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France buried Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, France
  Guillaume Plantagenet Count of Poitou born 22 July 1136 Argentan, Orne, France
  died 30 January 1163/1164 Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France buried Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France
  Emma Plantagenet Princess of Wales born about 1138 Normandy, France
  
  spouse:
  *Elâeonore Princess of Aquitane
  born 1121/22 Chateau de Belin, Bordeaux, Aquitaine
  died 31 March 1204 Poitiers, Poitou, Aquitaine
  buried Abbaye de Fontevrault, Fontevrault, France
  married 11 May 1152 Bordeaux, Gironde, France
  
  children:
  *John "Lackland" King of England
  born 24 December 1166 Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
  died 19 October 1216 Newark, Nottinghamshire, England
  buried Cathedral, Worcester, Worcestershire, England
  William Prince of England born 17 August 1152 Le Mans, France
  died April 1156 Wallingford Castle, Wallingford, Berkshire, England
  buried Reading, Berkshire, England
  Henry Prince of England born 28 March 1155 Bermandsey Palace, London, England
  died 11 June 1183 Chãateau de Mortel, Turenne, Aquitaine buried Rouen, Normandie
  *Richard I "Coeur De Lion" King of England
  born 13 September 1157 Beaumont Palace, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
  died 6 April 1199 Chalus, France buried Fontevrault L'Ab, France
  Philip Prince of England born about 1160 England died about 1160/62 Infant
  *Eleanor Princess of England born 13 October 1162 Domfront, Normandie
  christened Domfront, Normandie
  died 25 October 1214 Las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain
  buried Monasterio de las Huelgas, Burgos, Spain
  Joanna Princess of England born October 1164/65 Angers, France
  died 4 September 1199 Rouen, Normandie buried Fontevrault L'Ab, France
  Matilda Princess of England born 1156 London, Middlesex, England
  christened Aldgate, London, Middlesex, England died 28 June 1189 Brunswick, Germany
  buried St. Blasius, Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
  Geoffrey Prince of England born 23 September 1158 England
  died 19 August 1186 Paris, France buried Notre Dame, Paris, France
  
  concubine:
  *Rosamond de Clifford
  born about 1136 Clifford Castle, Clifford, Herefordshire, England
  died about 1176 Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England
  buried about 1176 Godstow Nunnery, Wolvercote, Oxfordshire, England
  (not married)
  
  children (from concubine):
  *William "Longêpee" Prince of England
  born about 1173 England
  died 7 March 1225/26 England
  buried Cathedral, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
  
  biographical and/or anecdotal:
  
  notes or source:
  LDS
  
  === Henry Plantagenet became the first of th ===
  Henry Plantagenet became the first of the Plantagenet (or Angevin) kings. His ascent to the throne of England in 1154 began the reign of the Plantagenet Dynasty. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the most famous woman of the age produced three sons. Richard the Lion-hearted, John and Geoffrey . In later years, Eleanor and Henry II lost affection for one another, and she supported a revolt against him which failed in 1173. Henry had her put in prison where she remained until his death in 1189. She spent her last years in a convent in France, where she died at the age of 82.
  
  === SOURCE ===
  SOURCE
  1 > wikipedia
  Sir William II Longespée (c. 1212 – 8 February, 1250) was the son of William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, an English noble. His death became of significant importance to the English psyche, having died as a martyr due to the purported mistakes, and arrogance, of the French at the Battle of Mansurah, near Al-Mansurah in Egypt.
  Longespee made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 1240, and again in 1247. The second time, he proceeded to Rome and made a plea to Pope Innocent IV for support:
  "Sir, you see that I am signed with the cross and am on my journey with the King of France to fight in this pilgrimage. My name is great and of note, viz., William Longespee, but my estate is slender, for the King of England, my kinsman and liege lord, hath bereft me of the title of earl and of that estate, but this he did judiciously, and not in displeasure, and by the impulse of his will; therefore I do not blame him for it. Howbeit, I am necessitated to have recourse to your holiness for favour, desiring your assistance in this distress. We see here (quoth he) that Earl Richard (of Cornwall) who, though he is not signed with the cross, yet, through the especial grace of your holiness, he hath got very much money from those who are signed, and therefore, I, who am signed and in want, do intreat the like favour."[1]
  Having succeeded in gaining the favour of the Pope, Longespee raised a company of 200 English horse to join with Louis IX on his crusade. To raise funds for his expedition, he sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of the town of Poole in 1248 for 70 marks.[2] During the Seventh Crusade, Longespee commanded the English forces. He became widely known for his feats of chivalry and his subsequent martyrdom. The circumstances of his death served to fuel growing English animosity toward the French; it is reported that the French Count d'Artois lured Longespee into attacking the Mameluks before the forces of King Louis IX arrived in support. Robert d'Artois, William II Longespee and his men, along with 280 Knights Templar, were killed at this time.
  It is said that his mother, Abbess Ela Longespee, had a vision of the martyr being received into heaven by angels just one day prior to his death. In 1252, the Sultan delivered Longespee's remains to a messenger who conveyed them to Acre (Akko) for burial at the church of St. Cross. However, his effigy is found amongst family members at Salisbury Cathedral, in England.
  
  === == Biography == ===
  == Biography ==
  : Walter De Burgh, of Burgh, near Aylsham, Norfolk, England, married Alice (Unknown). ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', by Douglas Richardson (2013), Vol II #1, page 12 "They had four sons, William, Hubert, Knt. [Earl of Kent], Thomas, Knt., and Geoffrey [Bishop of Ely], and one daughter, (name unknown), who married the Robert de Blundville. Walter's wife Alice was buried in the church of Walsingham, Norfolk.
  
  === Research Notes ===: Birth and Death Dates: Neither Richardson, nor Medieval Lands, nor Marlyn Lewis at ''Our Royal, Titled, Noble and Commoner Ancestors & Cousins'' attempts to assign birth, marriage, or death dates Walter Burgh. A marriage date of before 1170 might be estimated from the careers of his children, and a birth date might be loosely estimated from the marriage date, but Richardson does not even give a death date, which is unusual in his biographies. We should not attempt to give any hard and fast dates for this ancestor.[[Dellinger-332|Dellinger-332]]
  : Parentage: Neither Medieval Lands nor Richardson assigns parents toWalter de Burgh.
  : [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#_Toc388773395 ''Medieval Lands''], notes the following::: "The Complete Peerage quotes a charter, dated to [1230], under which her son Hubert de Burgh donated the advowson of Oulton church, Norfolk to Walsingham for the soul of "Alice my mother who rests in the church of Walsingham"."
  ''No more info is currently available. Can you add to this biography?''
  
  == Sources ==
  * Richardson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1463561687/sr=8-1/qid=1397864689/ref=olp_product_details?ie=UTF8&me=&qid=1397864689&seller=&sr=8-1 Royal Ancestry]'' (2013) Douglas Richardson, ''[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1463561687/sr=8-1/qid=1397864689/ref=olp_product_details?ie=UTF8&me=&qid=1397864689&seller=&sr=8-1 Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families]'', 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham, (Salt Lake City, Utah: the author, 2013), volume II, page 12
  * [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm#_Toc388773395 ''Medieval Lands''], ["England, earls created 1067-1122, Chapter 4. Kent, B. Earl of Kent 1227-1243 (HUBERT de Burgh)]
  * [http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p166.htm#i4968 ''Walter de Burgh''], at [http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/ ''Our Royal, Titled, Noble and Commoner Ancestors &Cousins''] database online, compiled by Mr. Marlyn Lewis, follows Douglas Richardson's ''Royal Ancestry''. More references to Richardson's work may be found there.
  
  * Created through the import of Sheppard_Duncan_Bickham_Stroud.ged on 01 February 2011. * WikiTree profile De Burgh-186 created through the import of Rhodes 2011_2011-07-09_01_01.ged on Jul 9, 2011 by [[Rhodes[http://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Special:NetworkFeed&who=De Burgh-186 Changes page] for the details of edits by Tom and others.* Thank you to [[Hoey-17 | Bazz Hoey]] for [http://www.wikitree.com/index.php?title=Special:NetworkFeed&who=De Burgh-253 creating] De Burgh-253 on 2 Sep 13. Click the Changes tab for the details on contributions by Bazz and others.
  
  
  
  === Royal Ancestry Biography ===
  “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “HENRY II OF ENGLAND (otherwise HENRY FITZ GEOFFREY, or HENRY FITZ EMPRESS), Knt., King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine, born at Le Mans in Maine 5 March 1133. He was knighted at Carlisle by his great uncle, David, King of Scotland, at Whitsuntide 1149. He married at Bordeaux, France 18 May 1152 ELEANOR (or ALIENOR) OF AQUITAINE, former wife of Louis VII le Jeune (or le Pieux), King of France, Duke of Aquitaine [see FRANCE 6] (divorced 21 March 1152), and daughter and co-heiress of Guillaume X, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou, by his 1st wife, Aénor, daughter of Amaury (or Aimery) I, Vicomte of Châtellerault [see AQUITAINE 4 for her ancestry]. She was born about 1124 (aged 13 in 1137). They had eight children (see below). By various mistresses, he also had a number of illegitimate children, including three sons, Geoffrey [Archbishop of York], William Longespée, Knt. [Earl of Salisbury], and Morgan [Provost of Beverley], and two daughters, including Maud [Abbess of Barking]. By the Treaty of Winchester in 1153, Henry was recognized as King Stephen's heir. He reached England 8 Dec. 1154, and was crowned King of England at Westminster 19 Dec. 1154, with direct rule over England and southern Wales, and a claim to the overlordship of northern Wales. His domain of England, Wales, and the French lands acquired from inheritance and marriage (ruled as separate components) was termed the "Angevin empire" (as his father was Count of Anjou). He had little difficulty in curbing the disorder of Stephen's reign and restoring the royal authority. He encouraged the development of juries of local men in the investigation of crimes, and trial of those accused by royal justices. His writs to sheriffs improved the disposition of claims over possession of property and benefices, thereby discouraging local self-help of violent ejection and usurpation. He was the first king to attempt to break down the feudal system of government by bringing its countless independent jurisdictions into subjection to one uniform judicial administration. In 1158 he confirmed a treaty with King Louis VII of France involving the marriage of Henry's son to the French king's daughter. In the summer of 1159 he launched an unsuccessful expedition against Toulouse, which he claimed as Duke of Aquitaine. His reassertion of the king's rights over the church, in particular that clerics were subject to his courts and not solely to ecclesiastical courts, led to the quarrel with his former chancellor, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered in his cathedral in Dec. 1170. In 1171 Henry invaded Ireland intent on conquest. By Christmas 1171 Waterford, Wexford, Limerick, and Cork were in his hands and all the Irish princes, except the King of Connacht, gave him hostages and promised tribute. In 1178 he reorganized the English curia regis by restricting its highest functions to a small inner tribunal of selected counsellors, which later grew into the court of the king's bench. His final years were marked by quarrels with and between his sons, stirred into rebellion by their mother, from whom he was separated. HENRY II OF ENGLAND, King of England, died testate at Château Chinon, Normandy 6 July 1189 in the midst of a rebellion by his sons. His widow, Eleanor, died at Poitiers (Vienne), France 31 March 1204. They were both buried in the church of the Abbey of Fontevrault (Maine-et-Loire).
  Note: Eleanor of Aquitaine had two daughters by her 1st marriage to Louis VII le Jeune (or le Pieux), King of France [see FRANCE 6], namely Marie of France (died 1198) (wife of Henry [I], Count Palatine of Troyes) [see BLOIS 4] and Alix of France (died c.1197) (wife of Thibaut [V], Count of Blois, Dunois, and Chartres, Seneschal of France [see WYDEVILLE 4]. References: Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 20 (1840): 735 (Chronicon Guillelmi de Nangiaco). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules at de la France 12 (1877): 228 (Extrait d'une Chron. de France, etc.); 13 (1869): 308 i (Ex Roberti Abbatis Appendice ad Sigebertum), 565 (Præpositi Hannoniæ Chronico), 703,708-709 (Chron. of Alberic of Trois-Fontaines); 19 (1880): 336-337. Schwennicke Europæische Stammtafeln 2 (1984): 47 (sub Champagne & Brie). Van Kerrebrouck Les Capétians 987-1328 (2000): 91-105. Wheeler Eleanor of Aquataine: Lord & Lady (2003).
  Sandford Gen. Hist. of the Kings of England (1677): 59-72. Gallia Christiana 2 (1720): 1128 (Agnes de Barbezillo styled "aunt" famital of Queen Eleanor [of Aquitaine), wife of King Louis WI of France). Rawlinson Hist. & Antiqs. of the City, and Cathedral-Church of Hereford (1717): Addenda, 17 (Kalendar of Obits: "II Non. Julius [6 July]. Obitus Henrici Regis Anglie, filie Matildis."). Anselme Hist. de la Maison Royale de France 1 (1725): 76-77. Nichols Coll. of All the Wills (1780): 7-10, 10*-12* (will of King Henry II). L'Art de Vérifier les Dates 2 (1784): 348-365 (sub Comtes de Poitiers, Ducs de Aquitaine). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 13 (1786): 190 (Ex Radulfi de Diceto: Ralph de Fay styled "uncle" [avunculus] of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine). Rymer Fædera 1 (1) (1816): 81-82 (Aimery VII, Vicomte of Thouars, styled "kinsman" by Queen Eleanor). Dugdale Monasticon Anglicanum 4 (1823): 573 (William [Fitz Roy], 4th Earl of Surrey (or Warenne), styled "kinsman" [cognati] by King Henry II). Banks Genealogical Hist. of Divers Fams. of the Ancient Peerage of England (1826): 308-313. Nicolas Testamenta Vetusta 1 (1826): 1-4 (will of King Henry II of England). Gray Scalacronica (1836): 278 (Ermengarde de Beaumont, wife of William the Lion, King of Scots styled "cousin" [cosyn] of King Henry II of England). Historiæ Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (Surtees Soc. 9) (1839): Appendix, pg. 1, charter no. xixii (Hugh [du Puiset], Bishop of Durham, styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by King Henry II). Strickland Lives of the Queens of England 1 (1840): 304-378 (biog. of Eleanora of Aquitaine). Pertz Chronica et Annales ævi Salui (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores 6) (1844): (Roberti de Monte Cronica [Robert de Torigni]): 505 (sub 1156) & 506 (sub 1157: Thierry, Count of Flanders, and his wife, [Sibyl of Anjou], she styled "aunt" [amita] of King Henry II), 508 (sub 1158: Thibaut, Count of Blois, styled "kinsman" [cognatus]), 512 (sub 1162: William I, King of Sicily, styled "kinsman" [cognatum]), 514 (sub 1165: Philip, Count of Flanders, styled "kinsman" [consobrinum], 515 (sub 1166: [Godred], King of Man, styled "kinsman" on the part of King Henry II's mother, Empress Maud), 519 (sub 1170: Hugh, Earl of Chester, styled "kinsman" [cognate]; Earl Hugh's wife, [Bertrade], daughter of [Simon], Count of Evreux "kinswoman" [cognatam] on the part of King Henry II's father), 527 (sub 1179: Ralph brother of [Richard], Vicomte of Beaumont, styled "kinsman" [cognatus germanus]), 534 (sub 1184: Philip, Count of Flanders, styled "kinsman" [cognate]); 27(1925): 108 (Ex Gestis Henrici II. et Ricardi I.: Ermengarde, daughter of Richard, Vicomte of Beaumont, styled "kinswoman" by King Henry II). Hawley Royal Fam. of England (1851) 18-19. Luard Annales Monastici 2 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1865): 245 (Annals of Waverley sub AD. 1188 - Baldwin [de Revers], Earl of Cornwall, styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] of King Henry II). Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaries de l'Ouest 29 (1865): 372 (Aimery VII, Vicomte of Thouars styled "your cousin and our's" [votre cousin et au notre] by queen Eleanor of Aquitaine in letter to her son, King John dated 1200-1201; also see Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chattes 32 (1871): 412-413). Marchegay & Mabille Chroniques des Eglises d'Anjou (1869): 33 (Chronicæ Sancti Albini Andegavensis: birth of King Henry II), 46 (Chronicæ Sancti Albini Andegavensis: death of King Henry II). Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 2 (Rolls Ser. 51) (1869): 105 (Uchtred Fitz Fergus of Galloway styled "kinsman" of King Henry II; see Wyckoff Feudal Relations Between the Kings of England & Scotland Under the Early Plantagenets (1897): 83, footnote 1). Grasilier Cartulaires Inédits de la Saintonge 2: Cartulaire de l'Abbaye Royale de Notre-Dame de Saintes (1871): 13-16, 19-21, 35-36, 36 (charter of Eleanor [of Aquitaine], Queen of France dated 1151 names her "sister” [sororis], Aelith), 37, 51 (charter of Eleanor [of Aquitaine], Queen of France, dated 1140 names her "aunt" [amite], Agnes [de Barbezieux], Abbess of Saintes; charter witnessed by Aelith, "sister" [sorore] of Queen Eleanor), 52, 78. Delisle Chronique de Robert de Torigni 1 (1872): 192 (birth of King Henry II); 2 (1873): 7 (sub A.D. 1168: Mathieu, Count of Boulogne, styled "kinsman" [cognatum] of King Henry II of England). Wright Feudal Manuals of English Hist. (1872). Matthew of Paris Chronica Majora 2 (Rolls Set.) (1874): 285 (Ralph de Pale styled "uncle" [avunculus] of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine). Montzey Hist. de is Fliche 1 (1877): 137-146. Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 12 (1877): 426, 439 (Chron. of Geoffrey Vosiensis: Sarah daughter of Reynold, Earl of Cornwall and wife of Ademar, Vicomte of Limoges styled "kinswoman" [consanguineam] of King Henry II of England). Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 15 (1878): 767-768 (P[etrus Raimundi], Abbot of Saint Maxent, styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] by Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of England in letters dated 1161). Eyton Court, Household & Intinerary of King Henry II (1878): 8 (Henry [de Sully], Abbot of Fécamp, styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by King Henry II). Stubbs Hist. Works of Gervase of Canterbury 1 (Rolls Ser. 73) (1879): 93 (birth of King Henry II), 140-141 (David I, King of Scots, styled "kinsman" [consanguineum] of King Henry II of England). Delisle Cartulaire Normand (1882). Bain Cal. Docs. Rel. Scotland 2 (1884): 15-17 (Robert de Courtenay, Knt., styled "kinsma
  
  === [close] ===
  [close]
  Henry II of England
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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  "Henry Plantagenet" redirects here. For others, see :Category:House of Plantagenet.
  Henry II
  King of England (more...)
  Reign 25 October 1154 – 6 July 1189
  Coronation 19 December 1154
  Predecessor Stephen
  Successor Richard I
  Junior king Henry the Young King
  Spouse Eleanor of Aquitaine
  Issue
  William IX, Count of Poitiers
  Henry the Young King
  Richard I of England
  Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
  Matilda, Duchess of Saxony
  Eleanor, Queen of Castile
  Joan, Queen of Sicily and Countess of Toulouse
  John of England
  House House of Plantagenet
  Father Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Mother Matilda of England
  Born 5 March 1133(1133-03-05)
  Le Mans, France
  Died 6 July 1189 (aged 56)
  Chinon, France
  Burial Fontevraud Abbey, France
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. Henry was the first to use the title "King of England" (as opposed to "King of the English").
  
  He is also known as Henry Curtmantle or Curtmantel (French: Henri Court-manteau) and Henry Fitz-Empress.
  Contents
  [hide]
  
  * 1 Early life and descent
  * 2 Marriage and legitimate children
  * 3 Appearance
  * 4 Character
  * 5 Construction of an empire
  o 5.1 Henry's claims by blood and marriage
  o 5.2 Taking the English Throne
  o 5.3 Lordship over Ireland
  o 5.4 Consolidation in Scotland
  * 6 Domestic policy
  o 6.1 Dominating nobles
  o 6.2 Legal reform
  * 7 Religious policy
  o 7.1 Strengthening royal control over the church
  o 7.2 Murder of Thomas Becket
  * 8 The Angevin Curse
  o 8.1 Civil war and rebellion
  o 8.2 Death and succession
  * 9 Ancestry
  * 10 Descendants
  * 11 Fictional portrayals
  * 12 See also
  * 13 Notes
  * 14 References and further reading
  * 15 External links
  
  [edit] Early life and descent
  
  Henry II was born in Le Mans, France, on 5 March 1133.[1] His father, Geoffrey V of Anjou (Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Jerusalem), was Count of Anjou and Count of Maine. His mother, Empress Matilda, was a claimant to the English throne as the daughter of Henry I (1100–1135), son of William The Conqueror, Duke of Normandy. His own claim to the throne was strengthened by his descent from both the English Saxon kings and the kings of Scotland through his maternal grandmother Matilda of Scotland, whose father was Malcolm III of Scotland and whose mother was Margaret of Wessex (St. Margaret of Scotland), granddaughter of Edmund Ironside.
  
  He spent his childhood in his father's land of Anjou. At the age of nine, Robert of Gloucester took him to England, where he received education from Master Matthew at Bristol, with the assistance of Adelard of Bath and possibly Geoffrey of Monmouth. In 1144, he was returned to Normandy where his education was continued by William of Conches.[2]
  [edit] Marriage and legitimate children
  See also: List of members of the House of Plantagenet
  
  On 18 May 1152, at Poitiers,[3] at the age of 19, Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine. The wedding was "without the pomp or ceremony that befitted their rank,"[4] partly because only two months previously Eleanor's marriage to Louis VII of France had been annulled. Their relationship, always stormy, eventually disintegrated: after Eleanor encouraged her children to rebel against their father in 1173, Henry had her placed under house arrest, where she remained for fifteen years.[5]
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children, William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. William died in infancy. As a result Henry was crowned as joint king when he came of age. However, because he was never king in his own right, he is known as "Henry the Young King", not Henry III. In theory, Henry would have inherited the throne from his father, Richard his mother's possessions, Geoffrey would have Brittany, and John would be Lord of Ireland. However, fate would ultimately decide much differently.
  
  It has been suggested by John Speed's 1611 book, History of Great Britain, that another son, Philip, was born to the couple. Speed's sources no longer exist, but Philip would presumably have died in early infancy.[6]
  [edit] Appearance
  
  Several sources record Henry's appearance. They all agree that he was very strong, energetic and surpassed his peers athletically.
  
  ...he was strongly built, with a large, leonine head, freckle fiery face and red hair cut short. His eyes were grey and we are told that his voice was harsh and cracked, possibly because of the amount of open-air exercise he took. He would walk or ride until his attendants and courtiers were worn out and his feet and legs were covered with blisters and sores... He would perform all athletic feats.
  
  John Harvey (Modern)
  
  ...the lord king has been red-haired so far, except that the coming of old age and grey hair has altered that colour somewhat. His height is medium, so that neither does he appear great among the small, nor yet does he seem small among the great... curved legs, a horseman's shins, broad chest, and a boxer's arms all announce him as a man strong, agile and bold... he never sits, unless riding a horse or eating... In a single day, if necessary, he can run through four or five day-marches and, thus foiling the plots of his enemies, frequently mocks their plots with surprise sudden arrivals... Always are in his hands bow, sword, spear and arrow, unless he be in council or in books.
  
  Peter of Blois (Contemporary)
  
  A man of reddish, freckled complexion, with a large, round head, grey eyes that glowed fiercely and grew bloodshot in anger, a fiery countenance and a harsh, cracked voice. His neck was poked forward slightly from his shoulders, his chest was broad and square, his arms strong and powerful. His body was stocky, with a pronounced tendency toward fatness, due to nature rather than self-indulgence – which he tempered with exercise.
  
  Gerald of Wales (Contemporary)
  
  [edit] Character
  
  Like his grandfather, Henry I of England, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker, he would sit on councils in person whenever possible. He dressed casually except when tradition dictated otherwise and ate a sparing diet.[7]
  
  He was modest and mixed with all classes easily. "He does not take upon himself to think high thoughts, his tongue never swells with elated language; he does not magnify himself as more than man".[8] His generosity was well-known and he employed a Templar to distribute one tenth of all the food brought to the royal court amongst his poorest subjects.
  
  Henry also had a good sense of humour and was never upset at being the butt of the joke. Once while he sat sulking and occupying himself with needlework, a courtier suggested that such behaviour was to be expected from a descendant of the bastard son of a tanner's daughter (referring to his great-grandfather William the Conqueror being the son of Herleva, daughter of Fulbert a tanner from the Norman town of Falaise). The king rocked with laughter and even explained the joke to those who did not immediately grasp it.[9]
  
  "His memory was exceptional: he never failed to recognise a man he had once seen, nor to remember anything which might be of use. More deeply learned than any king of his time in the western world".[7]
  
  In contrast, the king's temper has been written about. His actions against Thomas Becket are evidence of his blinding temper, along with his conflict with William I of Scotland.[10]
  [edit] Construction of an empire
  Main article: Angevin Empire
  [edit] Henry's claims by blood and marriage
  Henry II depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902).
  
  Henry's father, Geoffrey Plantagenet, held rich lands as a vassal from Louis VII of France. Maine and Anjou were therefore Henry's by birthright, amongst other lands in Western France.[4] By maternal claim, Normandy was also to be his. From a contemporary perspective, however, the most notable inheritance Henry received from his mother was a claim to the English throne. Granddaughter of William the Conqueror, Empress Matilda was to be queen regnant of England, but her throne was usurped by her cousin, Stephen of England. Henry's efforts to restore the royal line to his own family would create a dynasty spanning three centuries and thirteen kings.
  
  Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine placed him firmly in the ascendancy.[4] His plentiful lands were added to his new wife's possessions, giving him control of Aquitaine and Gascony. The riches of the markets and vineyards in these regions, combined with Henry's already plentiful holdings, made Henry the most powerful vassal in France.
  [edit] Taking the English Throne
  
  Realising Henry's royal ambition was far from easily fulfilled, his mother had been pushing her claim for the crown for several years to no avail, finally retiring in 1147. It was 1147 when Henry had accompanied Matilda on an invasion of England. It soon failed due to lack of preparation,[4] but it made him determined that England was his mother's right, and so his own. He returned to England again between 1149 and 1150. On 22 May 1149 he was knighted by King David I of Scotland, his great uncle, at Carlisle.[11]
  
  Early in January 1153, just months after his wedding, he crossed the Channel one more time. His fleet was 36 ships strong, transporting a force of 3,000 footmen and 140 horses.[12] Sources dispute whether he landed at Dorset or
  
  === Children: ===
  Children:
  1. Henry, mar Margaret, dau of Louis VII of France
  2. Matilda, mar Henry the Lion, Duke of Sasony
  3. Richard I, Coeur de Lion, King of England
  4. Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany b. September 23, 1158 , d. Augus t 19,1186, mar. Constance (dau of the Duke of Brittany). Kille d in atournament.
  5. Eleanor, who married Alphonso VIII, King of Castile
  6. John, King of England
  7. William
  8. Phillip
  9. Joanna
  
  HENRY II CURTMANTLE (r. 1154-1189)
  Henry II ruled over an empire which stretched from the Scottish borderto the Pyrenees. One of the strongest, most energetic and imaginativerulers, Henry was the inheritor of three dynasties who had acquiredAquitaine by marriage; his charters listed them: 'King of the English,Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians an d Count of the Angevins'. TheKing spent only 13 years of his reign in England; the other 21 yearswere spent on the continent in his territories in what is now France.Henry's rapid movements in carrying out his dynastic responsibilitiesastonished the French king, who noted 'now in England, now inNormandy, he must fly rather than travel by horse or ship'.
  
  By 1158, Henry had restored to the Crown some of the lands and r oyalpower lost by Stephen; Malcom IV of Scotland was compelle d to returnthe northern counties. Locally chosen sheriffs were changed intoroyally appointed agents charged with enforcing the law and collectingtaxes in the counties. Personally interested in government and law,Henry made use of juries and re-introduced the sending of justices(judges) on regular tours of the country to try cases for the Crown.His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder of EnglishCommon Law.
  
  Henry's disagreements with the Archbishop of Canterbury (the kin g'sformer chief adviser), Thomas Becket, over Church-State re lationsended in Becket's murder in 1170 and a papal interdict o n England.Family disputes over territorial ambitions almost wre cked the king'sachievements. Henry died in France in 1189, at war with his sonRichard, who had joined forces with King Philip of France to attackNormandy.[beaufort.ged]
  
  Source: 'The World Book Encyclopedia', 1968, p H178. 'Royalty forCommoner s', Roderick W. Stuart, 1993, p 37-38. Reigned 1154-1189. Heruled an emp ire that stretched from the Tweed to the Pyrenees. Inspite of frequent ho stitilties with the French King his own familyand rebellious Barons (culm inating in the great revolt of 1173-74)and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintained control over hispossessions until shortly before his death. His judicial andadministrative reforms which increased Royal co ntrol and influence atthe expense of the Barons were of great constitutional importance.Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy. Henry II 'Curt Mantel,'Duke of Normandy, Count of Maine and Anjou, King Of England be cameking in 1154. At the height of his power, Henry ruled England and almost all western France. His marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, the mostfamous woman of the age, brought the duchy of Aquitaine under hiscontrol. Henry also claimed to rule Scotland, Wales, and easternIreland. Henry II carried on his grandfather's policy of limiting thepower of the nobles. He also tried to make the Roman Catholic Churchin England submit to his authority. This policy brought him intoconflict with Thomas a Becket, Achbishop of Canterbury. Four of theking's knights murdered Becket while he was at vespers in hiscathedral. Henry made Anglo-Saxon common law, rather than the revisedRoman law, the supreme law of the land. He introduced trial by juryand circuit courts. In his later years, Henry's sons often rebelledagainst him. Two of them, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John, becamethe next two kings of England.
  
  REF: "Falls the Shadow" Sharon Kay Penman: William the Conquerorrequest ed a large number of Jews to move to England after hisconquest. They spo ke Norman & did well under his reign. Theycontinued to thrive under William's grandson Henry II.
  
  REF: British Monarchy Official Website: Henry II (reigned 1154-89)ruled o ver an empire which stretched from the Scottish border to thePyrenees. Ma rried to Eleanor, the heiress of Aquitaine, the kingspent only 13 yea rs of his reign
  in England; the other 21 years were spent on the continent in histerritor ies in what is now France. By 1158, Henry had restored to thecrown so me of the lands and royal power lost by Stephen. For example,locally chos en sheriffs were changed into royally appointed agentscharged with enforc ing the law and collecting taxes in the counties.Personally interest ed in government and law, Henry strengthened royaljustice, making u se of juries and re-introduced the sending ofjustices (judges) on regul ar tours of the country to try cases forthe
  Crown. His legal reforms have led him to be seen as the founder ofEngli sh Common Law. Henry's disagreements with his Archbishop ofCanterbury,
  Thomas Becket, over Church/State relations ended in Becket's murder in117 0. Family disputes almost wrecked the king's achievements and hedied in 1 189 at war with his sons.
  
  Reigned 1154-1189. He ruled an empire that stretched from the Tweed tothe Pyrenees. In spite of frequent hostitilties with the French Kinghis o wn family and rebellious Barons (culminating in the great revoltof 1173-74) and his quarrel with Thomas Becket, Henry maintainedcontrol over his possessions until short ly before his death. Hisjudicial and administrative reforms which increas ed Royal control andinfluence at the expense of the Barons were of great constitutionalimportance. Introduced trial by Jury. Duke of Normandy.
  Henry II, first of the Angevin kings, was one of the most effective ofa ll England's monarchs. He came to the throne amid the anarchy ofStephen 's reign and promptly collared his errant barons. He refinedNorman govern ment and created a capable, self-standing bureaucracy.His energy was equaled only by his amb ition and intelligence. Henrysurvived wars, rebellion, and controversy to successfully rule one ofthe Middle Ages' most powerful kingdoms.
  
  Henry was raised in the French province of Anjou and first visitedEngland in 1142 to defend his mother's claim to the disputed throne ofStephen. His continental possessions were already vast before hiscoronatio n: He acquired Normandy and Anjou upon the death of hisfather in September 1151, and his French holdings more than doubledwith his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitane (ex-wi fe of King Louis VIIof France). In accordance with the Treaty of Wallingf ord, asuccession agreement signed by Stephen and Matilda in 1153, Henry wascrowned in October 115 4. The continental empire ruled by Henry andhis sons included the Fren ch counties of Brittany, Maine, Poitou,Touraine, Gascony, Anjou, Aquitan e, and Normandy. Henry wastechnically a feudal vassal of the king of France but, in reality,owned m ore territory and was more powerful than his French lord.Although King Jo hn (Henry's son) lost most of the English holdings inFrance, English kings laid claim to the French throne until thefifteenth century. Henry also extended his territo ry in the BritishIsles in two significant ways. First, he retrieved Cumbr ia andNorthumbria form Malcom IV of Scotland and settled the Anglo-Scot border in the North.
  Secondly, although his success with Welsh campaigns was limited, Henryinv aded Ireland and secured an English presence on the island.English and Norman barons in Stephen's reign manipulated feudal law tound ermine royal authority; Henry instituted many reforms to weakentradition al feudal ties and strengthen his position. Unauthorizedcastles built dur ing the previous reign were razed. Monetary paymentsreplaced military service as the primary du ty of vassals. TheExchequer was revitalized to enforce accurate record keeping and taxcollection. Incompetent sheriffs were replaced and the autho rity ofroyal courts was expanded. Henry empowered a new social class ofgovernment clerks th at stabilized procedure - the government couldoperate effectively in t he king's absence and would subsequentlyprove sufficiently tenacious to s urvive the reign of incompetentkings. Henry's reforms allowed the emergence of a body of comm on lawto replace the disparate customs of feudal and county courts. Ju rytrials were initiated to end the old Germanic trials by ordeal orbattle. Henry's systematic approach to law provided a common basis fordevelopment of royal instituti ons throughout the entire realm.
  
  The process of strengthening the royal courts, however, yielded anunexpec ted controversy. The church courts instituted by William theConqueror bec ame a safe haven for criminals of varying degree andability, for one in fifty of the English
  population qualified as clerics. Henry wished to transfer sentencingin su ch cases to the royal courts, as church courts merely demotedclerics to laymen. Thomas Beckett, Henry's close friend and chancellorsince 1155, w as named Archbishop of
  Canterbury in June 1162 but distanced himself from Henry andvehemently op posed the weakening
  
  Henry II Plantagenet (March 25, 1133 - July 6, 1189), was Duke ofAnjou and King of England (1154 - 1189) and, at various times,controlled par ts of Wales, Scotland, eastern Ireland, and westernFrance. His soubrique ts include "Curt Mantle" (because of thepractical short cloaks he wore ), "Fitz Empress," and sometimes "TheLion of Justice," which had been used for his grandfather Henry I. Hewould be known as the first of the Ange vin Kings.
  
  Following the disastrous reign of King Stephen, Henry's reign was oneof efficient consolidation. Henry II is regarded as England's greatestmedieval king.
  
  He was born on March 5, 1133, to the Empress Matilda and her secondhusband, Geoffrey the Fair, Duke of Anjou. He was brought up in Anjouand visit ed England in 1142 to help his mother in her disputed claimto the English throne.
  
  Prior to coming to the throne he already controlled Normandy and Anjou on the continent; h
  
  === SORLEY'S PEDIGREES (GS NUMBER Q929.242 S ===
  SORLEY'S PEDIGREES (GS NUMBER Q929.242 SO68) P.16, 45;
  
  === Royal Ancestry Biography ===
  “Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families,” Douglas Richardson (2013):
  “HENRY II OF ENGLAND (otherwise HENRY FITZ GEOFFREY, or HENRY FITZ EMPRESS), Knt., King of England, Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou, and, in right of his wife, Duke of Aquitaine, born at Le Mans in Maine 5 March 1133...
  Children of Henry II of England, by Eleanor of Aquitaine:
  iii. MAUD OF ENGLAND, born at London 1156. She married at Minden 1 Feb. 1168 (as his 2nd wife) HEINRICH XII der Löwe (or HENRY the Lion), Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, son and heir of Heinrich X, Duke of Bavaria, by Gertrude, daughter of Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor. They had four sons, Heinrich [Count Palatine of the Rhine], Lothar, Otto (IV) [Count of Poitou, King of the Romans, Holy Roman Emperor], and Wilhelm [Count of Luneburg], and two daughters, Maud and Richza (wife of Waldemar II, King of Denmark). He was deprived of both Bavaria and Saxony in 1180, and spent his remaining years in exile at the court of his father-in-law, King Henry II, or at Danwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (or Brunswick). In 1194 he was guaranteed possession of his Saxon allodial lands. His wife, Maud, died at Braunschweig 28 June 1189. HEINRICH OF BRAUNSCHWEIG, former Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, died 6 August 1195. He and his wife, Maud, were buried in the collegiate church of St. Blaise, now Braunschweig Cathedral in Braunschweig, Germany. They are direct ancestors of House of Hanover, the royal house of England from 1714 to 1901. Sandford Gen. Hist. of the Kings of England (1677): 69-70. Banks Genealogical Hist. of Divers Fams of the Ancient Peerage of England (1826): 308-313. Hawley Royal Fam. of England (1851): 18-19. Green Lives of the Princesses of England 1 (1857): 214-262 (biog. of Matilda of England). Pertz Historici Germania sac. XII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 21) (1869): 115-116 (Arnoldi Chronica Salvorum: list of children). Wright Feudal Manuals of English Hist. (1872). Procs. Soc. of Antiqs. of London 2nd Ser. 6 (1876): 283-287. Pauli & Libermann Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus sæc. XII. et XIII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 27) (1885): 110 (Ex Gestis Henrici II. et Ricardi I.: Heinrich, Duke of Saxony, styled "kinsman" [nepos] of Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa). Ströhl Deutsch Wappenrolle (1897): 72. Hohnstein Geschichte des Heroztums Braunschweig (1908): 91-140 (biog. of Heinrich der Löwe). Delisle Recueil des Actes de Henri II, Roi d'Angleterre et Duc de Normandie Introduction (1909): 384. Waltz Ottonis et Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris (Monumenta Germaniæ Histories, Scriptures rerum Germanicarum 46) (1912): 350 (Rahewini Gesta Friderici I. Imperatoris Appendix sub A.D. 1168: "... nam inter imperatorem et regem Angliæ fedus et amicicia fuit, data filia sua in uxorem Heinrico duci Bawariæ et Saxoniæ."). Rübel-Blass Ahnentafel Rübel-Blass 1 (1939): 284 (ancestry of Maud of England). Jordan Die Urkunden Heinrichs des Löwen Herzogs von Sachsen and Bayern (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Laienfürsten- und Dynastenurkunden der Kaiserzeit) (1941): 51-53 (Gebhard I, Count of Burghausen styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by Duke Heinrich), 107-108 (Otto VI, Count Palatine of Wittelsbach, afterwards Duke of Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [nepos] by Duke Heinrich), 181-182 (Friedrich II, Count Palatine of Saxony, Count of Sommerschenburg styled "kinsman" [cognatus] by Duke Heinrich). Foreville L'Eglise et le Royaute en Angleterre sous Henri II Plantagenet (1154-1189) (1943): 410, footnote 4. Appelt Die Urkunden Friedrichs I. (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica: Die Urkunden der deutschen Könige und Kaiser 10(1)) (1975): 18-19, 231-233, 347-349 (instances of Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [cognate/cognate] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa), 259-260, 332-335 (instances of Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [nepotem/nepos] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa), 364-365 (Heinrich, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, styled "kinsman" [consanguine] by Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa). Schwennicke Europäische Stammtafeln 1 (1980): 58 (sub Welfen); 2 (1984): 83 (sub England). Gens Nostra 46 (1991): 540-541. Kegel Die Jüngere Hildesheimer Briefsammlung (Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Die Briefe Der Deutschen Kaiserzeit 7) (1995): 101-102 (letter of Heinrich of Braunschweig to Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa dated 1185-1188), 102-103 (Heinrich of Braunschweig styled "kinsman" [consanguineo] in letter from Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa dated 1185-1188). Fryde & Greenway Handbook of British Chronology (1996): 36. Jour. Medieval Hist. 22 (1996): 379-393. Leese Blood Royal (1996): 41-45. Wheeler Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord & Lady (2003). Online resource: www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/bayern/heinrich_12_derloewe_herzog_von_bayern_1195_welfen/heinrich_12_der loewe_herzog_von_bayern_und_sachsen_+_1195.html.
  Children of Maud of England, by Duke Heinrich XII der Löwe:
  a. OTTO OF BRUNSWICK, 3rd son. He was educated at the court of his uncle, King Richard I of England, under whose experience he gained valuable experience in war. He was appointed Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Poitou, and Earl of Yorkshire. When Emperor Henry VI died in Sept. 1197, some of the German princes under the leadership of Adolph, Archbishop of Cologne, were anxious to find a rival to Philip, Duke of Swabia, who had been elected German king. Otto married (1st) 22 July 1212 BEATRIX OF HOHENSTAUFEN, daughter of Philip, Duke of Swabia. They had no issue. His wife, Beatrix, died 11 August 1212. He married (2nd) at Aachen 19 May 1214 MARIA OF BRABANT, daughter of Henri I, Duke of Lorraine and Brabant, Margrave of Antwerp, by his 1st wife, Machtild (or Mahaud), daughter and co-heiress of Mathieu of Flanders, Count of Boulogne [see BRABANT 5 for her ancestry]. They had no issue. OTTO IV, late Emperor, died at the Harzburg 19 May 1218, and was buried in the collegiate church of St. Blaise, now Braunschweig Cathedral in Braunschweig, Germany. His widow, Maria, married (2nd) in July 1220 WILHELM (or WILLEM) I, Count of Holland [see HOLLAND 5]. She died between 9 March and 14 June 1260. Gallia Christiana 2 (1720): 477-478 (Richard I, King of England, styled "uncle" [avunculus] in charter of Otto, Duke of Aquitaine). Rymer Fædera 1(1) (1816): 28-29, 87-88, 93, 104, 108, 114 (instances of Otto, King of the Romans, styled "nephew" [nepos] by King John of England). Huillard-Bréholles Hist. Diplomatica Friderica Secundi 3 (1852): 37-48 (Otto of Saxony [former Emperor Otto IV] styled "kinsman" [consanguineus] by Emperor Friedrich II in 1227), 57-60 (Otto [IV], late Emperor, styled "kinsman" [consanguineum] by Emperor Friedrich II in 1228). Luard Annales Monastici 2 (Rolls Ser. 36) (1865): 290 (Annals of Waverley sub A.D. 1218: "Otho imperator Alemanniæ, nepos Ricardi et Johannis regum obiit."). Piot Cartulaire de l'Abbeye de Saint-Trond 1 (1870): 199-200 (charter of Henri [II], Duke of Lorraine and Brabant dated 1240, names his "dear sister" [charissima soror], Maria, former Empress of the Romans). Stubbs Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 3 (Rolls Ser. 51) (1870): 298-299 ("Eodem anno [1195] Willelmus rex Scottorum ægrotavit, in villa sua quæ dicitur Clacmanan et statuit Othonem filium Henrici ducis Saxoniæ, nepotem Ricardi regis sibi successurum in regnum Scottorum, ita quod ipse Otho filiam suam primogenitam in uxorem cum regno duceret. Et quamvis rex plures haberet qui voluntati suæ in hoc consentirent, tamen comes Patricius et alii multi contradixerunt ..."). Pauli & Libermann Ex rerum Anglicarum scriptoribus sac. XII et XIII. (Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores 27) (1885): 385 (F Gervasii Tilleberiensis Otiis Imperialibus: William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury, styled "uncle" [avunculum] of Emperor Otto IV). Doyle Official Baronage of England 3 (1886): 740 (sub York). Thatcher & McNeal Source Book for Mediæval Hist. (1905): 228 (Otto, King of the Romans, styled "nephew" by King John of England in 1202). Hohnstein Geschichte des Herzogtams Braunschweig (1908): 141-149 (biog. of Kaiser Otto IV). Encyclopædia Britannica 20 (1911): 375 (biog. of Otto IV, Roman emperor). Nicholson Love, War & the Grail (2001). Online resource: www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/deutschland_koenige_2/otto_4_deutscher_koenig_1218_welfen/otto_4_von_ braunschweig_deutscher_koeni8-+_1218.html.
  b. MAUD (or MATHILDE) OF BRUNSWICK, born in 1172. She married (1st) in July 1189 GEOFFREY III, Count of Perche, lord of Toddington, Bedfordshire and Aldbourne and Wanborough, Wiltshire, son of Rotrou III, Count of Perche, by Mathilde, daughter of Thibaut IV, Count of Blois. They had two sons, Geoffrey and Thomas [Count of the Perche]. GEOFFREY III, Count of the Perche, died 5 April 1202. His widow, Maud, married (2nd) before 1203 (as his 1st wife) ENGUERRAND DE COUCY, seigneur of Coucy, and, in right of his wife, Count of the Perche, son and heir of Raoul de Coucy, seigneur of Coucy, by Alix, daughter of Robert I, Count of Dreux. She died in 13 Jan. 1209/10. Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum Abbrevatio (1811): 55. Rotuli litterarum patentium in turri Londinensi asservati 1201- 1216 (1834): 18 (Maud, Countess of the Perche, styled "niece" [nepti] by King John of England in 1202). Lepinois & Merlet Cartulaire de Notre-Dame de Chartres 2 (1863): 21 (charter of Maud, Countess of Perche, dated June 1202, names her late husband, Geoffrey, and her son, Thomas), 22. Herald & Genealogist 6 (1871): 241- 253 ([Maud], Countess of Perche styled "niece" [neptis] by King John, cites Rot. Normann. p. 87.). Procs. Soc. of Antiqs. of London 2nd Ser. 6 (1876): 283-287. Brial Monumens des Règnes de Philippe Auguste et de Louis VIII 3 (Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 19) (1880): 436-438 (J. de Pertico [Enguerrand de Coucy, Count of the Perche] styled "your kinsman" [consobrinum tuum] in letter from Pope Innocent III to King Philippe Augus
  
  === familylore.org/index.php?title=Henry_II,_King_of_England ===
  Henry II, King of England
  Henry II of England cropped.jpg
  Henry II, King of England
  Title/Occupation: King of England, ... "House of Anjou/Angevin/Plantagenet"
  
  Education:
  
  Born: 05 March 1133, Le Mans, France
  Died: 6 July 1189 (aged 56), Chinon Castle, France
  Buried: Fontevraud Abbey, France
  
  Mother: Empress Matilda of England
  Father: Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
  Siblings:
  Spouse: Eleanor of Aquitaine, mother of King John and Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile. Ida de Tosny, mother of William Longespee, mistress and royal ward of Henry II, later became wife of Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
  Issue: John, King of England; Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile; William Longespee, ("Gateway Ancestor" Olive Welby is a direct descendant of King John, William Longespee, and Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile.
  
  Also Known As
  Henry Curtmantle
  Henry Plantagenet
  Curt Mantel
  French: Court-manteau
  Background
  From Wikipedia:
  
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, ruled as Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Count of Nantes, King of England (1154–89) and Lord of Ireland; at various times, he also controlled Wales, Scotland and Brittany. Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois, and was made Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153: Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later.
  Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his royal grandfather, Henry I. During the early years of the younger Henry's reign he restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire, often at Louis' expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties no lasting agreement was reached. By 1172, he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France, an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire.
  
  Henry and Eleanor had eight children. As they grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Flanders and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by his vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John, but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry would make John king, and a final rebellion broke out in 1189. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon in Anjou, where he died.
  
  Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his youngest son John. Many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule, however, had long-term consequences. Henry's legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland shaped the development of their societies and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. Late-20th-century historians have combined British and French historical accounts of Henry, challenging earlier Anglo-centric interpretations of his reign.
  For source references and to learn more: Link to Wikipedia page on Henry II of England
  
  Notable
  
  (Henry II would come into serious conflict with Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Beckett concerning the power of church vs. state. Their conflict would end with several of Henry's knights taking the matter into their own hands by brutally murdering Becket after hearing Henry declare his wish that someone could solve the Becket problem for him.)
  
  Martyrdom of Becket: Miniature from an English psalter presenting a spirited account of the murder, c. 1250, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
  
  Categories: House of Anjou/Angevin/PlantagenetNobilityKing
  
  === HENRY II b. 4/5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Main ===
  HENRY II b. 4/5 Mar 1133, Le Mans, Maine d. 6 Jul 1189, Chinon Castle, Anjou Title: By the Grace of God, King of the English and Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins (Dei Gracia Rex Anglorum et Dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum et comes Andegavorum) [from 19 Dec 1154]1 Reign: 19 Dec 1154 - 6 Jul 1189 Chronology: 19 Dec 1154, crowned, Westminster Abbey 6 Jul 1189, deceased Other names/titles: Duke of Normandy (from 1149/1150); Count of Anjou and Maine and Touraine (from 7 Sep 1151); Duke of Aquitaine (from 18 May 1152); byname: Henry FitzEmpress Henry was the son of Geoffroi "Plantagenêt", count of Anjou, and Empress Matilda , who was the daughter of King Henry I . Henry was invested with the duchy of Normandy by his father in 1149/1150, and when the latter died (1151) the 18-year-old Henry also became the count of Anjou and Maine and Touraine. In 1152 Henry married Eleanor (Aliénor), duchess of Aquitaine, almost immediately after the annulment of her marriage to Louis VII <../fran/louis7.htm> of France. In 1153 Henry took up the claim of his mother to the throne of England occupied by Stephen of Blois since 1135. An expedition to England undertaken by Henry in 1153 resulted in signing the treaty of Winchester (6 Nov 1153). Stephen retained the kingship for his lifetime and Henry was acknowledged as heir to Stephen by a charter issued at Westminster on 25 Dec 1153. Stephen died on 25 Oct 1154 and Henry reached England, after storm delays, on 7 Dec 1154. He was crowned as King Henry II on 19 Dec 1154. The early years of Henry's reign witnessed the struggle with powerful English barons, who gained lands and castles during the anarchy of Stephen's time. After he settled the claims of his brother, Geoffrey, to Anjou and Maine, Henry recovered the northern counties from Scotland. In 1158-1163 Henry worked on strengthening and expanding the Angevin continental possessions2, but major expedition to Toulouse p roved to be a failure. The consolidation of royal authority in England under Henry II led to legal reforms. The Constitutions of Clarendon, approved by a great council in early 1164, changed the practices of ecclesiastical courts separated from the temporal by the edict of William I . Defending the old tradition, Henry's close friend and chancellor since 1155, Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, opposed the royal justice. The long conflict between the king and the archbishop came to an end when Becket was murdered at Canterbury (29 Dec 1170) by four of Henry's knights. In October 1171 Henry II landed in Ireland to conquer the island and was accepted as overlord by the Irish kings. In 1173 Henry's eldest son, Henry the "Young King", launched a rebellion against his father followed by a series of wars between the old king and his sons. The deaths of the "Young King" (1183) and his brother, Geoffrey (1186), gave no respite to Henry. In 1189 his third son, Richard (later King Richard I ), with the assistance of Philippe II <../fran/philippe2.htm> of France, attacked and defeated Henry, forcing him to accept a humiliating peace at Colombières (4 Jul 1189). Worn out and ill, the king died two days later (6 Jul 1189). Notes: 1 Before his coronation at Westminster, Henry used the style "dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum et comes Andegavorum". The words "dei gracia" ("By the Grace of God") appearing on the Great Seal since the time of William II , were not, as a rule, added to the style of the king in charters and writs until May 1172, when Henry II commenced a practice which has since been consistently followed. 2 Absences: 10 Jan 1156 - Apr 1157; 14 Aug 1158 - 25 Jan 1163; Mar 1166 - 3 Mar 1170; Jun 1170 - Sep 1171; Oct 1171 - Apr 1172; May 1172 - 8 Jul 1174; 8 Aug 1174 - 9 May 1175; 18 Aug 1177 - 15 Jul 1178; Apr 1180 - 26 Jul 1181; 4 Mar 1182 - 10 Jun 1184 (1183?); 16 Apr 1185 - 27 Apr 1186; 17 Feb 1187 - 30 Jan 1188; 10 Jul 1188 - 6 Jul 1189. Source: text: "Handbook of British Chronology", 3rd ed., 1986; "Henry II", by W.L. Warren (University of California Press, Berkeley 1973); "Henry II, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine", by Z.N. Brooke and C.N.L. Brooke, ENGLISH HISTORICAL REVIEW 61 (1946), pp. 81-89; image: tomb effigy of King Henry II, Fontevrault Abbey, Anjou. © 2002 National Politics Web Guide*Last Update: 12.02.2003 The early Plantagenets Henry II (1154–89) Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet, the first and greatest of three Angevin kings of England, succeeded Stephen in 1154. Aged 21, he already possessed a reputation for restless energy and decisive action. He was to inherit vast lands. As heir to his mother and to Stephen he held England and Normandy; as heir to his father he held Anjou (hence Angevin), Maine, and Touraine; as heir to his brother Geoffrey he obtained Brittany; as husband of Eleanor, the divorced wife of Louis VII of France, he held Aquitaine, the major part of southwestern France. Altogether his holdings in France were far larger than thoseof the French king. They have become known as the Angevin empire, although Henry never in fact claimed any imperial rights or used the title of emperor. From the beginning Henry showed himself determined to assert andmaintain his rights in all his lands. In England this meant reasserting the centralized power of his grandfather, Henry I. His success in these aims is the measure of his greatness. History The early Plantagenets Henry II (1154–89) Government of England In the first decade of his reign Henry was largely concerned with continental affairs, though he made sure that the adulterine castles in England were destroyed. Many of the earldoms created in the anarchy of Stephen's reign were allowed to lapse. Major change in England began in the mid-1160s. The Assize of Clarendon of 1166, and that of Northampton 10 years later, promoted public order. Juries were used to provide evidence of what cr imes had been committed and to bring accusations. New forms of legal action were introduced, notably the so-called possessory assizes, which determined who had the right to immediate possession of land, not who had the best fundamental right. That could be decided by the grand assize, by means of which a jury of 12 knights would decide the case. The use of standardized forms of writ greatly simplified judicial administration. “Returnable” writs, which had to be sent backby the sheriffs to the central administration, enabled the crown to check that its instructions were obeyed. An increasing number of cases came before royal courts rather than private feudal courts. Henry I's practice of sending out itinerant justices was extended and systematized. In 1170 a major inquiry into local administration, the Inquest of Sheriffs, was held, and many sheriffs were dismissed. There were important changes to the military system. In 1166 the tenants in chief were commanded to disclose the number of knights enfeoffed on their lands so that Henry could take proper financial advantage of changes that had taken place since his grandfather's day. Scutage (money payment in lieu of military service) was an important sourceof funds, and Henry preferred scutage to service because mercenaries were more efficient than feudal contingents. In the Assize of Arms of 1181 Henry determined the arms and equipment appropriate to every free man, based on hisincome from land. This measure, which could be seen as arevival of the principles of the Anglo-Saxon fyrd, was intended to provide for a local militia, which could be used against invasion, rebellion, or for peacekeeping. Struggle with Thomas Becket Henry attempted to restore the close relationship between church and state that had existed under the Norman kings. His first move was the appointment in 1162 of Thomas Becket as archbishop of Canterbury. Henry assumed that Becket, who had served efficiently as chancellor since 1155 and been a cl ose companion to him, would continue to do so as archbishop. Becket, however, disappointed him. Once appointed archbishop, he became a militant defender of the church against royal encroachment and a champion of the papal ideology of ecclesiastical supremacy over the lay world. The struggle between Henry and Becket reached a crisis at the Council of Clarendon in 1164. In the Constitutions of Clarendon Henry tried to set down in writing the ancient customs of the land. The most controversial issue proved to be that of jurisdiction over “criminous clerks” (clerics who had committed crimes); the king demanded that such men should, after trial in church courts, be sent for punishment in royal courts. Becket initially accepted the Constitutions but would not sethis seal to them. Shortly thereafter, however, he suspendedhimself from office for the sin of yielding to the royal will in the matter. Although he failed to obtain full papal support at this stage, Alexander III ultimately came to his aid over the Constitutions. Later in 1164 Becket was charged with peculation of royal funds when chancellor. After Becket had taken flight for France, the king confiscated the revenues of his province, exiled his friends, and confiscated their revenues. In 1170 Henry had his eldest son crowned king by the archbishop of York, not Canterbury, as was traditional. Becket, in exile, appealed to Rome and excommunicated the clergy who had taken part in the ceremony. A reconciliation between Becket and Henry at the end of the same year settled none of the points at issue.When Becket returned to England, he took further measures against the clergy who had taken part in the coronation. In Normandy the enraged king, hearing the news, burst out with the fateful words that incited four of his knights to take ship for England and murder the archbishopin Canterbury Cathedral. Almost overnight the martyred Thomas became a saint in the eyes of the people. Henry repudiated responsibility for the murder and r
  
  === RECEIVED NOT EMPIRE OF LAND FROM HIS FAT ===
  RECEIVED NOT EMPIRE OF LAND FROM HIS FATHER, WILLIAM THE FIRST, BUT A FORTUNE OF SILVER. WHEN HIS BROTHER ROBERT WAS KILLED FROM RETURNING FROM A CRUSADE, HE BECAME KING 5 AUG. 1100

• m. 18 MAY 1152 in Bordeaux, Gironde, Aquitaine, France

1. Eleanor Plantagenet, b. 13 OCT 1162     d. 31 OCT 1214
2. Eleanor of England Queen of Castile, b. 13 de octubre de 1162 in Normandie, Francia     d. 31 de octubre de 1214 in Burgos, Castilla y León, España
3. Matilda Duchess of Saxony, b. 6 JUN 1156 in Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England     d. 28 JUN 1189 in Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Niedersachsen, Germany
4. John King of England, b. 24 DEC 1167 in Oxfordshire, England     d. 19 OCT 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England

1. William De Longespee Earl Of Salisbury, b. 1176     d. 7 MAR 1225/26

1. Title: Biography
   Author: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Henry-II-of-England/
   Publication: Name: https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/King-Henry-II-of-England/;
   
2. Title: Henry II, "English Monarchs"
   Publication: Name: http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/plantagenet.htm;
   
3. Title: Royal Encyclopedia: Henry II "Curtmantle"
   Publication: Name: https://www.royal.uk/henry-ii-curtmantle-r-1154-1189;
   
4. Title: Henry II, "Find A Grave Index"
   Author: "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVJ1-BK1N : 12 December 2022), Henry II, ; Burial, Fontevraud-l'Abbaye, Departement de Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France, Fontevraud Abbey; citing record ID 1951, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.
   Publication: Name: https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVJ1-BK1N;